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Medical Research Council Building a healthy nation through research.
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Transcript of Medical Research Council Building a healthy nation through research.
Medical Research CouncilMedical Research Council
http://www.mrc.ac.zahttp://www.mrc.ac.zaBuilding a healthy nation Building a healthy nation
through researchthrough research
Indigenous Knowledge Systems [Health] Lead Programme
Medical Research Council – South Africa
Managing IP and Benefit-sharing on IKS Managing IP and Benefit-sharing on IKS ResearchResearch
Presentation to Portfolio Committee on Arts and Culture
Dr Motlalepula G. Matsabisa
29th, August 2006
“Going back to our roots for innovative health solution”
To promote and advance indigenous knowledge systems through research and development by making it a valued health model in the global environment and to redress health traditions, which until now have neglected health research priorities and issues.
To be a centre of excellence in traditional medicines research regionally and to be competitive globally
Our Mission and Vision
Objectives
Coordination and development of health research in indigenous knowledge
Development of institutional and community networks
Development of an enabling clinical trials environment
Innovations and commercialization in traditional health systems.
Policies governing intellectual property and benefit-sharing
Development of Research programmes that are appropriate & relevant
Support academic research
Funding
Organizational Structure
Drug Discovery & Development
New Method development
Systems Biology Platform
Clinical Trial Platform
Toxicology
Malaria
Hypertension
HIV and AIDS
Tuberculosis
Cancer
Diabetes
Training & Capacity Development
Databases
Advocacy
Policy
Access and Beneficiation
Databases
GPS
Claims for Cures
Monographs
Tramed III
SBU
Spin-out Companies
IKS Research Commercialization
Drug Manufacturing
Job Creation
Poverty Alleviation
Capacitation
Entrepreneurial development
Business development
PPCP for job creation
Ownership and Empowerment
Sustainable community business enterprises
CEO
EXECUTIVE RESEARCH
IKS LEAD PROGRAMME
PADELFT
SUPPORT STAFF
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IKS UTILISATION
SOCIAL IMPACT
Medicinal Trade in South Africa
1988 – 1996 750 plant species used in Traditional Medicines - 200 very infrequently traded 24 000 sp of plants in SA 4 000 used in Traditional medicines
(used by approx. 12-15 million people)
20 000t medicinal plants traded/year - US$60million
1996 4300t of wildlife medicinals traded in KwaZulu-Natal - US$13.3million
1997 750t traded in Mpumalanga – US$2.25million
Facts
74% of drugs developed from plants could be attributed to the use of indigenous plants in traditional medicine by various communities (Wambembe, 1999).
The annual sales of drugs developed from traditional medicines amounted to US$43bn out of the US$130 000bn total sales of pharmaceuticals in the 1980s (Rural Advancement Fund Int. 1997).
Less than 0.001% of profits from plant-based drugs from traditional medicine knowledge accrued to the people who provided the leads for the research (Posey, 1991).
Approximately 80% of the rural population use traditional medicines.
Drugs from Plants
Drug Use Source
Aspirin Pain killer Wild willow
Theophylline Asthma Theobroma tree
Digitoxin / Digoxin Heart failure Digitalis purperieae Artemisinin Antimalarial Artemisia annua
Vincristine/ Vinblastine Anticancer Catharanthus roseus
Quinine Antimalarial Cinchona
Penicillin Antibacterial Fungus
Cyclosporine Immunosuppressant Fungus
Tachrolymus – FK506 Immunosuppressant Fungus
Taxol Anticancer Taxus breviata
South Africa’s Brief Progress
IKS Bill 2002:
To recognize, promote, develop, protect and affirm the hitherto undermined and marginalized Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS);
To contribute to the reclamation and realization of indigenous knowledge of South Africa’s diverse communities and value systems connected therewith;
and to establish a regulatory framework for IKS and matters connected therewith.
IKS Proposed Bill 2002
The objectives of the Bill are –
To give legal recognition to Indigenous Knowledge (IK) and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and IK practitioners;
To establish principles to guide and manage the recognition, promotion, development, innovation and protection of IK and IKS;
To regulate forms of ownership and benefit sharing of IK and IKS at all levels of value addition;
IKS Proposed Bill 2002
To provide mechanisms for the capacity building of IK practitioners including their education, training, capacitation, development, empowerment and ownership;
To promote research and development activities in the area of IK and IKS;
To promote public awareness of IK and IKS;
To establish a regulatory mechanism called the “Indigenous Knowledge Systems Authority” to assist in achieving the above
Country’s Processes DST- IKS Policy 2005
DST- IP from Public funded/financed Research, 2006
DEAT- Biological Diversity Act no 10, 2004
DEAT- National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2005
DOH - Traditional Health Practitioners Act, 2005?
DOH - Traditional Medicines Committee of MCC
AGRIC- Draft Policy on Protection of Indigenous Seeds, 2006
AGRIC- Plant Breeders Rights
UNESCO- Safeguarding and Protection of Intangible Heritage, 2003
DST- National Office of IKS, 2006
Country’s Processes
DST-TKDL approach - Documentation by National Biodiversity Institutions, MRC & Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research;
DTI –Amendment Patent Law & IKS protection;
DTI-Patent Amendment Bill no.17 of 2005 -To amend the Patent Act ,1978, so as to insert certain definitions; and to require am application for a patent to furnish information relating to any role played by an indigenous biological or genetic resource or TK or use in an invention; and to provide for matters connected therewith;
DTI- IP & IK Protection Policy: Interfacing protection and commercialisation of traditional knowledge systems with the existing intellectual property system.
DTI - Protection and Commercialization of TK within the existing IP systems (Draft)
DST - Framework for IP from Publicly Financed Research (Draft)
IKS POLICY1
The Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) Policy is an enabling framework to stimulate and strengthen the contribution of indigenous knowledge to social and economic development in South Africa. The main IKS Policy drivers in the South African context include the:
Affirmation of African cultural values in the face of globalisation – a clear imperative given the need to promote a positive African identity;
Practical measures for the development of the economic value of services provided by indigenous knowledge holders and practitioners involved in, among others, traditional medicine, technologies, spirituality, and indigenous languages;
IKS POLICY2
Underpinning the contribution of indigenous knowledge to the economy – the role of indigenous knowledge in employment and wealth creation and innovation; and
Interfaces with other knowledge systems, for example, indigenous knowledge is used together with modern biotechnology in the pharmaceutical and other sectors to increase the rate of innovation
Challenges for IK Protection
In the South African context there is a need for the formulation and development of a Policy that will also address the following problems:
Lack of due process of the law to address the protection of IKS.
Lack of due process of the law to address commercialization of IKS.
Lack of due process of the law to empower collective holders of IKS.
Lack of due process of the law to beneficiate the holders of IKS.
Lack of due process of the law to effect technology transfer.
Lack of a legal framework to address development, economic, social and socio-economic issues
National (Bioprospecting) Trust Fund
Indigenous community and traditional healers
MRC
1/2 1/2
Local Trust Fund Specific for Traditional
Healers and their specific Community
Trustees
Traditional Healers & their Communities and
Research/ Funding Institution
Investigators
Re-invest into IKS Research
Individuals who supplied the Information &/or the Genetic material 5%
1/3
?
1/22/3
?
Benefit-sharing ModelPoverty Alleviation
Different communities
Companies jointly with Private Partners
?
National Trust Fund
Indigenous communities and traditional healers
CONSORTIUM of Institutions
1/2
1/2
Local Trust Fund Specific Traditional
Healers and their specific Community
Trustees
Traditional Healers , their communities & Consortium
Investigators Re-invest into IKS development, education & research
X1
Individuals who supplied Information &/or the Genetic material
X2 X3 X4 XnX5
1/2
?
? ?
7%
The Benefit-sharing Model Consortia
Trust Account / s
For
Different communities and
Traditional doctors
Monetary & Non-monetary
Seven Models Individuals Individual, goes into community project Finite period for benefit-sharing Authentification of novelty and ownership
University Model
Consortia Model
International Collaboration Each country to have its own model for its community Country where source of innovation, has the final say in benefit-sharing model
Poverty Alleviation model Community as majority shareholder with over 51% control on business Community not allowed to sell their shares
Selling or rights of IK to be a national decision – a partnership approach encouraged
Traditional healers as inventors in patent applications and acknowledged as main authors in publications
Concluding Remarks1
National policies –political mandate and public-private-community partnership;
Budget and inter-governmental relations;
Observations on and implications of International instruments e.g. CBD, TRIPS-WTO;
Best Practices in Africa and Developing Countries (South-South relation);
NEPAD & AU country participation
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks22
Multi-lateral and bilateral agreements;Multi-lateral and bilateral agreements;
Capacity Building and Educational Awareness;Capacity Building and Educational Awareness;
WIPO intergovernmental Committee - participation and implementationWIPO intergovernmental Committee - participation and implementation
No single government Department has a monopoly on IKS protection & No single government Department has a monopoly on IKS protection & its Developmentits Development
FINALLY : South Africa’s IKS POLICY to be Launched internationally at FINALLY : South Africa’s IKS POLICY to be Launched internationally at WIPO a sign of hope for WIPO a sign of hope for sui generissui generis. .
Liability clausesLiability clauses
http://http://www.mrc.ac.zawww.mrc.ac.zaBuilding a healthy nation through Building a healthy nation through
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