Med 505 Seminar on Online Technologies
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Transcript of Med 505 Seminar on Online Technologies
S. Katipoğlu
MED 505
Seminar I
Lecture by
Serdar Katipoğlu
The lecture is concerned with how ideas are produced, stored and disseminated. The history of ideas technologies will be evaluated in the case of Hypertext.Reproductive technology such as books and e-resources will be discussed within their historical development. Finally, theories of information society will be investigated to understand today’s society.
M.A. Program in Media and Communication Systems Istanbul Bilgi University Santral Campus 21 October 2009
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Hypertext
The New World of
HYPERTEXT
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Beyond the printed pageLet us begin with the most concrete aspect of texts, the printing on the page.
Jacques Derrida freed himself from the constraints of traditional printing. To illustrate this here is the first page of Glas 3 , a work published in 1974 that places in parallel comments from Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ and some of Jean Genet’s literary writings. We are not considering here the text of this beautiful work, which blends speculative philosophy and literature. That alone would merit an extended and learned discussion. We will only examine its physical layout. First of all the square shape of the book breaks with convention. In addition, the size is clearly unusual. Then, the first page of the text
Title:On the Supposed Neo-structuralism of Hypertext.Authors:Ganascia, Jean-GabrielSource:Diogenes (Blackwell Publishing Limited); 2002, Vol. 49 Issue 4, p8, 12p, EBSCO
http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=aph&an=7122994
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As we May Think
by
Vannevar Bush
Atlantic Montly July 1945
Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and library. It needs a name,
and, to coin one at random, "memex" will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it
may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.
It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting
translucent screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading. There is a keyboard, and sets of
buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk.
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The owner of the memex, let us say, is interested in the origin and properties of the bow and arrow. Specifically he is studying why the short Turkish bow was apparently superior to the English long bow in the skirmishes of the Crusades. He has dozens of possibly pertinent books and articles in his memex. First he runs through an encyclopedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article, leaves it projected. Next, in a history, he finds another pertinent item, and ties the two together. Thus he goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it into the main trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item. When it becomes evident that the elastic properties of available materials had a great deal to do with the bow, he branches off on a side trail which takes him through textbooks on elasticity and tables of physical constants. He inserts a page of longhand analysis of his own. Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.
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And his trails do not fade. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest. He has an example, in the fact that the outraged Europeans still failed to adopt the Turkish bow. In fact he has a trail on it. A touch brings up the code book. Tapping a few keys projects the head of the trail. A lever runs through it at will, stopping at interesting items, going off on side excursions. It is an interesting trail, pertinent to the discussion. So he sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex, there to be linked into the more general trail.
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Most of the memex contents are purchased on microfilm ready for insertion. Books of all sorts, pictures, current periodicals, newspapers, are thus obtained and dropped into place. Business correspondence takes the same path. And there is provision for direct entry. On the top of the memex is a transparent platen. On this are placed longhand notes, photographs, memoranda, all sorts of things. When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space in a section of the memex film, dry photography being employed.
MEMory EXtentions = Memex
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Defining "Lexia"
In S/Z, Roland Barthes (1970) used the term “lexia" to denote "units of reading" which would facilitate the analysis of the "plural text", for "if we want to remain attentive to the plural of a text . . . we must renounce structuring this text in large masses, as was done by classical rhetoric and by secondary-school explication: no construction of the text: everything signifies ceaselessly and several times, but without being delegated to a great final ensemble, to an ultimate structure" (p. 11-12). Hypertext theorists such as George Landow have been quick to appropriate this term and use it to denote a hypertext "text chunk"--ideally the amount of text and/or image which will fit on one screen. I have appropriated the term " lexia " and use it to refer to each separate document within a hypertext from which (and to which) associative links are made.
http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/1.2/features/eyman/lexia.html
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Hypertext
Hypertext... Changes our sense of
Authorship
Authorial property
Creativity (or originality)
Moving away from the constrictions of
Page-bound technology
Technology of cultural memory
World Wide Web
“Textual units” or “lexias”
Literary works
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Hypertext
Non-sequential writing
Ordinary writing is sequential for two reasons
Speech-making have to be sequential
Books are not convenient to read except in a sequence
But the structures of ideas are not sequential
Hypertext is a term coined in the 1960s by Ted Nelson
Human readable information / multimedia linked together in an unconstrained way
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PhilosophyTheodor Holm Nelson
Let me introduce the word "hypertext"***~ to mean a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper. paper. It may contain sunmmaries, or maps of itscontents and their interrelations; it may contain annotations, additions and footnotes from scholars who have examined it.
AUG. 24/11:00-12:30/GOLD ROOMSESSION 4: Complex Information Processing4.2: A File Structure for The Complex, The Changing and the IndeterminateT. H. NelsonVassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=806036
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XanaduThe second visionary, Theodor Holm Nelson, began his career by studying philosophy. He describes how he suffered a great deal in writing his first essay entitled ‘Truth, Man and Choice’ as he found it difficult to organise his ideas into a sequential order. After his initial contact with computers in 1960, he imagined a tool to help with conceptualisation. According to him, the whole problem was that a complicated idea did not lend itself easily to being reduced to linear form, suitable to being explained sequentially. It often appears to us as a tangled ball of wool that can be seen differently, depending on your point of view. What was needed then was a tool, which would record the links between the different facets of an idea, without obliging us to express them in a strictly linear manner. Nelson invented the neologism ‘structangle’ to refer to the confused structure that the computer would be able to help us to clarify and use. In 1960, he promised himself that he would write his next book with the help of this tool. He thought that by 1962 it would all be ready. Twenty years later the programme had not been completed. In the following years this idea spawned the Xanadu project, which, to my knowledge, despite many assertions as to its completeness, is still unfinished.
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Hypertext, hypermedia and the history of the text
Written text is ... based on physical medium
Clay
Papyrus / Paper
Tablet, scroll or book
The text was married to a physical media, readers and writers
The text was linear, bounded and fixed
Hypertext as the use of the computer to transcend the linear, bounded and fixed qualities of the traditional
written text
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Unlike the static form of the book
Hypertext can be composed and read, non-sequentially...
It is composed of blocks of text or what Ronald Barthes terms lexia
And the electronic links that join them
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Internal hypertextual
Tables of contents
Page numbers
Chapters
Footnotes
Indexes
External hypertextual
Supplied by librarians and bibliographers
Ideas and text
Library call number
Object of the study
Volume
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How does hypertext work
Primitive system
Each volume simply added on at the end of the shelf
Bilgi, geliş sırasına göre rafa yerleştirilir.
Volume order
Modern system
Logical order
System places related books together (same subject)
On the same shelf
A kind of hypertextual linking
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Online library catalog
Description about books and articles
Mental model of hypertext
Scholarly article
Footnote
Leaves the main text to read that note
The reader can follow the link another text
Move outside the article itself
True hypertext must be able to define textual units, and link them in various ways, within an overall textbase or, to
use another term now gaining currency
“docuverse”
Ted Nelson’s idea of a wide “docuverse” literally by allowing between nodes in different databases
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From hypertext to hypermedia
Hypermedia extend hypertext by re-integrating our visual auditory faculties into textual exprience,
Linking
Graphic images
Sound
Video to verbal science
Naturel progression
From the printed word to hypertext to hypermedia
From painting to photography to silent movies and to movies with
color and sound
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Hypertext and author
Collaborative work:
Hypertext demands new models of reading, writing, teaching, and learning
New understanding of collaborative learning and collaborative work
Collaboration suggests two or more scientists, songwriters, or side by side
On the same work
In the same place
In the same time
Not cooperate
1- Would type a sentence, at which point the other world approve, qualify or rewrite it, and then we would proceed
to the next sentence
2- One worker produces a draft that another person then later edits by modifying and adding
3-Individual workers divide up the overall taxt
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4- Fourth collaboration: Networked hypertext systems
combines aspects of the three describes
Two principles of fourth collaboration
A- Any document electronically linked to another document collaborate with it
B- Any document electronically linked... on the networked system (potential exists)
Collaboration with all other documents
But the rules of culture
Intellectual property and authorship, do not encourage such recognition
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Reconfiguring the text
Within a network of electronic links
A document no longer exists by itself
Writer loses certain control over his text
Text brakes down to fragment
The lexia or block of text and these reading units take on a life of their own
No linear
Hyper text joins blocks of text by electronic links
Garphics
Maps
Diagrams
Visual
Reader...
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SPARC is an alliance of universities, research libraries, and organizations built as a constructive response to market dysfunctions in the scholarly communication system. These dysfunctions have reduced dissemination of scholarship and crippled libraries. SPARC serves as a catalyst for action, helping to create systems that expand information dissemination and use in a networked digital environment while responding to the needs of scholars and academe.
http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=a0
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Crossref
CrossRef is the citation linking backbone -- a collaborative reference linking service that allows the user to click on a citation and be taken directly to the target content. Online publishing is raising the bar for resource discovery. The scientific and scholarly community now demands navigational ease at the desktop. More than ever, publishers, librarians, and information aggregators are expected to provide seamless integration of current and archived content across publishers.
http://www.crossref.org/
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Information Society
Bell’s Post-industrial Society, Castells’ Network Society
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Information Society
Bell’s Post-industrial Society, Castells’ Network Society
Social and cultural transformation or social change
new technology for social change
Political, economic, social and cultural factors for social change
Quantitative measures of social change
Increasing volumes of information and larger information sector ICT
Qualitative measures of social change
the meaning or significance of such transformations
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Utopian
A new era of greater freedom and fulfillment
Access to more information
Pessimistic
Continuation of long-standing inequalities
Two best known theorists of the information society
Daniel Bell and Manuel Castell
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Bell’s Post-industrial Society
Daniel Bell
Post-industrial society
Information society
Western economies had de-industrialized
Declining percentage of the workforce working
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Daniel Bell refers in 1974 to coming revolution: Computer has a central role
Pre-industrial society / muscle power
Industrial society / coal, shipbuilding
Post-industrial society / service society / information society
Servants, banking and transport are service sectors in the 19th century
But different in information society
Education, health, system analysis, processing information, IT, telecommunication
[asansördeki aynalar]
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Daniel Bell’s argument :
Post-industrial society is characterized by the centrality of
Scientific knowledge
Scientific knowledge directing social change
But never before in the history
In the 19th century
Telephone and electricity working by trial-and-error rather than focusing on scientific...
[Electric Bulb ?]
Information economy categories
1-Knowledge (doctors, lawyers) 2-entertainment (TV music indus.)
3- economic transactions (banking or insurance) 4-infrastructure (telecommunications)
Information and knowledge are the crucial variables of the Post-industrial economy
Hugh Mackay / Investigating the Information Society, 2001 p. 22-25
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Information: storage retrieval and processing of data
Essential resource in society
Service sector and service work
Webster : A good deal of service work not in consuming but in assisting in its production
Transport, finance, insurance with manufacturing economy
Knowledge has replaced labour and capital as the source of added value
Information and knowledge are the crucial variables in post-industrial society
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Neden yeni amblem köşeli değil de kıvrımlı? Bu kıvrımın anlamı ne? Müşteri beklentilerine göre şekil değiştirebilmeyi mi anlatıyor? Neden Arçelik artık büyük harfle yazılmıyor? Sanayici büyük Arçelik yerini müşterisiyle küçük harfle konuşan bir Arçelik'e mi bırakıyor?
http://www.arcelik.com.tr/manifesto.shtml
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Çünkü bu Arçelik'in yeni ses tonu. Arçelik değişiyor. Fabrika ağırlığıyla duran, büyük harfli, sert, sanayici Arçelik logosu da yerini yenisine bırakıyor.
Yeni Arçelik'in yeni amblemi, müşteri beklentilerine göre şekil alabilme gücünü, esnekliğini ve kararlılığını gösteriyor. Dönüşümün ve yeni bir sayfanın simgesi.Bu kıvrımda, gülen müşteri ve şekil alan çelik gizli.
Yeni Arçelik logosu küçük harfli, geleceğe doğru eğimli.Yeni Arçelik, 70'lerin sanayi markasından yeni milenyumun müşteri odaklı teknoloji ve hizmet markasına dönüşüyor, müşterisiyle küçük harfle konuşuyor. Sade ve sakin. Teknolojik ama yumuşak.
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Arçelik reklamlarındaki robot da nereden çıktı? Yoksa insanlığın ortak hayali olan "her işi gören robot" da Arçelik'in planları arasında mı?
Neden olmasın! Arçelik, Türkiye'nin en büyük Araştırma-Geliştirme laboratuvarına sahip. AR-GE'ye bugüne kadar yaptığı 100 milyon dolarlık yatırımla, dünyaya teknoloji satan bir dünya şirketi olabilmenin haklı gururunu taşıyor. Arçelik'in toplam 600 kişilik mühendis gücünün dörtte biri Arçelik
Araştırma ve Teknoloji merkezi'nde çalışıyor.
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Technological Determinism
Technology shapes society
Research shows that the direction and rate of scientific work is shaped clearly by social priorities
The example he uses is the New York developer and road builder from the 1930s to the 1970s, Robert Moses, designed a road
system to access Jones
Beach which would in effect exclude poorer, black people from using the beach
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Many of the overpasses are extraordinarily low
Automobile-owning whites
Poor people and blacks used public transit
Automobile over the development of mass transit, will continue to shape that city
Social forces have shaped our technology
Bosphorus Bridge
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Castell’s Network Society
Manuel Castell is the leading theorist of the network society
Network society represents a new sort of capitalism
Castells sees growing inequality and polarization with the demise of labour-intensive industries and their replacement with production
flexibility
Organizations shift from bureaucracies to become network enterprises
Focusing on managing and responding to information flows
Network society, the dominant social structure in the information age
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New forms of time and space
Biological time and clock time
He argues social groups work with timeless time
Communication technologies eliminate space on a given network
Breakdown of shared collective identities of class, nation, and religion
New social movements around identity
Political power from nation state to media and other producers of culture
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His networks composed of interconnected nodes
Global corporations and banks Managerial class with cosmopolitan lifestyle
Extensive air travel exotic restaurants
Geographical distance is irrelevant to connection and communication
The networks of flows
Interconnected, global, capitalist network
using technology and information main source in society
For Castells technological innovation represents a fundamental change*
Technology is something of a driving force
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http://www.nokia.com/