Medical Acupuncture - University of New Mexico
Transcript of Medical Acupuncture - University of New Mexico
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Medical Acupuncture-- Past, Present and Future
Mark Lee, MD FACPAssociate Professor of MedicineMedical DirectorUNM Center for LifeUniversity of New Mexico
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Relevant Financial Relationship(s)
None
Off Label Usage
None
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Learning Objectives
• Review medical acupuncture
Background
Concept
Proposed mechanisms
• Discuss key evidence for acupuncture
• Reflect on integration in future practice
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Task #1
• What do you know about acupuncture?
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What is acupuncture?
• Technique of insertion and manipulation of fine needles
• Specific points (acupuncture points)
• Channels or meridians
• Manipulation of “inner energy” known as Qi
• Practiced for over 4,000 years
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• >400 acupuncture points
• Locations where the Qi rises close to the surface of the body
• MicrosystemsAuricular
Scalp
Palm
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Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker OR (1975). Electrical Correlates of Acupuncture Points. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng.22(6):533-5.
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How might acupuncture work?
• No single mechanism explanation
• Variety of theories to address the physiological mechanism of action
The Gate Control Theory of Pain
Endorphins
Indirect effects on autonomic system
Altering brain chemistry by release of neurotransmitters
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PAIN
(A fiber)
(C fiber)
I = Inhibition neuron
T = Transmission neuron
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Han JS (2003). Acupuncture: neuropeptide release produced by electrical stimulation of different frequencies. TRENDS in Neurosciences. 26(1), 17-22.
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Wang, S.-M. et al. Anesth Analg 2008;106:602-610
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Zang-Hee Cho et al. M. Acupuncture 2001
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• Provide health care providers, patients, and general public with a responsible assessment of the use and effectiveness of acupuncture for a variety of conditions
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• NIH Consensus Statement (1997) found promising results supporting the efficacy of acupuncture in:
Adult post-op pain
Chemotherapy nausea and vomiting
Post-op dental pain
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• Also noted other situations “where acupuncture may be useful as an adjunct treatment or an acceptable alternative…
Addiction
Stroke rehab
Headaches
Menstrual cramps
Tennis elbow
Fibromyalgia
Myofascial pain
Osteoarthritis
Low back pain
CTS
Asthma
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Acupuncture: Review and Analysis of Reports on Controlled Clinical Trials (WHO; 2003)
• Diseases, symptoms or conditions for which acupuncture has been proved through controlled trials-to be an effective treatment:
Adverse reactions to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapyAllergic rhinitis (including hay fever)Biliary colicDepression (including depressive neurosis and depression following stroke)Dysentery, acute bacillaryDysmenorrhoea, primaryEpigastralgia, acute (in peptic ulcer, acute and chronic gastritis, and gastrospasm)Facial pain (including craniomandibular disorders)HeadacheHypertension, essentialHypotension, primaryInduction of labourKnee painLeukopeniaLow back painMalposition of fetus, correction ofMorning sicknessNausea and vomitingNeck painPain in dentistry (including dental pain and temporomandibular dysfunction)Periarthritis of shoulderPostoperative painRenal colicRheumatoid arthritisSciaticaSprainStrokeTennis elbow
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What does the evidence show?
• Nausea & vomiting
• Postoperative pain management
• Stress & anxiety
• Postoperative ileus
• Headache
• Back Pain
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• Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)
2009 Cochrane Collaboration review of 40 trials involving 4,858 participants
Suggest that use of P6 acupuncture point can reduce the risk of nausea and vomiting after surgery
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Postoperative pain – pain score
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Postoperative pain – opioid consumption
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Post-operative ileus
• Three RCTs in patients with abdominal surgeries improved GI motility with acupuncture
- first bowel sound time
- flatus passage time
- excretion time- Sun P et al 1996
- Liu XJ et al 1991
- Zhang X et al 1998
• Addition of auricular acupuncture also relieved abdominal distension and discomfort after abdominal surgery.
- Wan Q et al 2000
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• Headache
2009 Cochrane Collaboration review of 22 trials involving 4,419 participants
Suggest that acupuncture is at least as effective as, or possibly more effective than, prophylactic drug treatment
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• Back pain
Meta-analysis by Manheimer et al. 2005 of 22 RCT
Suggest acupuncture is an effective treatment of chronic low back pain.
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Acupuncture – Minimal Risk
• Overall Risk 0 – 1.1 per 10,000Bruising, soreness, bleeding
Vasovagal response
Pain at insertion site
Pneumothorax
• Infection rate negligible in two large prospective studies of 34,000 and 97,733 patients
MacPherson et al. BMJ 2001
White et al. BMJ 2001
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Acupuncture Costs – avoiding surprises
• Medicare does not cover acupuncture services
• Many third-party payers cover acupuncture
–Partially or totally
–May pose limits on number of treatments
– Indications for treatment
• $80-$120 per acupuncture session
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References• Diehl DL, Kaplan G, Coulter I, Glik D, Hurwitz EL. Use of Acupuncture by American
Physicians. J Altn Compl Med 1997; 3(2): 119-26.
• NIH (1997). “NIH Consensus Statement Online 3 November-5 November 1997”. Acupuncture 15(5): 1-34.
• Han JS (2003). Acupuncture: neuropeptide release produced by electrical stimulation of different frequencies. TRENDS in Neurosciences. 26(1), 17-22.
• Helms JM. Acupuncture Energetics: A Clinical Approach for Physicians; Medical Acupuncture Publishers, 1995; ISBN 1-57250-706-3.
• Langevin HM, Yandow JA (2002). Relationship of Acupuncture Points and Meridians to Connective Tissue Planes. The Anatomical Record (New Anat.) 269:257-265.
• Lee A, Fan LTY. Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point P6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No.:CD003281. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003281.pub3.
• Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Manheimer E, Vickers A, White AR. Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001218. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001218.pub2.
• Maciocia G. The Foundations of Chinese Medicine: A Comprehensive Text for Acupuncturists and Herbalists; Churchill Livingstone; ISBN 0-443-03980-1.
• Manheimer E, White A, Berman B, Forys K, Ernst E. Meta-analysis: acupuncture for low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:651-63.
• Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker OR (1975). Electrical Correlates of Acupuncture Points. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 22(6):533-5.
• Wang, S.-M. et al. Anesth Analg 2008;106:602-610.
• Yuan CS, Bieber EJ, Bauer BA. Textbook of Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Informa Healthcare, 2006; ISBN 10 1-84214-297-6.