Nutritional and Medicinal Importance of Edible mushrooms ...
medicinal importance of all types of alkaloids.
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Transcript of medicinal importance of all types of alkaloids.
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Father of pharmacy
Full name: Claudius Galenus
Born: 130 AD, Pergamon, TurkeyDied: Rome, Italy
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Classification and medicinal importance of all type of alkaloids
Submitted byKeshob kumer ghose
Submitted toAfifa parvin ShantaLecturerDepartment of pharmacySoutheast University
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outline
Biosynthetic classification(5-18) Chemical classification(19-38) Pharmacological classification(39-64) Taxonomical classification(6-74) Summary(75) Reference(76-77)
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Rakibul IslamID: 2016000300008
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alkaloids
Naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms.Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products .Example: atropine,nicotine,morphine etc.
nicotine Nicotine structure
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Classification of alkaloids
1.biosynthetic classification2.chemical classification3.pharmacological classification4. taxonomic classification
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Biosynthetic classification
(i) Indole alkaloids derived from tryptophan. (ii) Piperidine alkaloids derived from lysine.(iii) Pyrrolidine alkaloids derived from ornithine.(iv) Phenylethylamine alkaloids derived from tyrosine.(v) Imidazole alkaloids derived from histidine.
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indole alkaloids
Apocynaceae
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Indole alkaloids
Used to treat snake bites.(reserpine) Used as Antiarrhythmic agent.(ajmaline) Used as anti hypersensitivity.(ajmaline) Used as antitumor agent.(vinblastine) Used to treat heroine, coccaine, alcohol addiction.
Chemical formula
C8H7N
Molar mass 117.15 g/mol
appearance White solid density 1.1747 g/cm3,
solid Melting point 52 to 54 °C Boiling point 253 to 254 °C Solubility in water Soluble in hot
water Acidity (pKa) 16.2
Basicity (pKb) 17.6
Physical properties
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piperidine
Black pepper
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Piperidine
Used as stimulant. Used as bronchodilator. Used as sedative.
Chemical formula C5H11N
Molar mass 85.15 g·mol−
appearance colorless liquid density 0.862 g/mL, liquid
Melting point −7 °C (19 °F; 266 K)
Boiling point 106 °C (223 °F; 379 K)
Solubility in water miscible
Acidity (pKa) 11.22
Physical properties
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Pyrrolidine alkaloids
Nicotina sp(tobacco)
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Pyrrolidine alkaloids
Used as anticonvulsants(antiepileptic drugs )Physical PropertiesChemical formula C4H9N
Molar mass 71.12 g·mol−1
Appearance Clear colorless liquidDensity 0.866 g/cm3
Melting point −63 °C (−81 °F; 210 K)Boiling point 87 °C (189 °F; 360 K)Solubility in water Miscible
Acidity (pKa)
11.27 (pKa of conjugate acid in water)19.56 (pKa of conjugate acid in acetonitrile)
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Phenylethylamine alkaloids
Acacia rigidula
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Phenylethylamine alkaloids
Used for improving athletic performance.
Used to treat depression. Used for improve mood and attention.
Physical properties
Density 0.9640 g/cm3
Melting point −60 °C (−76 °F)
Boiling point 197.5 °C (387.5 °F)
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Phenylethylamine alkaloids
Clinical dataRoutes of administration: Oral
Chemical dataFormula: C8H11NMolar mass 121.18 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic dataBiological half-life Exogenous: 5–10 minutes Endogenous: ~30 seconds
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Imidazole alkaloids
Pilocarpus jaborandi
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Imidazole alkaloids
Used as amoebicidal in amoebic dysentery.
Used as anti in gram negative bacteria. Used as antimicrobial agent. Used as antidepressant drug. Angiogenesis inhibitor.
Physical PropertiesChemical formula C3H4N2
Molar mass 68.077 g/mol
Appearance white or pale yellow solid
Density 1.23 g/cm3, solid
Melting point89 to 91 °C (192 to 196 °F; 362 to 364 K)
Boiling point 256 °C (493 °F; 529 K)
Solubility in water Soluble
Acidity(pKa)14.5 (for imidazole) and 7.05 (for the conjugate acid)
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Chemical classificationMARIA AKTHER MITU
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Pyrrolidine alkaloids (hygrine)
It is under biosynthetic classification.that are discussed slide 7 it is used as anticonvulsants.
hygrine
Physical PropertiesChemical formula C4H9N
Molar mass 71.12 g·mol−1
Appearance Clear colorless liquidDensity 0.866 g/cm3
Melting point −63 °C (−81 °F; 210 K)Boiling point 87 °C (189 °F; 360 K)Solubility in water Miscible
Acidity (pKa)
11.27 (pKa of conjugate acid in water)19.56 (pKa of conjugate acid in acetonitrile)
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Piperidine alkaloids(lobeline)
use as a smoking cessation. Used to treat addiction to amphetamines.
lobeline
Physical properties
Molecular formula C22H27NO2
Molecular weight 337.45528 g/mol
Melting Point 178-180 DEG C
Solubility1 G DISSOLVES IN 40 ML WATER, 12 ML ALC; VERY SOL IN CHLOROFORM
pH WATER SOLN ARE SLIGHTLY ACID TO LITMUS
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(Senecionine)
Capable of forming DNA adducts. Act as alkylating agent.
senecionine
Physical properties
Molecular Formula C18H25NO5
Molecular Weight 335.3948 g/mo
Taste Bitter
Melting Point 236 deg C
SolubilityPractically insoluble in water; freely sol in chloroform; slightly sol in alcohol ether
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Tropane alkaloids(Atropine)
First drug to symptomatic sinus and bradycardia.
May be beneficial AV block or asystole. Second drug in asystole or PEA. Organophosphate poisoning.(large dose
needed)
atropine
Physical properties Molecular Formula C17H23NO3
Molecular Weight
289.36942 g/mol
Melting Point 118.5 °C
SolubilityWater Solubility2200 mg/L (at 25 °C)
pHpH of 0.0015 molar solution: 10.0
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Chemical classificationBISWOJIT GHOSH
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Quinoline alkaloids(Quinine)
Used as antimalarial medicines. Used in treatment of nocturnal leg cramp.
quinine
Physical properties
Molecular Formula C20H24N2O2
Molecular Weight 324.41676 g/mol
Odor ODORLESS
Taste Very bitter taste
Melting Point 177 deg C (some decomposition)
Solubility In water, 500 mg/L at 15 deg C
pHpH of saturated aqueous solution = 8.8
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Isoquinoline alkaloids(morphine) Used as anesthetics. Used as antifungal agent. Used as anti hypertension agent. Used as vasodilator. Used as disinfectants.
morphine
Physical properties
Molecular Formula C17H19NO3
Molecular Weight 285.33766 g/mol
Color Prisms
Odor Odorless
Taste Bitter
Boiling Point 190 deg C
Melting Point 255 °C
pH pH of saturated solution, 8.5
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Aporphine alkaloids(boldine) hepatoprotective, cytoprotective, antipyretic
and anti-inflammatory effects. Used as antioxidant. it has alpha-adrenergic antagonist activities in
vascular tissue
boldine
Chemical formula C19H21NO4
Molar mass 327.38 g·mol−1
Physical properties
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Purine alkaloids(caffeine)
Cocoa beans
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caffeine
Chemical dataFormula: C8H10N4O2
Molar mass: 194.19 g/mol
Clinical dataPregnancy category : ARoutes of administration: oral, insufflation, enema, rectal, intravenous
Pharmacokinetic dataBiological half-life Adults: 3–7 hoursExcretion: urine (100%)
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Purine alkaloids(caffeine)
bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants for both prevention and treatment.
Used as apnea of prematurity as a primary treatment.
Used as orthostatic hypotension treatment
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Chemical classificationROBIUL ISLAM
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Steroidal alkaloids(Solanidine)
Solanum americanum
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Steroidal alkaloids(Solanidine)
Used as Precursor for the synthesis of hormones.
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ephedrine
Ephedra sinica
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Amino alkaloids(ephedrine)
Able to increase blood pressure. act as bronchodilators.
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mescaline
Lophophora williamsii
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Mescaline(use)
treatment of alcoholism treatment of depression
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Diterpene alkaloids(Aconitine)
used as an antipyretic Used as analgesic.
aconitine
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Pharmacological ClassificationKESHOB KUMER GHOSE
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Pharmacological classification
Mechanism of action Physiologic effect Chemical structure
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morphine
opium poppy
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morphine
It acts directly on CNS It is a •schedule 2 drug in USA •schedule 1 drug in Canada •class A drug in UK
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morphine
Clinical dataTrade names: MS contin, Oramorph, SevredoPregnancy category: c
Chemical dataFormula: C17H19NO3Molar mass: 285.34 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic dataDuration of action: 3 to 7 hoursExcretion Renal: 90%, biliary 10%
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morphine
Used as narcotic analgesic. used to treat moderate to severe pain. Used as opiate substitution therapy. beneficial in reducing the symptom of
shortness of breath Pain associated with trauma.
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Mechanism of action(morphine)
Morphine binds to opioid receptors. 1. μ receptor(μ1, μ2 and μ3 ) 2. κ receptor 3. δ receptor
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μ receptor
Present in the brainstem and the thalamus. Result of activation of these receptor • sedation •euphoria •respiratory depression
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K receptor
This receptor is present in the limbic system. Result of activation of this receptor •loss of breath
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δ receptor
This receptor is widely distributed in the brain and also present in the spinal cord and digestive tract.
Result of activation of this receptor •respiratory depression.
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strychnine
Strychnos nux-vomica
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Strychnine
Used as Reflex excitability. once prescribed as a remedy for heart and
respiratory complaints and as a stimulant (or body "upper").
strychnine is a poison
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Mechanism of action(strychnine)
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lobeline
Lobelia inflata
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Lobeline(use)
Used as respiratory stimulant. Used in smoking cessation. used to treat asthma Used treat Allergies Used to treat whooping cough Used to treat Congestion Used to treat bronchitis
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Mechanism of action(lobeline)
Lobeline inhibits nicotine-evoked dopamine release and [3H]nicotine binding, thus acting as a potent antagonist at both alpha3beta2(*) and alpha4beta2(*) neuronal nicotinic
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pilocarpine
Pilocarpus microphyllus
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Pilocarpine
stimulates the secretion of large amounts of saliva and sweat.
used to treat dry mouth (xerostomia) used in the treatment of chronic open-angle
glaucoma and acute angle-closure glaucoma
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pilocarpine
Chemical dataFormula:C11H16N2O2Molar mass:208.257 g/mol
Clinical dataTrade name:solagenPregnancy category:BRoutes of administration:topical (eye drops)
Pharmacokinetics dataBiological half-life 0.76 hours (5 mg), 1.35 hours (10 mg)
Excretion: urine
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Mechanism of action
It directly stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing constriction of the pupil and contraction of the ciliary muscle.
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ergonovine
Turbina corymbosa
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Ergonovine
Preventing and treating bleeding after delivery of a baby.
uterine stimulant.
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Mechanism of action
While it acts at alpha-adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonin receptors (the 5-HT2 receptor), it exerts on the uterus (and other smooth muscles) a powerful stimulant effect not clearly associated with a specific receptor type.
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ergonovine
Chemical dataFormula: C19H23N3O2Molar mass: 325.41 g/mol
Clinical dataPregnancy category: xRoute of administration: oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Biological half-life 2-phase (10 min; 2 hrs)Excretion: Biliary
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narceine
Papaver somniferum
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Narceine
used as a substitute for morphine. Used as antitussive.
It was formerly used as a substitute for morphine
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Taxonomic ClassificationSIZZIL MAHMUD NOVA
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Sub classification
Cannabinaceous Alkaloids Rubiaceous Alkaloids Solanaceous Alkaloids
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Cannabinaceous Alkaloids(marijuana)
Cannabis sativa
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marijuana
Source: Cannabis sativaPart(s) of plant: flowerActive ingredients: Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol,cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin
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Cannabinaceous Alkaloids(marijuana)
used to treat Glaucoma. control epileptic seizures. may decrease anxiety. treats inflammatory bowel diseases. relieves arthritis discomfort. improves the symptoms of Lupus, an
autoimmune disorder. might be able to help with Crohn's disease. helps veterans suffering from PTSD.
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Rubiaceous Alkaloids( quinine)
approved for treatment of malaria. prescribed to treat leg cramps.
quinine
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Solanaceous Alkaloids(Ashwagandha)
used for arthritis Used in insomnia tuberculosis, Used in fibromyalgia menstrual problems chronic liver disease.
ashwagandha
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protoalkaloids
contain nitrogen originate from amino acids
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Mescaline(use)
treatment of alcoholism treatment of depression
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adrenaline
used to treat severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) Stop bleeding Glaucoma Cardiac arrest
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Ephedrine (use)
act as bronchodilators used for asthma Narcolepsy obesity
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Reference(text)
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summaryKESHOB KUMER GHOSE
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Reference(picture)
Wikipedia.org The scientist.com Pub.chem
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Thank you mam for give us this presentation opportunity
DEDICATE OUR PRESENTATION TO OUR RESPECTED TEACHERAFIFA PARVIN SHANTALECTURERSOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY