Medical Information Research
Transcript of Medical Information Research
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Research is the systematic process of collecting and analysing information (data) inorder to increase our understanding of the
phenomenon with which we are concerned orinterested
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discovery of new facts enunciation of new principles, or fresh interpretation of the known facts or
principles
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To answer Why How
What When How much
etc.
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to improve health and the purpose is to learn how various
systems in human body work, why we get
sick, and how to get back to health and stayfit
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“Medicine is a delicatescience. It is concerned with
v ta t es o e suc ashealth, disease and
death. Thus, it brooks noerror.”
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Function Basic
Applied
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Also termed as 'pure’ research involvesadvancing the knowledge base without anyspecific focus on its application
The results o such research are utilizedsomewhere in future when that newknowledge is required
Is generally at the cellular level for studyingvarious biological processes
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is problem-oriented, and is specificallydirected to solve an existing problem could be on the diagnostic and therapeutic
modalities, on agent-host-environmentinteractions, or health assessment
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“In principle, medical
into primary and
secondary research”
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While secondary researchsummarizes available studies in
e orm o rev ews an me a-analyses, the actual studies are
performed in primary research
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Basic medical research Clinical research, and Epidemiological research
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also known as experimental research includes animal experiments, cell studies,
biochemical, genetic and physiological
investigations, and studies on the propertiesof drugs and materials
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Also includes the development andimprovement of analytical procedures Imaging procedures
Gene sequencing Biometric procedures
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Clinical trials , clinical study, clinical protocol a scientific study of how a new medicine or
treatment works in people
Includes both interventional (or experimental) studies and
Non-interventional (or observational)studies
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Clinical drug study is defined as
"any study performed on man with the purpose of
studying or demonstrating the clinical or
effects, or to investigate absorption, distribution,metabolism or elimination, with the aim of providing clear evidence of the efficacy or safety
of the drug” also include studies on medical devices and
studies in which surgical, physical or
psychotherapeutic procedures are examined
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aim of an interventional clinical study is
to compare treatment procedures within apatient population
,which the patients are allocated by chance –to avoid bias
*blinding
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patient-related observational studies, inwhich patients are given an individuallyspecified therapy
The responsible physician speci ies thetherapy on the basis of the medical diagnosisand the patient's wishes
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Non-interventional therapeutic studies
comparison between therapies ; physicians discretion
Prognostic studies
, ,
Diagnostic studies
Diagnostic methods are compared or the investigator
Secondary data analyses Case series – larger patient group Single case analyses – rare disease
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Main point of interest: is to investigate the distribution and historical
changes in the frequency of diseases and the
causes or these Same with clinical studies
Experimental (interventional) and
Observational (non-interventional)
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Interventional studies are experimental incharacter and are further subdivided into:
field studies (sample from an area, such as a large
region or a country) and group studies (sample from a specific group, such
as a specific social or ethnic group)
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can be subdivided into: cohort studies
case control studies
cross-sectional studies (prevalence studies) and ecological studies (correlation studies or
studies with aggregated data)
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involve the observation of two healthy groups of
subjects over time The objective of cohort studies is to record detailed
factors * historical cohort studies - all data on exposure and
effect (illness) are already available at the start of
the study and are analyzed retrospectively
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Cases are compared with controls
Cases are persons who fall ill from the disease inquestion.
Controls are persons who are not ill, but areotherwise comparable to the cases.
A retrospective analysis is performed to
establish to what extent persons in the caseand control groups were exposed
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The decision as to which study type issuitable to answer a specific primary researchquestion must be based not only on scientific
considerations, but also on issues related toresources (personnel and finances), hospitalcapacity, and practicability.
Many epidemiological studies can only beimplemented if there is access to registrydata