mechofmatfinal1

8/12/2019 mechofmatfinal1

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8R* MI+*KNIEKN +LDO*M IK D*M NREY PR* +LZI+T+ LKM +IKI+T+ N*PPIKJNLGGEQLP*M PE PR* QL+*DL_ 8R* QL+*DL IN LPPLQR*M MID*QPGX PE PR* +LIK NRL[PLNNT+IKJ IPN Y*IJRP ME*NKUP L[[*QP PR* NXNP*+ LKM +ED*EW*D PR* dEIKP REGMN PR*[TGG Y*IJRP E[ PR* QL+*DL_ /+\EDPLKP PE KEP* PRLP PR* N*PPIKJN [ED LMdTNPIKJ PR*QL+*DL LD* IK L YLX NTQR PRLP IP IN LGYLXN LFEW* PR* FEEO REGM*D LKM YIGG K*W*D

F* PEE QGEN* PE PR* FEEO REGM*D IPN*G[_ 8RIN IN MEK* [ED \DLQPIQLGIPX LN EPR*DYIN*PR* QL+*DL YIGG *KM T\ RIPPIKJ PR* FEEO REGM*D LKM R*KQ* L +IKI+T+ QG*LDLKQ*F*PY**K PR* QL+*DL LKM PR* FEEO REGM*D IN N*P_

8R* *ZP*KMIKJ NRL[Pa YRIQR IN \LDP &>a YIGG RLW* L +IKI+T+ G*KJPR LYLX [DE+ PR*A(\DE[IG* E[ S'++ LKM QLK F* *ZP*KM*M PE %S'++ LYLX [DE+ IP_

168"C ( 8E JIW* +LZI+T+ [G*ZIFIGIPX E[ PR* JIW*K NXNP*+ PR* N*PPIKJN [ED PR* FEEOREGM*D LKM PR* QL+*DL YIGG F* IK L YLX NTQR PRLP PR*X QLK F* PTDK*Ma YRIGNP IK L [IZ*M\ENIPIEKa LDETKM PR* QIDQT+[*D*KQ* E[ PR* NRL[P_

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/P IN KEY PI+* PE N*G*QP YRLP Y* PRIKO IN L NTIPLFG* +LP*DILG [ED PR* NPLKM_ 7DE+ PR*+LP*DILGN GIFDLDX L WLDI*PX E[ IKP*D*NPIKJ NP**GN LKM EPR*D +*PLGGIQ QE+\ETKMN LKM*G*+*KPN Y*D* PLOIKJ IKPE QEKNIM*DLPIEK_ /P IN I+\EDPLKP PE KEP* PRLP N*G*QPIEK E[ PR*+LP*DILG IN M*PDI+*KPLG PE PR* *KM \DEMTQP LKM QLGQTGLPIEKN_

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"!',,!(3, $%&'!YRIQR JIW* IKMIQLPIEKN E[ PR* +LP*DILGN F*RLWIED IK PR* *GLNPIQ D*JIEK_

hR*K MEIKJ L NPD*NN LKM NPDLIK LKLGXNIN PR* +*QRLKIQLG \DE\*DPI*N LD* \IWEPLG PE PR**KM \DEMTQPN NTQQ*NN_ 8R*N* LD* +LIKGXC

%> 8*KNIG* NPD*KJPR i8)

,> 7DLQPTD* NPD*KJPR i7H> 5I*GM )PD*NN i5 =)R*LD 5I*GM )PD*NN 2 AKILZILG 5I*GM )PD*NN>&> cLDMK*NNa c =IN L\\DEZI+LP*M PE c j H i5>

8R* M*KNIPX E[ PR* +LP*DILG QREN*K LGNE RLN PE F* PLO*K IKPE QEKNIM*DLPIEKa LN IP YIGGTGPI+LP*GX L[[*QP PR* Y*IJRP E[ PR* YREG* NPDTQPTD*_ !ED*EW*D PR* +*GPIKJ P*+\*DLPTD*=)E[P*KIKJ> RLN PE F* LKLGX]*M LKM NPLP*M_ 3FEW* PRIN \LDPIQTGLD P*+\*DLPTD* PR*+*QRLKIQLG \DE\*DPI*N E[ PR* +LP*DILG YIGG [LGG I++*MILP*GX_

168"C ( .I[[*D*KP +LP*DILGN YIGG F* TN*M [ED PR* +LIK NPDTQPTD* IPN*G[ LKM PR* FLN*aYRIQR IN QEKNIM*D*M LKEPR*D *G*+*KP E[ PR* NPDTQPTD*_

3[P*D LNN*NNIKJ PR*N* \DE\*DPI*N [DE+ PR* !LP*DILGN .LPL 9EEO k%l PR* QREIQ* YLNKLDDEY*M MEYK PE S +LP*DILGNC

/_ #LNP /DEK//_ 4EY #LDFEK )P**GN

///_ 4EY 3GGEX )P**GN/g_ )PLIKG*NN )P**GNg_ 3GT+IKT+ 3GGEXN

;EINNEKUN :LPIEm Wn ( GLP*DLG NPDLIK4EKJIPTMIKLG NPDLIK )R*LD !EMTGTNm 0 j H"

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)PLIKG*NN )P**GN LD* W*DX QGEN* YR*K IP QE+*N PE PR*N* \DE\*DPI*N FTP YR*K QE+\LDIKJPR* \DIQ*N !IGM )P**G IN +TQR +ED* [*LNIFG* [ED PRIN \DLQPIQLG L\\GIQLPIEK_ 3GT+IKT+aYRIQR RLN L JD*LP LMWLKPLJ* NIKQ* IPN M*KNIPX IN PR* GEY*NP E[ LGG E[ PR* +LP*DILGNa IN L FIP+ED* *Z\*KNIW* LKM IPN +*QRLKIQLG \DE\*DPI*N LD* G*NN *KRLKQ*M_

8RTN L 5ETKJUN !EMTGTN 8*NP IN \*D[ED+*M EK L /')0 -#)N\*QI+*K_ 8R* *Z\*DI+*KP INQLDDI*M ETP LN [EGGEYNC

3 N+LGG TKI[ED+ \DIN+LPIQ N\*QI+*K E[ +IGM NP**G IN NRL\*M IK PR* [ED+ E[ L F*L+ PE F*TN*M IK PR* QLKPIG*W*D N*P(T\ NREYK IK [IJTD* & F*GEY_/P IN LNNT+*M PRLP PR* +LP*DILG IN INEPDE\IQ +*LKIKJ PR* \DE\*DPI*N LD* PR* NL+* ED W*DXNI+IGLD IK LGG MID*QPIEKN LGEKJ *LQR JDLIK IK PR* +LP*DILG_ k,l

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ANIKJ PR* [EGGEYIKJ *`TLPIEK PR* ,KM +E+*KP E[ LD*L ED +E+*KP E[ IK*DPIL E[ PR*N\*QI+*K YLN [ETKM

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3 PLFG* IN QE+\TP*M NREYIKJ PR* WLDIETN MIN\GLQ*+*KPN TKM*D PR* NP*\\*M GELMIKJN_

3 JDL\R YLN \GEPP*M TNIKJ PR* WLGT*N [DE+ PR* \D*WIETN PLFG*_

8R* JDLMI*KP E[ PR* JDL\R IN TN*M [ED PR* QLGQTGLPIEK LN [EGGEYNC

8R* G*KJPR E[ PR* N\*QI+*K IN *`TLG PE '_%S +*P*DN_ 8R* FD*LMPR IN *`TLG PE '_'% +*P*DN YRIGNP PR* PRIQOK*NN IN E[ '_''%+*P*DN_

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)IKQ* Y* RLW* QEKNIM*D*M , *G*+*KPN [DE+ PR* QDENN(N*QPIEK EK PR*Q*KP*DGIK* EK* YETGM *Z\*QP MI[[*D*KP WLGT*N [ED \DIKQI\LG NPD*NN*N LNY*GG LN EDI*KPLPIEK E[ PR*N* MI[[*D*KPILG WEGT+*N REY*W*D MT* PE LGGPR* GELMIKJN EK PR* NPLKM [ED PRIN N*QPIEK LD* LGG MT* PE Y*IJRP LKMPR*X LD* LNNT+*M PE F* LQPIKJ MEYKYLDMNa EK *LQR E[ PR*N* *G*+*KPNPR*D* IN *IPR*D NR*LD ED KED+LG NPD*NN PRTN PR* \DIKQI\LG NPD*NN*N YIGGF* PR* NL+* LN PR* EK*N IGGTNPDLP*M EK FEPR MILJDL+N LFEW*_

168"C ( 3KX *G*+*KP NTFd*QP*M PE !LZI+T+ )R*LD NPD*NN*N YIGG F*&S} [DE+ PR* \ENIPIEK E[ LK *G*+*KP NTFd*QP*M PE PR* \DIKQI\LG

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n S_'BHH Z %'(V+H((=x.> 5n '

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hR*K RLWIKJ L NXNP*+ YIPR QEGT+KN L[P*D MEIKJ L )PD*NN 3KLGXNIN Y*UD* LFG* PE RLW*D*NTGPN E[ PR* +LJKIPTM* LKM PR* PX\* E[ NPD*NN*N LP MI[[*D*KP \EIKPN YR*PR*D PR*X LD*KED+LG =QE+\D*NNIEK ED P*KNIEK> ED )R*LD NPD*NN*N_ hR*K QE+\D*NNIEK IN IKWEGW*M IK LGEKJ NG*KM*D NRL[P FTQOGIKJ RLN PE F* PLO*K IKPE QEKNIM*DLPIEK_ 9TQOGIKJ IN NI+\GXIKNPLFIGIPX PRLP YIGG *W*KPTLGGX G*LM PE [LIGTD*_

4LP*DLG M*[G*QPIEK E[ L F*L+ YIGG QLTN*FTQOGIKJ I[ PR* +LZI+T+ LZILG GELM PRLP L

QEGT+K QLK YIPRNPLKM YRIQR IN QLGG*M QDIPIQLGGELM IN *ZQ**M*M_

/[ Y* QEKNIM*D IKIPILGGX LK IM*LG QEGT+Ka YRIQRQLK F* I+\G*+*KP*M [ED ETD +LIK NRL[Pa IP INLNNT+*M PE F* \*D[*QPGX NPDLIJRP F*[ED* LKXGELMIKJ LKM LGG PR* GELMIKJ LD* L\\GI*M PRDETJRPR* Q*KPDEIM_ 8R* QLGQTGLPIEK LFEW* LGGLNNT+*M PRIN_

/[ PR* QEGT+K LP EK* \EIKP IK PI+* D*LQR*N PR* QDIPIQLG GELM ;#:IP YIGG F* DIJRP EK PR*GI+IP E[ NPLFIGIPX_ /P IN g":5 /!;6:8318 PE KEP* PRLP PR* QDIPIQLG GELM IN KEP M*\*KM*KPEK PR* NPD*KJPR E[ PR* \LDPIQTGLD +LP*DILG FTP DLPR*D IP IN QLGQTGLP*M EK PR* MI+*KNIEKNE[ PR* F*L+ IPN*G[a YRIQR IKQGTM* PR* ,KM+E+*KP E[ LD*La IPN G*KJPR LKM PR* 5ETKJUN+EMTGTNb*GLNPIQIPX E[ PR* +LP*DILG_

hR*K QEKNIM*DIKJ PR* +LIK F*L+C

6KQ* LJLIK PR*D* IN KE )R*LD[EDQ* ED 8ED`T* )R*LD LN PR*[EDQ*N LD* LQPIKJ TKILZILGPRDETJR PR* +LIK NRL[P LKM

R*KQ* PR* +LIK NRL[P YEKP*Z\*DI*KQ* LKX QEKNIM*DLFG*L+ETKP E[ NR*LD REY*W*D Y*YIGG RLW* PE QEKNIM*D 5+72)'(8GLP*D EK_

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8R* QDIPIQLG NPD*NN QLK F* QLGQTGLP*M FX IKQGTMIKJ PR* J*E+*PDIQ DLPIEK ?4bDa YRIQR IN PR*NG*KM*DK*NN DLPIE_ /P IN L +*LNTD* E[ PR* QEGT+KUN [G*ZIFIGIPX_ eDf IN PR* DLMITN E[ JXDLPIEKYRIQR QLK F* QLGQTGLP*M LN [EGGEYNC

/K([LQP PR* P*KNIG* NPD*KJPR JLPR*D*M [DE+ PR* .LPL FEEO JLW* L DLKJ* E[ WLGT*N [EDP*KNIG* NPD*KJPR E[ +IGM NP**G F*PY**K H&S s SB' !;L_

1EP*C ( /P IN QEKNIM*D*M PRLP PR* +LIK NRL[P IN [IZ*M LP FEPR *KMN PE JIW* PR* DIJIMIPX PR*NXNP*+ D*`TID*N PE EFPLIK NPLFIGIPX E[ PR* *KPID* NXNP*+a YRIQR YIGG F* M*NQDIF*M IK PR*K*ZP N*QPIEK_

hR*K LGG PR*N* \LDL+*P*DN YR*D* *KP*D*M IK PR* !. )EGIMNU 9TQOGIKJ !EMTG* PR*[EGGEYIKJ MILJDL+N Y*D* QE+\TP*M_ !ED*EW*D MIN\GLQ*+*KP NPTMI*N Y*D* LGNE QLDDI*METPC

i#:n t,"

=4bD>,

D n =/b3>%b,

D n '_'%V+ i#:n HS&_&,B !;L

Constant K = column effective length factor

Both ends pinned (hinged, free to rotate),

k = 1.0.

For both ends fixed, k = 0.50.

For one end fixed and the other end

pinned,

k = 0.699....

For one end fixed and the other end free to

move laterally, k = 2.0.

c*D* Y* QLK N** MI[[*D*KP PR**[[*QP E[ FTQOGIKJ LQQEDMIKJ PE"TG*DUN FTQOGIKJ [ED+TGL_ 8R*LZIN LD* NYIPQR*M [ED PR*MILJDL+N [ED QE+\G*P*K*NNNLO* REY*W*D NIKQ* IPUN LQIDQTGLD QDENN N*QPIEK LKM [ED

PR* [ED+TGL IP IN D*`TID*M PRLPPR* G*LNP +E+*KP E[ IK*DPIL LNY*GG LN G*LNP DLMITN E[ JXDLPIEKIN TN*Ma FEPR E[ PR*N* WLGT*NYIGG F* *`TLG [ED PR* X LKM ]LZIN_

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8RIN I+\GI*N PRLP L N+LGG*D LD*L +LX F* *KETJR PE REGM PR* GELMIKJN PRLP LD*L\\GI*M PE PR* NPLKM [ED PRIN +LP*DILG_ c*KQ* PE +LO* L +ED* [*LNIFG* M*NIJK[ED +LKT[LQPTDIKJ LKM \DEMTQPIEK LK E\PI+I]*M +EM*G YETGM RLW* L N+LGG*DDLMITN PRLK PR* EK* TN*M [ED PR* QLGQTGLPIEKN_

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FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Declaration

Plagiarism is defined as the unacknowledged use, as one's own, of work of another person,whether or not such work has been published, and as may be further elaborated in Faculty or

University guidelines" (University Assessment Regulations, 2009, Regulation 39 (b)(i),

University of Malta).

I / We*, the undersigned, declare that the [assignment / Assigned Practical Task report /Final Year Project report] submitted is my / our* work, except where acknowledged and

referenced.

I / We* understand that the penalties for committing a breach of the regulations include loss

of marks; cancellation of examination results; enforced suspension of studies; or expulsion

from the degree programme.

Work submitted without this signed declaration will not be corrected, and will be given zero

marks. * Delete as appropriate.

(N. B. If the assignment is meant to be submitted anonymously, please sign this form and

submit it to the Departmental Officer separately from the assignment).

NAME & SURNAME PERCENTAGE SIGNATURE

BRADY BRIFFA 33.33 %

MARK BONELLO 33.33%

SEAN FARRUGIA 33.33%

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