Media policy for MA and PDMM
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Transcript of Media policy for MA and PDMM
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Media policy for MA and PDMM
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We’ll address
• What is policy & what’s its purpose?
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1.INTERNAL, EXTERNAL
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Typical internal policy areas
• Editorial issues:–Independence, plagiarism, ethics.
• Business issues:–Smoking, leave.
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Typical internal policy gaps
• Editorial issues:–Covering poverty, environment,
human rights.
• Business issues:–training, BEE
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Typical external policy
• Broadcasting:– sectors– local content– elections– psb
• Convergence gap.• Qtn: how external is external?
(Bridges, Panos, Reader 1).
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Some key external issues
Adapted from Steyn: • Deregulation or re-regulation• Liberalisation• Corporatisation/commercialisation• Privatisation• Concentration laws
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More external issues in media policy
• Public broadcaster• Freedom of expression• Diversity• Social/cultural issues: language,
nationhood• Convergence
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Policy overflow & overlap
• Crede and Mansell (p76), WEF: sectoral
policies – + health, education, etc.
media policy
technology policy
telecoms policy
industrial policy
ICT policy
Berger: one policy or one philosophy?James: vertical, horizontal, macro …
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2. DEFINITIONS
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What is policy, what’s it for?
• How does policy differ from regulation, codes, laws?
• Key assumptions & distinctions:– a framework, or a plan, or a law?– to guide, or direct, or govern?– informal or semiformal, or formal?– based on values/principles, norms or standards?
• Is yr take weak or medium or strong?
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Think points
• Your definition sheds light on the question: What’s the point of policy?
• It locates policy in the sequence of:– Vision (& values, assumptions/givens)– Mission (and broad strategy)– POLICY (making choices in context)– Law– Regulations & codes– Practice
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2. ANALYSIS BY QUESTIONS
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Classic journalists’ qtns applied to policy
• What is it?• Who is involved in policy?• Where are they?• When are they involved?• How are they involved? • Why policy?• So what?
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What is it about?
• Role of state in comms?• Media, broadcast, telecoms?• Standards – technical, cultural• Carriers, integration, connections• Control and ownerships• Content and language• Access: complaints, services• Degree of independence
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What is it in character?
• Formal, or informal?
• Legal or not?
• Effective?
• Measurable?
• Reviewable?
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Who is involved in policy?
• Who makes it?– govt, regulators, judges,
consultants, owners, international organisations, directors, editors, managers, staff, civil soc, global professionals, men . .. (see Lichem)
• Who is affected?– media, investors, sports groups,
telecoms companies, citizens …
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Where is it?
• Govt, presidency, parliament, party caucusses, hearings & enquiries, regulator, civil service, courts, media, golf courses, London, NY, Geneva.
• Is it in the public sphere or not?
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When policy?
• When made?– law-making, crises, social and
technological changes, political pressures, court cases, global fashions, conferences …
– political will and capacity– retrospective vs forward looking
• When effected?– when power & bureaucracy active
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How policy?• Ad hoc, or planned process?• Role of values, vision, philosophy• Interests: articulated, aggregated• Role of info and research,• Participation or not?• Accountability & public opinion.• Budget and costs factor• How it is supposed to work:
– “policy as hypothesis”
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Why policy?
• Ans: framing power– to avoid or pre-empt problems.
(Note: problems for who? How ID’d?)– to enable and empower for solutions– to prioritise & allocate resources– structure & promote economic life– balance conflicting interests – citizenship, education, nationalism.
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So what about policy?
• Ans: to engineer– knowledge-gap: media-tool assumptions
– media-scape, but “leakage”.
– relates to law, regulation, practice.
– implementation gap: issues of budgets, resources, capacity.
– visionary stretch vs realistic trim?
– policy overload problems.
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Golding: Policy focus
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
MEDIA
CONTENTS
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Golding: Policy ethos
interventionist
inte
rventio
ni
st
liberal
liber
al
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
MEDIA
CONTENTS
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Golding: Policy systems
Authoritarian Free market + strong
state
Regulatory Libertarian
interventionist
inte
rventio
ni
st
liberal
liber
al
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
MEDIA
CONTENTS
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Golding: Policy systems
Authoritarian Free market + strong
state
Regulatory Libertarian
interventionist
inte
rventio
ni
st
liberal
liber
al
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
MEDIA
CONTENTS Note: label
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Summing up• Internal – external• Definitions• Proper place of policy• What, who, where, when, how, why
and so-what? • Policy on content, on industry structure• Interventionist vs liberal ethos, systems• Reading: Berger, Steyn.