MECHANISATION, AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN...
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CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
DEVELOPMENT BOARD (CIDB)
FINAL REPORT: PHASE 1
MECHANISATION, AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN
CONSTRUCTION
JULY 2012
Table of Contents
No. Contents Page
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Objective of Study 3
3.0 Methodology and Milestone 4
4.0 Definition and Categorisation 6
5.0 Onsite Mechanisation 6
6.0 Offsite Mechanisation 9
7.0 The Benefits of Mechanisation Implementation 16
8.0 The Present State of Mechanisation in Malaysia 18
9.0 Factors that Inhibits the Adoption of Mechanisation 19
10.0 Reducing the Barriers and Opportunities for Implementation 24
11.0 Policy and Incentives to Encourage Mechanisation 30
12.0 The Use of Robotics in Construction 31
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13.0 Business Opportunities Available for the Construction
Industry in Mechanisation
32
14.0 Training Needs in Mechanisation 32
15.0 Global Policy on Mechanisation 33
16.0 Conclusion 38
17.0 Recommendation and The Way Forward 40
List of References 43
List of Figure
No. Contents Page
Figure 1 : Degree of Industrialisation 10
Figure 2 : Industrialisation Value Creation 16
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List of Appendix
No. Contents Page
Appendix 1 : Mapping up Mechanisation 44
Appendix 2 : Objective of Study 46
Appendix 3 : Factors that Inhibit Mechanisation 47
Appendix 4 : SWOT Analysis on Mechanisation 48
Appendix 5 : Advantage of the use of Modern Machineries 49
Appendix 6 : Methodology 50
Appendix 7 : Mechanisation Characteristic, Application and Machinery 51
Appendix 8 : Action Plan towards Mechanisation 52
Appendix 9 : Cadangan Mengurangkan Duti Import dan Cukai Jualan
ke atas Jentera, Mesin dan Peralatan Berat Pembinaan
kepada Sektor Pembinaan
© July 2012 Construction Research Institute of Malaysia
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Editorial
1. Ir. NorainiBahri
2. Mr. Rofizlan Ahmad 3. Miss Nurul Hayati Khalil 4. Ir. Dr. Zuhairi Abd Hamid 5. Dr. Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar 6. Mr. Mohd Rahimi Abd Rahman 7. Mr. Franky Ambon 8. Mrs. Maria Zura Mohd Zain
9. Mr. Khairolden Ghani 10. Mr. Ahmad Hazim Abd Rahim 11. Mr. Helmi Aizat Fuad
12. Miss Natasha Dzulkalnin
FINAL REPORT: PHASE 1
MECHANISATION, AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN CONSTRUCTION
Inception by:
Prepared by:
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MECHANISATION, AUTOMATION AND
ROBOTICS IN CONSTRUCTION (PHASE 1)
1.0 Introduction
1.1 The use of modern machineries (adoption of mechanisation,
automation and robotics) in the construction industry has been
emphasize by YAB Dato' Seri Najib Tun Razak during the opening
of the International Construction Week (ICW) 2012. Labour
intensive industries such as the construction industry must shed
their traditional dependency on labour and focus on alternative
production inputs that can boost productivity.
1.2 Potential and advantages of the use of modern machineries to
construction contractors in Malaysia are as follows:
1.2.1 Implementation of government mega projects under the
Entry Points Projects (EPPs), under the Economic
Transformation Programme (ETP) may be performed with
optimal cost in a shorter period of time;
1.2.2 Reduction of dependency on foreign workers;
1.2.3 With the implementation of the minimum wage limit, the
construction industry can no longer rely on cheap labour.
Continuation to prosper and grow, the construction
industry has to improve productivity through the use of
machinery; and
1.2.4 The Government is committed to the implementation of
free market policies through liberalise regional economic
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agreement. The use of plant and machinery will increase
the competitiveness of local contractors to compete for
projects at locally and globally.
1.3 To encourage the use of machinery by the contractors in
Malaysia, better incentives such as tax breaks, duty on
machinery and loan facilities should be offered and provided by
the government. The selection of the right incentives is very
important to prevent abuse and dependence in the long term
incentives. Incentives should be given to systems/machinery and
equipment that provide high value-added applications such as
robotics or automation and production of modular components.
1.4 However, CIDB cannot ensure the current level of mechanisation
practice and the readiness of the industry to adopt
mechanisation. The definition, scope and limitation of
mechanisation are also unclear.
1.5 Accordingly, an in-depth and comprehensive study to define
mechanisation and to identify factors that inhibits the adoption of
mechanisation is required. The result from the study will be used
by the CIDB to chart the way forward towards the total adoption
of mechanisation in the construction industry.
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2.0 Objective of Study
2.1 This study is to define mechanisation and to map up issue on
mechanisation adoption in the construction industry. This aim of
study is supported by five objectives, which are:
2.1.1 To develop the Malaysian definition, scope and
boundaries on mechanisation;
2.1.2 To map up issues surrounding mechanisation, automation
and robotics in construction;
2.1.3 To identify barriers and challenges of machineries usage;
2.1.4 To predict the future trends and opportunities for the
implementation of automation and robotics in the
construction;
2.1.5 To establish an understanding of the principals of
mechanisation, automation and robotics as applicable to
construction;
2.1.6 To develop strategy to encourage industry using
machineries; and
2.1.7 To develop a policy - incentive for mechanisation.
2.2 By identifying the barriers to mechanisation and investigating
ways in which to overcome them, contributions can be made in
terms of better understanding and facilitating, where relevant,
greater use of these technology in the construction industry.
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3.0 Methodology and Milestone
3.1 The report are based on data captured by the following
methodologies:
3.1.1 Review of the literature through the data available, such as
reports, journals and other information. Among the most
important literature that shaped up the report are:
i. Academic papers by Prof. Roger Bruno Richard;
ii. Academic papers by Asoc. Prof. Sr. Dr. Rohana Mahbub;
iii. Academic papers by Ir. Dr. Zuhairi Abd Hamid and Dr.
Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar;
iv. Industrial reports by ManuBuild Consortium and CIB
(International Council for Research and Innovation in
Building and Construction);
v. Paper proceedings of international conference organised by
International Association for Automation and Robotics in
Construction (IAARC) 2003-2011;
vi. Industry reports by Building Construction Authorities (BCA),
Singapore;
vii. Official reports from Malaysian Investment Development
Authorities (MIDA); and
viii. Official reports from Construction Industry Development
Board (CIDB) Malaysia.
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3.1.2 Develop, distribute and analyse questionnaires for the purpose of
data collection as focused to target respondent which practically
involve in construction industry process. The details of the survey
are as follows:
i. The survey was conducted on February 2012. Random
sampling was used in the survey to capture data from the
respondents; and
ii. About 88 respondents participated in the survey. Majority of
the respondents (55%) were contractors. The second highest
group of respondents (26%) were manufacturers, material
suppliers, and material system providers. Representatives
from the government agencies consisted of 12% of the total
respondents while 4% and 3% of the respondents consist of
consultants and property developers respectively.
3.1.3 Conduct Business Lab (workshop) with the industry
i. Industry consultancy workshop was conducted on 27th March
2012 at Cyberview Resorts and Spa, Cyberjaya. This
workshop involved 15 strong participations from industry
players as well as academician. Delphi method was used to
capture and analyse data from the workshop.
ii. Workshop to develop mechanisation policy and incentives
was conducted on 4th May 2012 at Makmal Kerja Raya
Malaysia (MKRM). This workshop was conducted to discuss
among the expert panel from IBS Centre, CIDB and CREAM
about the potential policy and incentives to encourage the
industry player to adapt the mechanisation concept in
construction project.
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4.0 Definition and Categorisation
4.1 Mechanisation is the process of doing work with machinery, plant
and equipment in carrying out a task. It is also defined as the act
of implementing the control of equipment with advanced
technology, usually involving electronic hardware. The main
objective of mechanisation is productivity improvement.
4.2 In general, mechanisation can be divided into two categories:
4.2.1 Onsite mechanisation
4.2.2 Offsite mechanisation (industrialisation)
5.0 Onsite Mechanisation
5.1 Onsite mechanisation is the usage of mechanical and electrical
equipment and machineries onsite in aiding construction activities
undertaken by labour to improve the construction process.
5.2 Common machineries and equipment which are used onsite are
as follows:
5.2.1 Mobile cranes;
5.2.2 Poker vibrators;
5.2.3 Excavators and other earth moving equipment;
5.2.4 Roller compactors;
5.2.5 Fork lift;
5.2.6 Backhoe;
5.2.7 Hauling equipment;
5.2.8 Hoisting equipment;
5.2.9 Aggregate and concrete production equipment;
5.2.10 Pile diving equipment;
5.2.11 Tunnelling and rock drilling equipment;
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5.2.12 Pumping and de-watering equipment
5.3 Level of mechanisation for onsite mechanisation are:
5.3.1 Simple and non-complex machinery – The use of simple
and traditional construction machines and equipment in
aiding construction activities undertaken by labour and to
improve the construction process.
5.3.2 Enhancement to existing construction plant and
equipment – The enhancement can be done through the
attachment of sensors and navigation aids, so as to
provide improved feedback from the machines to the
operative. The performance of traditional construction
equipment over entirely manual controlled methods can
be significantly enhanced. Laser control, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) and ultrasound are commonly used.
5.3.3 Task specific, dedicated machine – Most of construction
machines and robots have been developed in Japan
construction “big five” company; Shimazu, Obayashi,
Takaneka, Taisei and Kajima. They can be categorised
into:
i. Machines and robots for structural work, such as
concrete placing and power floating and steelwork
lifting and positioning
ii. Machines and robots for finishing or completion of
work such as exterior wall spraying, wall and ceiling
panel handling, positioning and installation
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iii. Machines and robots for inspection work, for example
window and ceiling clearing. Task specific, dedicated
robot generally under tele-operation and program
control. The operative control is positioned outside
the immediate vicinity of the machine, with the
instructions transmitted to the machine via controller
5.3.4 Intelligent (or cognitive) machine – This category is a
combination or hybrid of category 2 and category 3. This
hybrid type of mechanisation and robotics application will
be distinctively construction oriented, supported by a high
degree of autonomy and knowledge base, in which to
resolve the wide range of construction problems
Table 1: Level of mechanisation (onsite)
Level of mechanisation Description
Simple and non-complex
machinery
The use of simple and traditional
construction machines and equipment
i.e. Fork lift, backhoe, hauling equipment
and hoisting equipment
Enhancement to existing
construction plant and
equipment
The enhancement can be done through
the attachment of sensors and navigation
aids.
Laser control, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) and ultrasound
Task specific, dedicated
machine
Task specific and dedicated robots to do
construction work.
Controlled by human
Robots for structural work, finishing or
completion of work and inspection work
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Intelligent (or cognitive)
machine
Construction oriented machines and
robots
Supported by a high degree of autonomy
and knowledge base
Artificial intelligence in which to resolve
the wide range of construction problems
Source: International Association of Automation and Robotics in Construction
(2004)
6.0 Offsite Mechanisation
6.1 Offsite mechanisation can be defined as the production of
prefabrication and industrialised components and the use of IBS.
Although the large numbers of components in construction
projects are to be fabricated under IBS, the construction is still
forever site-intensive handicraft. Therefore, to move towards
labour reduction, the degree of industrialisation should be an
indicator to measure the level of IBS adoption in construction.
The indicator represents the maturity of industrialisation
adoption.
6.2 Offsite mechanisation can be measured using the degree of
industrialisation by extrapolating from what is going on in other
industries such as manufacturing and automotive. They are
merely recycling the traditional processes, switching the tasks
from the craftsman to the machine. The degree of
industrialisation is shown in Figure 1:
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Figure 1: Degree of Industrialisation (Richard,2005)
6.2.1 Prefabrication is a manufacturing process that generally takes
place at a specialized facility, in which various materials are
joined to form a component part of the final installation. Pre -
fabrication means production of building components "before"
and/or "elsewhere". In the building industry, it generally implies
building in a factory components or full modules similar to the
ones done on a traditional construction site, and in most cases
using the same processes. Still for the following reasons,
prefabrication can very often bring the construction costs down,
as much as 15% in some instances. Characteristics of
prefabrication are:
i. Rationalisation of the tasks along a production line;
ii. Specialised tooling and handling equipment;
iii. Semi-skilled labour;
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iv. Climatic protection; and
v. Bulk purchasing due to the single delivery point
6.2.2 Mechanisation comes in whenever machinery is employed to ease
the workload of the labourer. Usually the case whenever there is
large scale prefabrication. It is a condition of having a highly
technical implementation or the act of implementing the control
of equipment with advanced technology, usually involving
electronic hardware, automation replaces human workers by
machines.
i. The characteristics of mechanisation includes:
a. Machineries operate by operators;
b. Related to systematic flow process of production;
c. Reduce tradesmen and improve productivity,
efficiency and profitability (results);
d. Implement product standardisation;
e. High product quality and standard;
f. Ease and fast production;
g. Optimum use of material, manpower and finance;
h. Mass production; and
i. Better working condition
ii. The following construction activities required extensive
application of mechanisation:
a. Steel structure fabrication;
b. Roof trusses fabrication & assembly;
c. Block, bricks tiles (Roof, floor and wall tiles);
d. Pavers, wall panels, slab panels;
e. Manual job at site including; concreting and
bricklaying;
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f. Plastering;
g. Shell structure (involving reinforcement, formwork
and concreting), also foundation
iii. Common machinery and equipment use in mechanisation
are:
a. Overhead crane;
b. Gantry cranes (lifting machines);
c. Concrete mixer & Batching plants;
d. Concrete vibrators;
e. Bending and cutting machines;
f. Welding machines;
g. Air compressor/ pressing machine etc;
h. Machine related to producing precast element,
concrete block/ bricks (extruder, slipper); and
i. Hydraulic equipment
6.2.3 Automation is defined as a self-regulating process performed by
using programmable machines to carry out series of tasks.
Automation is also a situation when the tooling (machine)
completely takes over the tasks performed by the labourer.
Although the tooling is taking over, the foreman is still around,
and the engineer and the programmer are not far. A study about
Swedish wood-frame panels assembled by automation indicates
an economy up to 27% compared with traditional construction
methods. Nonetheless, the old focus on using automation simply
to increase productivity and reduce costs was seen to be short-
sighted, because it is also necessary to provide a skilled
workforce who can make repairs and manage the machinery.
Moreover, the initial costs of automation were high and often
could not be recovered by the time entirely new manufacturing
processes replaced the old.
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6.2.4 Robotics is a discipline overlapping artificial intelligence and
mechanical engineering. Robotics comprises the ability of the
same tooling which has the multi-axis flexibility to perform
diversified tasks by itself.
6.2.5 Reproduction implies that the research and development of
innovative processes are truly capable of simplifying the
production process. Reproduction is innovation intensive:
simplifying the production of complex goods by introducing a
different technology, and therefore achieving more substantial
economies than mechanizing, automating or robotising around
the traditional construction methods. Reproduction is meeting
directly the purpose of industrialisation where quantity justifies an
investment to simplify production.
i. The following are already in the market products
produced using the concept of reproduction:
a. Hollow core slab: Extrusion of concrete along a line
of pre-stressed cables; rather than building (and
dismantling) formwork, installing the reinforcing,
delivering and pouring the concrete on the site; the
cheapest way to produce a structural slab
b. Multifunctional lightweight precast panel: Casting or
pressing or moulding a monolithic panel integrating
thermal & acoustical insulation, air & vapor barrier,
structural or bracing capacity, cladding and texture
as well as the jointing geometry; then spraying a
coating to achieve waterproofing; rather than
putting up a stud wall with insulating blankets, air
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and vapor barrier membranes, exterior sheeting
and cladding as well as interior finish.
c. Toilet pod / modular toilet system: incorporating all
the components (bath/washbasin/shower/even
toilet bowl) and facilitating the maintenance (round
corners and no tile joints) in composite, through
deep-drawing, covering or even centrifugation;
rather than laying & grouting tiles on a waterproof
backing. Or producing the same shell in metal
through electro-deposition
Table 1: Level of Industrialisation (offsite)
Level of Industrialisation Characteristics
Conventional Wet trade
On-site construction
Prefabrication Prefabrication is a manufacturing process that
generally takes place at a specialized facility
(factory)
Small scale production
Use large number of semi-skilled labour along
production line
Small number of machines and equipment
Non-complex machines and equipment
Mechanisation Large scale production
Extensive usage of mechanical and electrical
equipment and machineries in aiding
prefabrication activities
Use of complex machines and equipment
Machines substantially reduce the need of
manpower as compared to prefabrication
Machine is still controlled by labour
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Automation Tooling (machine) completely takes over the
tasks performed by the labourer
Although the tooling is taking over, the
foreman is still around, and the engineer and
the programmer are not far.
Robotic Ability of the same tooling which has the
multi-axis flexibility (robot arm) to perform
diversified tasks by itself
Consist of using high technology machine
with total control of machines using artificial
intelligent capability
Reproduction Innovative processes are truly capable of
simplifying the production process or complex
goods by introducing a different technology
6.3 The first four degrees are still more under the influence of the
traditional methods of building. Prefabrication aims rather at the
location of the production where the next three degrees
(mechanisation, automation and robotics) aim at substituting
labour with machineries. Reproduction, on the other hand, is a
concept borrowed from the printing industry and it is an
innovation capable of simplifying the multiplier of complex goods
and delivering affordable, quality building to the vast majority of
people.
6.4 More recently industrialised construction has been defined into
contents and value creation based on the level of complexity and
industrialisation. Figure 2 shows the value creation of
industrialised construction versus the type of systems used, as
well as the level of standardisation. Industrialisation in
construction can create the most value when the product
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undergoes individuality, integration and less standardisation in
the form of modular construction and integrated elements.
6.5 Increasing the individuality, content and spatiality of modules
results in a reduction of the series sizes, while, on the other
hand, increasing content and spatiality adds more monetary
value due to rationalization effects in the factory. Therefore, the
value creation of industrialisation can only be established using
robotized and automated manufacturing process which is
different from current conventional practices.
Figure 2: Industrialisation Value Creation
7.0 The Benefits of Mechanisation Implementation
7.1 In any industry, any product done in a craftsmanship fashion is
bound to be luxury. Yet, there is still a lot of craftsmanship in the
building industry today and the old saying is still true: if a car
was produced the way a building is delivered, very few people
would be able to own one; if an electronic calculator was
produced the way a building is delivered, it would cost a fortune.
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7.2 Shortage of labour is one of the factors behind the drive in many
countries to mechanise production in order to increase
productivity by replacing labour with machines. The more to
mechanisation and prefabrication make sense in economies
where full employement is creating upward preasure on wages,
or where labour shortages are acute
7.3 Mechanisation, automation and robotics have the potential to
improve the industry in term of productivity, safety and quality.
The capability to generate higher output at lower unit cost, which
better quality product could in turn improve global
competitiveness.
7.4 The construction site could theoretically, be contained in safer
environment, with more efficient execution of work, greater
consistency of the outcome and higher control over production
process.
7.5 Mechanising is necessary in order to reduce production times
and costs, improve working conditions, avoid dangerous work,
allow work to be performed that people cannot do and
increase performance. Usually large scale prefabrication will be
accompanied by some mechanisation (pneumatic hammer and
gantry crane).
7.6 Data for the survey (February 2012) showed that the benefits of
mechanisation are:
7.6.1 Improve working condition
7.6.2 Quality improvement
7.6.3 Safety promotion
7.6.4 Improve in overall project performance
7.6.5 Labour saving
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8.0 The Present State of Mechanisation in Malaysia
8.1 Prefabrication is current applied. Mechanisation and semi-
machineries are used in prefabrication factories. The machineries
is still need to use human to operate and in production process
8.2 Use of machine is extensive but can be improved more in the
future
8.2.1 Efficient use of machineries – low level
8.2.2 Extent of using machineries – moderate level
8.2.3 50% IBS construction (factory & site) and 50%
conventional
8.3 Machineries mostly used for preliminary site works (levelling,
excavating) and lifting of components
8.4 Based on the questionnaire survey (March 2012), the majority of
the industry has a moderate level of knowledge on mechanisation
in building construction (54%). 35% of the respondents have a
good level of knowledge regarding mechanisation while 11%
respondents claim that they have a little or poor level of
knowledge in mechanisation
8.5 Based on the questionnaire survey (March 2012) 69% of the
respondents agree that the industry is ready to transform and
moving forward from prefabrication towards mechanisation
implementation in the construction.
8.6 Corporate leadership, business strategy, procurement/contract,
project management, technology selection, supply chain, design
management and integration, skill and competency, training and
education, IT and continuous improvement are the important
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critical success factor in implementing the mechanisation in
construction.
9.0 Factors that Inhibits the Adoption of Mechanisation
9.1 However, industrialisation is based on quantity, on volume: to
justify with an important market the investment in a technology
capable in return of simplifying the production of complex goods.
That is the very nature of industrialisation: a quantity will divide
the investment into small (eventually infinitesimal) fractions,
thereby reducing the production costs down to derisive amounts
and making (if the economy is transferred to the pricing) the
product available to a large audience.
9.2 The fragmentary nature and the size of the construction industry
make it unreceptive to revolutionary change. For mechanisation
to work there is a need for compatibility with existing design,
management capabilities, labour practices and site operation.
Furthermore, the multi-point responsibility, where different
organisations are responsible for the different places of
construction, makes it difficult for mechanisation application to be
effective. For these technologies to work in construction there is a
need for higher degrease of integration within phases.
9.3 One of the most obvious barriers is the high cost incurred and the
need for substantial financial commitment for the required
investment in R&D and implementation for the required
investment in R&D and implementation of these technologies in
real terms. The investments are high risk and finding firms willing
to invest in these technologies is a problem. There is also the
high cost of owning and using these technologies on site, and
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because some of the machines are still not fully developed,
keeping up with the advance in technology can prove costly. The
construction industry is often not willing to put in high risk and
costly investment into the technology.
9.4 Ideally, the large number of units to produce (quantity)
distributes the cost of a process into very small fractions. In
return, this process reduces the number of operations, simplifies
them and brings more precision. The result is better quality at a
lower cost, exactly like what happened in most of the other
industries.
9.5 Construction Product and Work Processes
Nearly every construction product is unique i.e. custom designed
and constructed and is built to last for a long time. The work
processes is also complex and non-repetitive, generally
performed over a large area or site and the work performed is
peculiar to that site i.e. each project is site specific. As work is
closely related to the site, its execution is influenced by locational
conditions such as weather, labour supply and local building
codes; and the project also requires a long time to complete. The
complexity and non-standardisation of the construction product is
an inhibitor to greater automation and robotics applications. The
difficulty in control and maintenance if these technologies are
used in the “open” and unstructured environment of the
construction site, such as uncertain terrains in which the
machines have to work, also mitigate against greater automation.
According to the PATH group, (Partnership for Advancing Housing
Technology, 2003) barriers to robots in construction are
propagated by the nature of the construction industry.
Construction is a diverse industry and one that has to cope with
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an almost unique set of circumstances on each project and site.
The unstructured, dynamic nature of the construction site, the
hazards and difficulties presented by temporary works, weather,
and, sometimes, the sheer scale of activity create barriers to the
adoption of automation. The construction industry is also not
willing to put in the high risk and costly investment into the
technology.
For automation and robotics to work in construction, it is
necessary to adapt the work processes by redesigning and by
converting ill-structured to well- structured working conditions.
The “culture of the building site” is usually the antithesis of good
organisation and seldom provides an environment conducive to
the achievement of high quality, or the operation of sensitive
electronic equipment (Brown, 1989).
9.6 Technology
Developments of construction robots are technologically difficult
because of the nature of the construction work process itself. The
cheapest option is usually to adapt these technologies from other
industries, but the obvious differences between work processes
across the industries form a crucial barrier. To work in
construction, the robots need to be robust, flexible, with high
mobility and versatility.
Stein, Gotts and Lahidji (2000) listed the different attributes of
the construction robots as compared to those in other industries.
Construction robots must move about the site because buildings
are stationary and of a large size, and these robots require
engines, batteries, or motors and drive for mobility.
Constructions robots are also faced with changing sites and must
be programmed with each new condition; and therefore require
digital control with manipulators using coordinate systems to
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direct three-dimensional motion. Playback control found in most
industrial robots does not suffice for construction applications.
Construction robots also have to handle large loads of variable
sizes, function under adverse weather conditions and are
constantly-exposed to dust and dirt on site, creating different
demands as compared to conventional industrial robots. To
overcome this, there is a need to look at how construction tasks
are performed to encourage repetition, and the construction sites
need to be re-configured to provide a more structured and
controlled operating environment.
9.7 Culture and Human Factor
The different work cultures between countries also play an
important role as barriers to implementation. In some countries
there are institutional barriers as well as active workers unions
that look upon these technologies as a way from the industry has
pushed forward the technologies (Obayashi, 1999). Construction
robots can take considerable time to set up and need to be
constantly monitored by skilled workers. Therefore, for robots to
become more commonplace on the work site, a new based of
workers is needed; who has a strong academic background with
special training in areas of robotics engineering and control.
To maintain a high utilisation rate for construction automation
and robotics, there is a need to ensure an adequate supply of
appropriately skilled operators to operate the sophisticated
machinery. Training needs to be provided, for formal learning of
new skills (such as programming) and onsite upgrading of skills.
However, other than the cost factors to be considered in re-
training, there is also the consideration of workers not willing to
participate, possibly the older generations, who might not be
interested or might not have the aptitude to learn the necessary
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skills to handle sophisticated equipment. In countries where the
workforce depends on migrants to meet the demand of the
market, there is also the possibility of communication barriers or
unwillingness of employers to spend money on re-training of
these workers.
9.8 Based on the data from the workshop (March 2012) the following
barriers and challenges to mechanisation have been identified:
9.8.1 Design varies;
9.8.2 Quantity not sufficient;
9.8.3 Too many trades involved;
9.8.4 Integrated supply chain is not present;
9.8.5 Skilled & semi skill do not come under one single
organisation and difficult to new changes;
9.8.6 Lack of experience, lack of technical knowledge and lack
of skilled labour are important barriers to adopt
mechanisation;
9.8.7 Poor works integration of work interface;
9.8.8 Lack of commitment towards improvement from sub-
contractor;
9.8.9 Materials used is still limited and need to explore new
material;
9.8.10 Construction project based practice is hinder the
mechanisation;
9.8.11 Need to re-access and review the construction process
itself;
9.8.12 Fragmentation of the technological operations that leads
to long breaks, making the investment unbeneficial; and
9.8.13 Variable and extended locations.
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9.9 Based on the result from questionnaire survey (February 2012)
the following barriers and challenges have been identified
(according to ranking):
9.9.1 High cost of investment;
9.9.2 Ignorance and reluctant to change attitude;
9.9.3 Availability of cheap labour;
9.9.4 Lack of skilled workers; and
9.9.5 Low standardisation of components.
10.0 Reducing the Barriers and Opportunities for Implementation
The following areas are is identified have an opportunity in reducing
barriers for mechanisation, automation and robotics implementation:
10.1 Economic and Cost
For the construction industry, the primary motivation in adopting new
technologies is the prospect of gaining a competitive advantage through
lower input costs. The willingness for construction firms to invest in R&D
and implementation of these technologies in real terms will only happen if
they feel that there are greater economic advantages to be gained by
using these technologies. These will differ according to the construction
industry climate and practices in different countries. In terms of diffusing
the costs of acquiring and maintaining these technologies, large
international construction companies may have the economic capacity for
taking these technologies on board.
With fewer jobs available locally, the bigger construction companies are
trapping the overseas market. As such, globalisation and participation in
international projects is a niche with which the construction industry can
take further advantage of automation and robotics technologies, as these
technologies might be a worthwhile investment if there is a need to gain
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the competitive edge by operating more efficiently while reducing
construction time. The economies of scale that can be gained through the
widening of the operating market and repetitive use of the technologies
will enable higher investments to be made in acquiring the technologies.
Advantages in the use of construction automation and robotics
technologies include higher productivity, in that higher output can be
produced at a lower unit cost; process improvement, in that the work can
be better executed; and product improvement; in that there is greater
consistency in the outcome of the work, and thus higher quality. All these
advantages will improve competitiveness of the construction firm,
especially internationally and this will in turn make the firm move willing
to incur the high cost and substantial financial commitment in taking the
technologies on board.
10.2 Structure and Organisation of the Construction Industry
The fragmentary nature and the size of the construction industry make it
unreceptive to revolutionary changes. In construction, the responsibility
and control is split between different parties and since no one
organisation is in charge, this hinders the innovation process. According
to IAARC (2004), one of that main reasons why construction automation
and robotics is so prevalent in Japan is that the large Japanese
construction companies exemplify the principle of single point of
responsibility. By exercising control over much of the process and its
many different contributors, they are able to undertake R&D at lower risk
and with a higher expectation that the results will have worthwhile
application on their construction sites. Additionally, the construction
companies are more inclined to collaborate outside their own
specialisation and to fund and manage R&D jointly with others (IAARC,
2004). In other countries, where single point responsibility is not the
norm for most construction firms, investments in automation and robotics
technologies maybe taken up by large conglomerate firms operating
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globally. For these firms, responsibility and control over the firm’ projects
and profits are usually under one roof.
There are also opportunities for greater implementation of automation
and robotics technologies within specific areas of construction, such as
design or specialist sub-contracting work. Automation of the design
process through CAD is quite commonplace in the construction industry
nowadays as design software and products are readily available with high
capacity-to-cost ratio; thus providing designers with the tools needed to
produce designs economically and efficiently. The use of automation and
robotics technologies may be more applicable if emphasis is placed on
the assembly and installation of components. As mentioned before, the
types that would be most relevant that could be adopted by specialist
sub-contractors are category one, enhancements to existing construction
plant and equipment; and to a lesser extent, category two, task-specific,
dedicated robots.
10.3 Construction Product and Work Processes
The product is unique in construction as compared to other industries, in
that it is usually a one-off design where there is no continuity in
production. Greater implementation of automation and robotics
technologies may be possible where repetitious or common designs is
employed, such as for council housing, simple community halls or small
regional train or bus stations, where a design is repeated again and again
in different locations. This is more prevalent in some countries compared
to others. In Malaysia, a common feature of residential construction is its
degree of repetitiveness, especially for low cost housing, as the same
designs and features are used repetitively but in different locations. An
example of this Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor’s (Selangor State
Development Corporation) provision of low cost housing in the Selangor
State, where single storey terraced houses or 5-storey flats are built for
the poor in different locations of the state, but using the same design.
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This type of project may gain from a greater application of automation
and robotics technologies, especially if the designs and components are
standardised for ease of assembly.
Another area of construction that may be relevant to automation and
robotics technologies is civil engineering and infrastructure works.
Infrastructure works such as the construction of roads and rail, embrace
fully the concept of repetitive work processes, and again, this type of
work can and have benefited from the greater use of automation
technologies and mechanisation of the construction works. Greater use of
automation and robotics technologies may be possible in these instance
as one of the main criteria for effective use of these technologies is the
need for repetitive and standardised work processes and a structure
environment.
The construction is “open” and unstructured with exposure to weather
and uncertain terrains in which machines have to work mitigating against
greater automation. There are major differences between the
construction and manufacturing industry where automation usage is the
norm, and these differences can be categorised mainly in terms of
location and work area, product life, degree of standardisation,
complexity of the work process, the workforce and the ergonomics of the
work environment. In construction, work is usually dispersed over a wide
work area and location changes from project to project. The product life
is long, with little standardisation as most building design are unique.
Construction workers usually need to be mobile and work a large number
of manual tasks, and it is quite common for these workers to change jobs
frequently between projects. The work place is not well adjusted to
automation a need in that is rugged and unpredictable.
To make automation work in this instance, there is a need to rethink the
whole process of construction and make drastic changes to construction
technology itself. This is a more difficult approach, and can only be done
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in moderation. Automation technologies may therefore work best in
certain areas of the construction process, such as in prefabrication and
assembly or steelwork positioning, but not applied to the whole
construction phase. This would mean that automated machines or robots
would be brought in at the later stages of construction, where the
environment is less hostile.
10.4 Technology
Developments of construction robots are technologically difficult because
of the nature of the construction work processes itself. TO work in
construction, the robots need to be robust, flexible, with high mobility
and versatility. To overcome this, there is a need to look at how
construction task are performed to encourage repetition, and the
construction environments need to be much more structured and
controlled. Technology is therefore very much related to the structure
and work process in the construction industry. That is why in areas of
construction where repetition is prevalent, such as concreting, steelwork
positioning, masonry and finishing, automation and robotic is more highly
used to other areas.
There are other areas in construction that have the potential to change in
terms of making the work process more repetitious and standardised,
and we need to identify and modify these areas to encourage greater
automation. This may include the use of modular, standardised
construction products and greater off-site prefabrication. Integrated
construction automation systems-which effectively turn construction sites
into covered factories – appear to be the way forward. The Obayashi
Corporation’s ABCS system, for example, has cut construction schedules
for 40-storey buildings by 6 months and its “Big Canopy” system has
reduce labour forces on in-situ reinforced concrete buildings by 75%
(Taylor, Wamuziri and Smith, 2003)
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Although the majority of the technologies currently in use in most
countries are more towards one end of the spectrum, that is,
mechanisation rather than a fully robotised construction system, it is
encouraging to note that the industry is moving in the right direction in
terms of adopting these technologies. There is also the consideration that
for some countries, full utilisation might be unnecessary due to adequate
supply of cheap labour, or minimising cost is of main priority, especially
for developing countries.
10.5 Culture and Human Factor
The culture and human factor may be the most difficult barrier to
overcome. This would be different from one country to another, but
factors to consider include institutional barriers, government labour
policies, labour and safety regulations and workers union. In most
developed countries, the workers union from a very strong and effective
barrier towards automation, as there is resistance from the work force
themselves, with general unwillingness to replace their work skills with
machines. According to Brown (1989), in Australia, any attempt to
introduce robots on to a construction must be based on three-way
negotiations between the men, management and the union. Above all
else, building union representatives must be convinced that the use of
robots will not threaten their membership levels, or the jobs of their
members. If prior agreement are not reached about the use of robots on
sites, there is a danger that attempts to introduce them may get caught
up in the adversarial form of industrial relations that currently operate in
industry.
In most developing countries, labour-intensive practices are still
commonplace because of the cost factor, i.e. it is cheaper to hire man
rather than invest in a machine. The large number of small-scale
contractors operating in these countries may also be another reason
impeding the infiltration of advanced technologies, as these contractors
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usually operate on a relatively small turnover and would not have the
revenue to invest in major cost expenditure, such as acquiring the
relatively expensive machineries.
Government policies on labour charter and certain Local Authority
regulations can also hinder automation implementation. These can be
overcome by changing the mind-set of the government and construction
industry players alike regarding automation, which can be very difficult to
do. Only when it is universally accepted in the construction community
that automation is an asset and will not threaten jobs or work culture and
ethics, will automation be readily accepted.
11.0 Policy and Incentives to Encourage Mechanisation
11.1 Based on the output from industry consultancy workshop (March
2012), the following policies and incentives to encourage
mechanisation have been recommended:
11.1.1 Tax holiday;
11.1.2 Training fund and incentive (for operator);
11.1.3 Financial subsidies and discount (on purchase);
11.1.4 Financial incentives – R&D on use of machineries in
construction (create machine);
11.1.5 Framework and guidelines on suppliers. Availability, costs
of machineries etc. so that buyers could be easily acquire
the required technology (registered suppliers/one stop
centre);
11.1.6 Tax relief on imported machineries (time line);
11.1.7 Fast track approved of project;
11.1.8 Technology acquisition funds–incentive;
11.1.9 Skills training on equipment and machinery handling;
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11.1.10 Policy to encourage reduction of wet construction on site
to support the sustainability agenda;
11.1.11 All contractors must their own basic of machineries and
equipment per construction during tendering process
(pre-qualification).
11.2 Based on the output from questionnaire survey with the industry
(February 2012), the following policies and incentives to
encourage mechanisation has been derived:
11.2.1 Financial incentive;
11.2.2 Mandatory policy and enforcement;
11.2.3 Assistant in selection of machine and equipment;
11.2.4 Consultancy;
11.2.5 Industry planning; and
11.2.6 Standardisation.
12.0 The Use of Robotics in Construction
12.1 The use of robotics is feasible but the technology must be
available. At present state, there is no valid reason not to use
human capital while it is available in abundance and at very
cheap price.
12.2 Within a certain limited scope of construction works and maybe
more applicable in certain countries compared to others due to
the industry’s individual country’s characteristics, cultural factors
etc.
12.3 Robotic use in construction industry more suitable to manufacture
(like IBS manufacture) but unlike to be used at construction site.
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12.4 Robotics can be used extensively in manufacturing of
construction material/component, such as manufacturing of steel
bars/mesh, steel roof trusses, etc. it is hardly use in construction
sites.
13.0 Business Opportunities Available for the Construction Industry in
Mechanisation
13.1 Lease and ranting the machineries;
13.2 Total solution providers from design manufacturing and
construction;
13.3 Reviewing and accessing labour intensive construction activities
and looking at how much mechanisation can improve
performance in these fields;
13.4 Manufacturing of IBS precast component;
13.5 Speed on construction/completion;
13.6 Quality inspection and quality audit;
13.7 Technology consultants; and
13.8 Research and Development (R&D)
14.0 Training Needs in Mechanisation
14.1 Based on the output from the workshop (March 2012), the
following training is needed to encourage mechanisation:
14.1.1 Project simulation/demonstration based apprenticeship;
14.1.2 Training in manufacturing process/systems;
14.1.3 Special training on specific skill to produce skill labour on
their area;
14.1.4 Safety requirement on mechanisation and equipment;
14.1.5 Practical knowledge in the equipment/machineries;
14.1.6 Discipline and dedication training (behaviour);
14.1.7 Multi – tasking operation;
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14.1.8 Training to operate the machineries (hi-tech machines)
such as Boring machine, Directional Drilling Machine,
Launchers Box-Girder, these training might be critical
compares to low-tech machineries such as
crane/excavators/etc.; and
14.1.9 Integrated Project Delivery system, especially in handling
interface issues
15.0 Global Policy on Mechanisation
15.1 China
15.1.1 In 1992, the Ministry of Construction launched a 10-year,
long-term programme on Technological Development of
Construction Enterprises and Outlines to provide
guidelines to construction enterprises in the development
and promotion of construction technologies. Through the
plan special funds was available that focus on:
i. Equipment leasing in order to leverage demand and
supply of equipment among enterprises to increase
the utilisation rate of equipment;
ii. Building or revamping concrete mixing plants;
iii. Upgrading equipment owned by construction
enterprises and developing equipment leasing
businesses;
iv. The use of advanced and applicable technology and
equipment;
v. Execution and organization of construction in a
scientific way;
vi. Assignment of construction work to specialized
companies;
vii. Improvement in industrialisation;
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viii. Reduction in heavy and complex manual operation;
and
ix. Conversion of labour-intensive and extensive
operations to a higher level.
15.1.2 In 1997, the Ministry of Construction rolled out Policy on
Construction Technologies 1996-2010. This policy focused
on the followings:
i. A variety of large construction machinery to be
developed that should be multi-functional and
environmentally friendly to improve
mechanisation and industrialisation of the sector,
and to improve the quality of the equipment
available to construction enterprises;
ii. During upgrading, advanced machinery should
gradually replace outdated, low quality, poorly
performing, heavily polluting machinery, as well
as those that use high energy consumption;
iii. Modern technologies, such as micro-electronics,
laser technology, microwave, ultrasonic wave or
infrared rays should be extensively used in the
application of engineering testing and control;
iv. Important work processes, heavy work or
dangerous work should be increasingly performed
by robots.
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15.2 Singapore
15.2.1 The Mechanisation Credit (MechC) scheme helps to defray
the cost incurred in technology adoption by companies to
improve productivity for their construction projects. The
Mechanisation Credit scheme defrays the cost of
technology adoption purchasing or leasing equipment -
that improves productivity by at least 20%. The Scheme
is targeted at construction firms (especially
subcontractors) who are looking to using machines and
equipment to improve work processes. Total amount of
funding under this scheme is $250 million.
15.2.2 Equipment that can directly improve productivity in the
construction work, such as vibratory screed leveller,
power float machine, concrete pump, spray paint
equipment, boom lift, scissor lift, will be favourably
considered.
15.2.3 Equipment which is not used directly to carry out the
construction work, such as generator, passenger hoists,
lighting tower, noise meter, security system, thermal
fogger machine, water pump, weighbridges, computers
hardware and software, will not be supported under
Mechanisation Credit (MechC) scheme. Other equipment
that is already commonly used in construction such as
cranes and piling equipment used for foundation works
will not be supported.
15.2.4 The applications will be evaluated based on the potential
productivity improvement that it could bring about. The
project should yield a man-power savings or an
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improvement to the productivity of a specific process by
at least 20%.
15.2.5 Depending on the impact to the project and the
productivity improvement, the funding support is as
shown below:
15.2.6 Investment Allowance Scheme (IAS) - Singapore-
registered companies on new construction related
equipment is eligible for investment allowance at a
support level of 50%. The equipment must bring about at
least 20% improvement to the project or work trade. The
proposed project where the equipment/machinery or tool
will be utilised must fall in at least one of the following
categories; Construction IT; Buildability; and Quality,
environment and safety on a case-by-case basis
15.3 India
15.3.1 The followings are incentives for construction
manufactures that use extensive machineries and
equipment:
Cost of Equipment Funding Cap
Purchase
Equipment with cost <
$100k
Up to 50% support
level cap at $20k
Equipment with cost >
$100k
Up to 20% support
level cap at $100k
Leasing
Equipment with cost <
$30k
Up to 50% support
level cap at $6k
Equipment with cost>
$100k
Up to 20% support
level cap at $30k
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i. Exemption from obtaining an industrial
license
ii. Reduction in import duties reduced to
encourage imports
iii. 100 per cent (Foreign Direct Investment) FDI
allowed in manufacturing projects
15.4 Japan
15.4.1 The policy on mechanisation was not in the state of
encouragement to their industry to implement
mechanisation, as their construction industry is already
mechanise and they become as a one of main country
who supply a heavy machine for construction throughout
the world. Currently, their policy and incentive is to
encourage their industry to produce machines that are
friendly to the environment such as less pollution and less
noise.
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16.0 Conclusion
16.1 Mechanisation can be divided into two categories:
16.1.1 Onsite mechanisation
16.1.2 Offsite mechanisation (industrialisation)
16.2 Onsite mechanisation is the usage of mechanical and electrical
equipment and machineries in aiding construction activities
undertaken by labour to improve the construction process.
16.3 Offsite mechanisation can be defined as the production of
prefabrication and industrialised components and the use of IBS.
It can be measured through the level of industrialisation from
conventional to reproduction. Increment in the level of
industrialisation will ensure labour reduction and improvement in
the whole quality of construction.
16.4 Based on the study, 69% of the industry is ready towards the
implementation of mechanisation in the construction industry.
16.5 The level of knowledge on mechanisation in building construction
is still moderate among the industry players.
16.6 Construction trade such as bricklaying, carpentry, concreting and
plastering tend to demand for high labour consumptions in
construction, thus requires mechanisation adoption as compared
to other trades such as tiling, painting, M&E and plumbing that
slightly less demand in labour consumptions.
16.7 High cost of investment was found to be the main barriers for
mechanisation adoption in industry. Since the Asian financial
crisis in 1997 and global recession in 2008, it becomes apparent
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that large investments in central production plants are
uneconomical. Relatively, high transport and overhead costs
virtually eliminates the potential gain achieved through
industrialisation. With the current low demand and low
standardisation of construction components, undoubtedly the
initial usage of prefabrication of components will increase the
total material costs of the projects even though ultimately it
lowers the total construction costs in the longer term
16.8 Perhaps, the fragmentation of the technological operations that
leads to long breaks, making the investment on mechanisation
unbeneficial
16.9 The availability of cheap foreign labour which offsets the cost
benefit of using mechanisation perhaps could be the root cause of
slow adoption in the future. As long as it is easy for the industry
to find foreign workers, labour rates will remain low and builders
will find it unattractive to change into simplified solutions using
machineries. The cost of using machineries and equipment
exceeds the conventional methods of construction, especially
given the ease of securing relatively cheap foreign labour
16.10 It was found that financial incentive by government, consultation
and training, collaboration and strategic alliance with foreign
technology, standardisation, technology selection, industry
planning and promotion, policy and enforcement factors may
drive mechanisation adoption by the industry player.
16.11 Mechanisation can be flourished if the industry has access to
technologies and has sufficient demand. With the expendable of
technology, the realistic target are; 3 to 5 years from now more
towards mechanisation and 5 to 10 years or more to automation
and robotic
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17.0 Recommendation and The Way Forward
17.1 Roadmap and systematic action plan to drive the way forward in
adopting mechanisation in construction need to be formulated
and implemented. The roadmap should aim the followings:
17.1.1 Increasing mechanised equipment ownership and usage
in the construction industry.
17.1.2 Expanding the construction machinery manufacturing
industry
17.1.3 Developing capacity and capability
17.1.4 Strengthening research, development and
commercialisation
17.2 A computerised registration system will be developed to facilitate
the review and auditing of construction machinery
17.3 An endowment fund need to be set up to enable small contractors
or entrepreneurs to own machinery and equipment.
17.4 The mass construction workforce, especially the locals, needs to
upgrade their skills to be involved in mechanisation, automation
and robotics. The policy on labour focuses on encouraging
personnel to acquire skills in more than single trade. This would
add more value by providing a more skilled workforce in which
would ultimately enhance the competitive advantage of the
industry.
17.5 One of the quick gains to encourage the use of mechanisation
and higher level of industrialisation is through the reduction of
construction levy for the implementers. Currently there is an
exemption to the Malaysian construction levy (CIDB levy - 0.125
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% of the total cost of the project according to Article 520) on
contractors that have used IBS in 50% of the building
components in residential buildings.
17.6 Since the purchasing of machineries involves extensive capital
investment, a leasing model should be developed to encourage
the use of machineries onsite and at manufacturing site.
17.7 Financial assistant or tax exemption is still important to
encourage mechanisation adoption (similar case with Singapore)
17.8 Policy and scope of future policies and roadmap on mechanisation
must be very clear. Policy must be relevance and fair to big
industry and SMEs. The mechanisation strategy and incentive
should be cover and benefit to all level of contractor that active in
construction work, so that all was not only monopoly by big
players.
17.9 The introduction of technology into construction worksite, should
not be considered only in term of a fully fledge
mechanisation/robotics system, but considered in term of a lower
spectrum technology as well such as semi-automation machines
for earthwork.
17.10 As most of the machinery and heavy equipment are not produced
locally, it was suggested that the reduction on duty import and
sales tax for machinery and heavy equipment used in major
construction works such as off highway trucks, articulated trucks,
truck type tractor, motor graders, bulldozers and other. The
following option was suggested in this report are:
17.10.1 Loan by commercial banks/MIDF/EXIM Bank (CIDB as
secretariat or panel to vet through the application)
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17.10.2 Reduce 50% of CIDB’s levy subject to certain condition
17.10.3 Create or allocate specific fund (hire purchase) grant
on mechanisation joint venture CIDB with SME
Corporation/MATRADE
17.10.4 Reduce tax or increase incentives from MIDA and
LHDN
17.11 Successful companies that use innovation and extensive
machineries in construction should be recognise under Malaysian
Construction Industry Excellence Award (MCIEA).
17.12 CIDB through CREAM should strengthen research and innovation
in mechanisation
17.13 Finally, CIDB should launch a forum on a regular basis of
academics and associated practitioners active in mechanisation
and supply of equipment and robotics for exchange of information
and experience, development of new techniques and advice on
promotion. An online portal was also suggested to disseminate
international trends, products and processes associated with the
mechanisation, automation and robotics.
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List of References
Abdul Samad Kazi, Matti Hannus, Samir Boudjabeur, Andrian Malone 2007, Open
Building Manufacturing, Core Concepts and Industrial Requirements, VTT-
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Brown, M.A. (1989), “The Application of Robotics and Advanced Automation to
the Construction Industry”, CIOB Occasional Paper No 30: 1-44
Building and Construction Authority (BCA) (2012), “Enhancement of Construction
Productivity & Capability Fund,Singapore,” http://www.bca.gov.sg/CPCf/cpcf.html
CIMP (2007) Construction Industry Master Plan 2006 – 2015 (CIMP 2006 –
2015), Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB), December
2007,
Hamid, Z., Kamar, K. A .M. Zain, M., Ghani, K., and Rahim, A. H. A. (2008)
Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia: The Current State and R&D
Initiatives, Malaysia Construction Research Journal (MCRJ), Vol. 2 (1), pp 1-13
Obayashi(2003),“AnnualReport2003”,http://www.obayashi.co.jp/english/ir/annua
l/pdf/ar_03.pdf
Obayashi, S. (1999), “Construction Robot Systems Catalogue in Japan:
Foreword”, Council for Construction Robotic Research Report: 1-3
Partnership for Advancing Housing Technology (2003), “Emerging Scanning
Results: Construction Robotics”, http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=7542
Qian Xiaoying, Zhao Hui (2004) The Construction Sector in the People’s Republic
of China Policy Analysis on Sectoral Development and Employment Challenges,
Employment-Intensive Investment Branch, International labour Office, Geneva
2004.
Rohana Mahbub (2011) Readiness of a Developing Nation in Implementing
Automation and Robotics Technologies in Construction: A Case Study of Malaysia.
Sixth International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century (CITCVI
2011) July 5-7, 2011, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ShimizuCorporation (2004), “Official Website”,http://www.shimz.co.jp/index.html
Stein, J.J., V. and Lahidji. B (2002), “Construction Robotics”,
http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~tscott/EECFG/ROBOTS.PDF
Takenaka Corporation (2004), “Official Website”, http://www.takenaka.co.jp
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Appendix 1
Mapping up Mechanisation
Mechanisation in construction
Onsite Mechanisation Offsite Mechanisation
Prefabrication
Mechanisation
Automation
Robotics
Reproduction
Simple and non-complex machinery
Task specific, dedicated machine
Intelligent (or cognitive) machine
Enhancement to existing plant and equipment
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Level of mechanisation Description
Simple and non-complex
machinery
The use of simple and traditional
construction machines and equipment
i.e. Fork lift, backhoe, hauling
equipment and hoisting equipment
Enhancement to existing
construction plant and
equipment
The enhancement can be done
through the attachment of sensors
and navigation aids.
Laser control, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) and ultrasound
Task specific, dedicated machine Task specific and dedicated robots to
do construction work.
Controlled by human
Robots for structural work, finishing
or completion of work and inspection
work
Intelligent (or cognitive)
machine
Construction oriented machines and
robots
Supported by a high degree of
autonomy and knowledge base
Artificial intelligence with which to
resolve the wide range of
construction problems
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Appendix 2
Objective of Study
(1)
To develop the Malaysian definition, scope and
boundaries on mechanisation
(3)
To map up issues surrounding mechanisation, automation and robotics in construction
(2)
To identify barriers and challenges of the use of
machineries
(5)
To develop strategy to encourage industry to use
machineries
(4)
To develop a policy - incentive for mechanisation
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Appendix 3
Factors that Inhibits Mechanisation
Factors Sub-factors
Construction Process Design varies
Integrated supply chain is not present
Poor works integration of work interface
Industry Quantity and demand is not sufficient
To many trades involved in construction
Construction project based practice is hinder the
mechanisation
Construction is heavy process
Variable and extended locations
Availability of cheap labour
People (Capacity and
Capability)
Skilled & semi skill do not come under one single
organization
Lack of experience, lack of technical
knowledge and lack of skilled labour are
important barriers to adopt mechanisation
Lack of commitment towards improvement from
sub-contractor
Ignorance and reluctant to change attitude
Financial, Technology
and Material
Fragmentation of the technological operations
that leads to long breaks, making the investment
unbeneficial
Lack of technology
High cost of investment
Low standardisation of components
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Appendix 4
SWOT Analysis on Mechanisation
Strength Strong support from the government
Maturity of current IBS industry
Demand under EPPs projects
Demand on quality and sustainability
Weakness Lack of technology
High cost of investment
Construction is heavy process
Variable and extended locations
All machines are imported.
Opportunities Liberalisation (Opportunities of Technology
Transfer)
Creating local producer of machinery and
equipment
Create other business opportunities i.e.
specialist precast manufacturers, lease and
ranting agents and technology consultants
Threat Lack of experience, lack of technical
knowledge and lack of skilled labour to adopt
mechanisation
Lack of R&D and innovation on machinery
Dependent on imported technology
Page 49
49
Appendix 5
Advantage of the use of Modern Machineries
Advantage of the use of
Modern Machineries
Implementation of government mega projects
Reduction of dependency on foreign workers
Minimum wage limit
Liberalisation regional
economic agreement
Page 50
50
APPENDIX 6
Methodology
Methodology
Literature Review
Survey
Business Lab
- Academic papers
- Industrial reports
- Paper proceedings
- Random sampling
- Respondents are contractor,
manufacturers, suppliers,
material system provider and
government agencies
-Industry consultancy
workshop
-Workshop to develop
mechanisation policy and
incentives
Page 51
51
APPENDIX 7
Mechanisation Characteristic, Application and Machinery
MECHANISATION
CHARACTERISTIC EXTENSIVE
APPLICATION MACHINERY /
EQUIPMENT
1. Machineries operate by
operators
2. Related to systematic flow
process of production
3. Reduce tradesmen and
improve productivity,
efficiency and
profitability (results)
4. Implement product
standardisation
5. High product quality and
standard
6. Ease and fast production
7. Optimum use of material,
manpower and finance
8. Mass production
9. Better working condition
1. Steel structure
fabrication
2. Roof trusses fabrication
& assembly
3. Block, bricks tiles
(Roof, floor and wall
tiles)
4. Pavers, wall panels, slab
panels
5. Manual job at site
including concreting
and bricklaying
6. Plastering
7. Shell structure
(involving
reinforcement,
formwork and
concreting), also
foundation
1. Overhead crane
2. Gantry cranes (lifting
machines)
3. Concrete mixer &
Batching plants
4. Concrete vibrators
5. Bending and cutting
machines
6. Welding machines
7. Air compressor/ pressing
machine etc.
8. Machine related to
producing precast element,
concrete block/ bricks
(extruder, slipper)
9. Hydraulic equipment
Page 52
52
APPENDIX 8 Action Plan
Action Description Responsibility
Develop Roadmap and systematic action plan
Increasing mechanised equipment ownership and usage in the construction industry.
Expanding the construction machinery
manufacturing industry Developing capacity and
capability Strengthening research,
development and commercialisation
CIDB
A computerised registration system and database for machinery
To facilitate the review and auditing of construction machinery
CIDB (IT Division)
Training and Education The mass construction
workforce, especially the locals, needs to upgrade their skills to be involved in mechanisation, automation and robotics.
The policy on labour focuses on encouraging
personnel to acquire skills in more than single trade.
CIDB (Industrial
Training Division)
To facilitate loan approval provided by commercial banks/MIDF/EXIM Bank
CIDB as secretariat or panel to vet through the application
CIDB (Technology Division)
Research and Innovation Strengthening R&D Produce local machines
CREAM
APPENDIX 9
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4. Pihak industri pembinaan mencadangkan supaya pengurangan
duti import dan cukai jualan bagi jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat
utama yang digunakan dalam kerja-kerja pembinaan seperti off-
highway truck, articulated truck, truck type tractor, motor graders,
bulldozer dan sebagainya. Sehingga kini, cadangan tersebut masih
belum mendapat pertimbangan positif dari pihak Kerajaan.
Kebanyakan jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat berkenaan tidak
dikeluarkan dalam negara.
5. Sebahagian besar daripada jentera, mesin dan peralatan import
berkenaan disenaraikan di bawah kepala kod tarif kastam HS 8426,
8429, 8430, 8479, 8701, 8704, 8705 dan 8905 dengan duti importnya
antara 0% hingga 30% dan cukai jualannya pula antara 0% hingga
10%.
ASAS-ASAS PERTIMBANGAN
6. Kerajaan sangat menggalakkan transformasi sektor pembinaan
daripada kaedah konvensional kepada kaedah pembinaan moden
dengan memekanikalkan proses kerja pembinaan yang banyak
melibatkan penggunaan jentera berat, mesin dan peralatan. Langkah-
langkah ini dapat:
i. Meningkatkan produktiviti dengan mempercepatkan
proses pembinaan; dan
ii. Meringankan dan memudahkan proses pembinaan akan
menggalakkan lebih banyak kerja pembinaan
dilaksanakan.
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7. Kerajaan sedang giat menggalakkan amalan Sistem Pembinaan
Berindustri (IBS) bagi mengurangkan penglibatan pekerja
terutamanya pekerja asing. Proses pembinaan secara IBS adalah
berintensifkan jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat yang kebanyakan
operator atau pengendalinya terdiri daripada pekerja tempatan
mempunyai kemahiran dan kompeten. Penglibatan lebih ramai
pekerja binaan tempatan yang berkemahiran dan kompeten ini akan
melonjakkan sektor pembinaan ke arah ekonomi berpendapatan tinggi
dan produktif.
8. Secara amnya, duti import dan cukai jualan yang dikenakan ke
atas jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat seberti bulldozer, roller, piling
dan truck kegunaan khas boleh dianggap tinggi antara 10% hingga
30%. Malah kadar yang dikenakan oleh Malaysia adalah lebih tinggi
berbanding negara-negara ASEAN lain seperti Thailand, Indonesia,
Filipina, Vietnam dan Singapura (Rujuk Lampiran 1). Dengan kadar
duti dan cukai tersebut, kebanyakan kontraktor lebih cenderung
mengimport jentera, mesin dan peralatan terpakai di pasaran
antarabangsa bagi menampung peningkatan pelaksanaan projek
pembinaan dalam negara. Ada di antara jentera, mesin dan peralatan
terpakai ini telah melampaui usia guna sepatutnya. Ini adalah kerana
kontraktor tidak mampu membeli jentera, mesin dan peralatan baru
yang harganya tinggi. Penggunaan jentera, mesin dan pralatan berat
terpakai mempunyai risiko keselamatan yang tinggi. Tahap
keselamatan pekerjaan tidak dapat dinilaikan kerana kekurangan
dokumen penting seperti dokumen prosidur kerja selamat, jadual
penyelenggaraan, manual senggaraan dan sebagainya.
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9. Menurut Laporan Tahunan Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial
(PERKESO) 2009, terdapat 922 kemalangan yang disebabkan oleh
penggunaan jentera, mesin dan peralatan. Antara punca utama
kemalangan berlaku adalah kerana :
i. kerosakan brek;
ii. kerosakan klaj;
iii. penggunaan jentera, mesin dan peralatan telah melebihi
jangka hayat;
iv. masalah pendawaian yang tidak dapat diperbaiki
menyebabkan litar pintas dan kebakaran; dan
v. kurang penyelenggaraan atas sebab kos membaik-pulih
yang tinggi.
Jadual 1: Bilangan Kemalangan Penggunaan Jentera tahun 2009
Punca
Kemalangan
Kemalangan dilaporkan pada tahun 2009
Lelaki Perempuan Jumlah
Traktor 92 3 95
Lori 699 14 713
Trak 112 2 114
Jumlah Kemalangan 922
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10. Sektor pembinaan adalah sektor penting sebagai penyedia dan
pemangkin pembangunan sektor-sektor ekonomi lain. Nilai projek
pembinaan (melebihi RM500,000.00) yang dilaksanakan setiap tahun
adalah tinggi dan sumbangannya kepada KDNK kecil kerana sektor
ini berintensifkan buruh.
Jadual 2: Nilai Projek Pembinaan dan Sumbangannya Kepada
KDNK
Tahun Nilai Projek
Pembinaan
Pertumbuhan
KDNK Sektor
Pembinaan
Sumbangan
KDNK Sektor
Pembinaan
2008 RM87.2 bilion 4.2% 2.9%
2009 RM74.1 bilion 5.9% 3.3%
2010 RM85.2 bilion 5.1% 3.3%
Unjuran
2011 RM85.0 bilion 3.4% 3.3%
Unjuran
2012 RM90.0 bilion 7.0% 3.4%
11. Secara purata, sektor pembinaan menggajikan 6% tenaga kerja
negara dan menggunakan seramai hampir 300,000 pekerja binaan
asing yang sah. Sumbangan sektor pembinaan kepada KDNK boleh
dipertingkatkan dengan penerapan secara giat penggunaan jentera.
Sektor ini juga merupakan penggerak terpantas dengan
menggunakan 86 komoditi sebagai input pengeluaran daripada
pelbagai industri melalui forward dan backward linkage.
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12. Pengurangan duti import dan cukai jualan ini akan
menggalakkan penggunaan jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat dalam
aktiviti pembinaan yang seterusnya akan membantu pembentukan
modal dalam model baru jentera, mesin dan peralatan yang lebih
cekap serta berteknologi maju dan hijau. Di samping itu, ia boleh
meningkatkan kadar upah operator / pengendali berikutan penglibatan
operator / pengendali berkemahiran dan berpengetahuan tinggi dalam
mengendalikan jentera berat yang moden serta berkeupayaan tinggi.
13. Sejajar dengan kepentingan dan keperluan transformasinya
menjadi penyumbang pertumbuhan baru KDNK dan memastikan
kemampanannya di era liberalisasi, sewajarnya sektor pembinaan
diberi sokongan agar pengurangan duti import dan cukai ke atas
jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat kerja pembinaan disamping,
aksesori dan alat gantinya.
14. Dengan pengurangan duti import dan cukai jualan dilaksanakan,
kontraktor diharapkan akan berupaya membeli jentera, mesin dan
peralatan baru. Antara kelebihan penggunaan jentera, mesin dan
peralatan baru adalah:
i. Jangka hayat penggunaan yang lebih lama;
ii. Lebih mudah dikendalikan dengan teknologi terkini;
iii. Dilengkapi dengan prosedur kerja selamat;
iv. Dilengkapi dengan buku log penyelenggaraan dan manual
pengendalian;
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v. Mempunyai tempoh jaminan;
vi. Pembekal / penjual biasanya memberikan latihan
pengendalian secara percuma termasuk khidmat jurutera
untuk latihan berkaitan pengunaan jentera dan juga perihal
kemajuan penyelidikan (R & D);
vii. Membolehkan pemaju mempunyai modal untuk
menjalankan lebih banyak program keselamatan dan
kesihatan serta program pengendalian jentera pekerjanya.
Penganjuran program-program ini akan melahirkan
operator yang mahir dan berpengalaman;
viii. Mempunyai enjin yang memenuhi piawaian pembebasan
karbon di Eropah. Pengurangan pembebasan karbon
selaras dengan halatuju kerajaan untuk mengurangkan
pembebasan karbon sebanyak 40% berbanding tahun
2005 di mana sektor pembinaan merupakan penyumbang
terbesar; dan
ix. Meningkatkan kapasiti dan keupayaan kontraktor untuk
bersaing dengan kontraktor asing.
15. Permintaan tinggi terhadap jentera, mesin dan peralatan import
ini juga akan menggalakkan pengeluar di luar negara menubuhkan
pejabat cawangannya di Malaysia. Antara kelebihan penubuhan
pejabat cawangan syarikat pengeluar jentera, mesin dan peralatan
dari luar negara di Malaysia adalah membolehkan perkhidmatan
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selepas jualan diadakan, berpeluang melatih rakyat tempatan
mempelajari teknologi baru dan menjadi pakar dalam
penyelenggaraan jentera, memudahkan penukaran alat ganti,
mewujudkan industri baik pulih jentera recon dan meningkatkan
penggunaan IBS di tapak bina.
IMPLIKASI KEWANGAN
16. Berdasarkan data import daripada Jabatan Perangkaan
Malaysia (DOSM), nilai import (CIF) jentera berat yang berkenaan
dianggarkan bernilai RM 1.04 bilion setahun dengan anggaran hasil
duti dan cukai sebanyak RM65.0 juta setahun (Rujuk Lampiran 2).
Sekiranya duti import dan cukai jualan dapat dikurangkan kepada
tidak melebihi 5%, dianggarkan Kerajaan akan kekurangan hasil
sebanyak 63% daripada kutipan semasa (kepada RM 25.0 juta
setahun). Walaubagaimanapun, dijangkakan tidak banyak syarikat
atau kontraktor pembinaan yang akan mengimportnya. Mereka lebih
berminat untuk memajak atau menyewanya daripada syarikat yang
memberikan perkhidmatan pajakan dan penyewaan jentera. Jentera-
jentera yang dinyatakan turut digunakan oleh industri perlombongan,
kuari, perhutanan dan pertanian. Sekiranya kebanyakan syarikat
pembinaan besar mengimport jentera-jentera tersebut, diramalkan
Kerajaan akan kehilangan hasil tidak melebihi 50% daripada nilai hasil
sepatutnya.
17. Dengan mengambil kira nilai projek pembinaan dilaksanakan
pada tahun-tahun akan datang yang diunjurkan akan mencapai nilai
RM90.0 bilion setahun, penggunaan jentera berpotensi menjadikan
penyumbang pertumbuhan baru. Penerapan teknologi akan memberi
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manfaat dan impaknya dalam ekonomi melalui pengurangan
penggunaan pekerja asing serta berupaya menggerakkan input
backward serta forward linkages, maka kehilangan hasil duti dan
cukai ini dianggap berbaloi (worth-it).
KESIMPULAN
18. Seiring dengan program tranformasi ekonomi negara, sektor
pembinaan perlu ditransformasikan daripada industri berorientasi
buruh kepada industri berintensifkan jentera. Jentera, mesin dan
peralatan berat bukan merupakan barangan mewah. Pengurangan
duti dan cukai jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat kepada sektor
pembinaan akan menggalakkan penggunaan jentera, mesin dan
peralatan baru yang lebih selamat, produktif, mempercepatkan proses
pembinaan, meningkatkan pendapatan serta nilai ditambah, menjamin
kualiti pembinaan serta mengurangkan kebergantungan kepada
tenaga kerja asing. Penglibatan pekerja berkemahiran dan kompeten
akan meningkatkan nilai ditambah yang akan meningkatkan
sumbangan sektor pembinaan kepada Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar
(KDNK). Selain itu, kadar kemalangan perusahaan akibat
pengendalian jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat terpakai dapat
dikurangkan. Kesan faedah pengurangan duti dan cukai ini dapat
dirasai dalam jangka panjang dengan kewujudan operator tempatan
terlatih dan perkembangan industri penyelenggaraan jentera. Ia juga
dapat menggalakkan industri sampingan dan sokongan seperti
perniagaan perkhidmatan selepas jualan dan kemungkinan
menjadikan negara sebagai pusat jualan jentera recon.
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PENUTUP
18. Kertas ini dikemukakan bagi mendapatkan pertimbangan dan
kelulusan Kerajaan supaya duti import dan cukai jualan jentera, mesin
dan peralatan berat pembinaan disamping aksesori dan alat gantinya
kerja-kerja pembinaan dapat dikurangkan kepada tidak melebihi 5%
sebagai menggalakkan pemodenan, meningkatkan nilai tambah dan
produktiviti industri pembinaan Malaysia.
Bahagian Ekonomi dan Sumber
Sektor Pembangunan Persekitaran Bisnes Binaan
Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan (CIDB) Malaysia
17 November 2011
Lampiran 1
Duti Import dan Cukai Jualan Jentera Berat Kerja Pembinaan di Malaysia Berbanding Negara-negara ASEAN
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
84.13
8413.40 000 - Concrete pump - - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8426.20 000 - Tower cranes 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8426.30 000 - Portal or pedestal jib cranes - - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% 5% 5% - 7%
84.27
8427.10 000 - 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8427.20 000 - Other self-propeled trucks 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8427.90 000 - Other trucks 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
84.29
- Bulldozers and angledozers :
8429.11 000 -- Track laying 20% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8429.19 000 -- Other 20% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8429.20 000 - Grader and levellers 20% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8429.30 000 - Scrapers 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8429.40 - Tamping machines and road rollers:
Road rollers:
110 vibratory 25% 10% - 7% 10% 10% - 12% 5% 5% - 7%
190 other 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% t.d t.d - 7%
- - 12%
8429.51 000 -- Front-end shovel loaders 10% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8429.59 000 -- Other 10% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
84.30
8430.10 000 - Pile-drivers and pile extractor 20% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
Fork-lift truck; other works trucks fitted with lifting or handling
equipment.
Kepala / Sub
Kepala Kod
Tarif
Keterangan
Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Singapura
Pumps for liquids, wheather or not fitted with a measuring device;
84.26 Ships' derricks; cranes, including cable crane; mobile lifting
frame, straddle carries and works trucks fitted with a crane.
Indonesia Filipina
Self-propelled trucks powered by an electric motor
Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers,
scrapers, mechanical shovels, excavators, shovel loaders,
tamping machine and road rollers.
Mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders:
Other moving, grading, leveling, scraping, excavating, tamping,
compacting, extracting or boring machinery, for earth, minerals
or ores; pile-drivers and pile-extractors; snow-ploughs and snow-
blowers.
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Duti
Import
Cukai
Jualan
Kepala / Sub
Kepala Kod
Tarif
Keterangan
Malaysia Thailand Vietnam SingapuraIndonesia Filipina
87.04
8704.10 -Completely build-up:
g.v.w not exceeding 38 tonnes:
211 new 30% 10% - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%212 old 30% 10% - 7% 40% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
g.v.w exceeding 38 tonnes:
311 new 10% 10% - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%312 old 30% 10% - 7% 40% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
87.05
8705.10 000 - Crane lorries 30% 10% - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8705.20 000 - Mobile drilling derricks 30% 10% - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%
8705.40 000 - Concrete-mixer lorries 30% 10% - 7% 5% 10% - 12% 10% 5% - 7%
8705.90 000 - Other 30% 10% - 7% 5% 10% - 12% 5% 5% - 7%
Sumber : The Malaysian Trade Classification and Customes Duties Order,
MATRADE Thailand, MATRADE Filipina, MATRADE Indonesia
www.customs.gov.vn (Kastam Vietnam), www.customs.gov.sg (Kastam Singapura)
Nota :
t.d - Tiada Data
Special purpose motor vehicles, other than those principally
designed for the transport of persons or goods.
Senarai merupakan sebahagian daripada jentera berat yang digunakan dalam kerja pembinaan.
Motor vehicles for the trasport of goods
Dumpers designed for off-highway use:
Lampiran 2
Nilai CIF
(RM)
Nilai CIF
(RM)
Nilai CIF
(RM)
Hasil Duti
Import
Hasil Cukai
Jualan
Hasil Cukai
Kerajaan
a b c(a+b+c)/3 =
de f dxe = g (d+g) x f = h g + h
Tower crane 8426.20 000 49 15,396,197 156 29,867,331 120 30,000,000 25,087,843 5% - 1,254,392 - 1,254,392 5% - 1,254,392 - 1,254,392
Crawler crane 8426.30 000 20 13,072,606 10 556,033 60 30,000,000 14,542,880 - - - - - - - - -
Truck crane 8426.41 000 215 39,616,202 285 49,080,616 350 45,000,000 44,565,606 5% - 2,228,280 - 2,228,280 5% - 2,228,280 - 2,228,280
Rough terrain crane
Floating crane 8905.20 000 255 730,146,507 - - 20 170,000,000 450,073,254 - - - - - - - - -
Kerja Tanah Bulldozer 8429.11 000 71 18,860,599 183 62,896,614 210 50,000,000 43,919,071 20% - 8,783,814 - 8,783,814 5% - 2,195,954 - 2,195,954
Angledozer
Dozer shovel
Wheel dozer 8429.19 000 134 18,290,102 104 5,541,439 170 11,000,000 11,610,514 20% - 2,322,103 - 2,322,103 5% - 580,526 - 580,526
Motor grader 8429.20 000 123 16,396,378 128 17,832,718 160 11,000,000 15,076,365 20% - 3,015,273 - 3,015,273 5% - 753,818 - 753,818
Scraper 8429.30 000 12 423,745 71 690,746 20 600,000 571,497 5% - 28,575 - 28,575 5% - 28,575 - 28,575
Track excavator 8429.51 000 644 64,620,145 1,050 94,530,213 2,140 80,000,000 79,716,786 10% - 7,971,679 - 7,971,679 5% - 3,985,839 - 3,985,839
Wheel excavator
Backhoe excavator
Shovel loader
Mini excavator 8429.59 000 1,808 127,734,376 2,485 142,589,447 2,340 90,000,000 120,107,941 10% - 12,010,794 - 12,010,794 5% - 6,005,397 - 6,005,397
Skid steer loader
Kerja Jalan Vibratory soil compactor 8429.40 110 156 9496537 269 32,901,626 320 20,000,000 20,799,388 25% 10% 5,199,847 2,599,923 7,799,770 5% 5% 1,039,969 1,091,968 2,131,937
Vibratory asphalt
compactorSoil compactor 8429.40 190 362 8,827,606 419 14,789,038 270 5,000,000 9,538,881 5% - 476,944 - 476,944 5% - 476,944 - 476,944
Landfill compactor
Miling machine 8479.10 000 1,223 60,169,543 971 51,768,394 980 40,000,000 50,645,979 - - - - - - - - - -
Power broom
Paver machine
Asphalt paver machine
Kerbmaker
Kerja Piling Pile-driving maching 8430.10 000 29 2,434,390 28 1,449,269 50 3,000,000 2,294,553 20% - 458,911 - 458,911 5% - 114,728 - 114,728
Piling machine (static) 8430.39 000 8 1,689,527 13 3,033,134 40 4,000,000 2,907,554 20% - 581,511 - 581,511 5% - 145,378 - 145,378
Boring piling machine
Bored pile machine
Kerja BangunanConcrete mixing machine 8479.82 000 4,499 99,845,454 6,648 120,124,999 5,300 90,000,000 103,323,484 - - - - - - - - - -
Concrete truck pump 8705.90 000 222 22,765,255 245 13,959,285 290 4,000,000 13,574,847 30% 10% 4,072,454 1,764,730 5,837,184 5% 5% 678,742 712,679 1,391,422
Pengurang
an Duti
Import
Pengurang
an Cukai
Jualan Hasil Duti
Import
Pengangkat
Kerja Berat
Pengiraan Duti dan CukaiTahun 2011
(Anggaran)Purata Nilai
CIF (RM)
Duti
Import
Sediada
Cukai
Jualan
Sediada
Pengiraan Duti dan Cukai
Bilangan
Unit
Diimport
Hasil Cukai
Jualan
Hasil Cukai
Kerajaan
Bilangan Unit Jentera Berat Kegunaan Pembinaan Yang Diimport dan Nilai CIF
Jenis Kerja Jenis Jentera Berat
Kepala / Sub
Kepala Kod
Tarif
Tahun 2009 Tahun 2010
Bilangan
Unit
Diimport
Bilangan
Unit
Diimport
Nilai CIF
(RM)
Nilai CIF
(RM)
Nilai CIF
(RM)
Hasil Duti
Import
Hasil Cukai
Jualan
Hasil Cukai
Kerajaan
a b c(a+b+c)/3 =
de f dxe = g (d+g) x f = h g + h
Pengurang
an Duti
Import
Pengurang
an Cukai
Jualan Hasil Duti
Import
Pengiraan Duti dan CukaiTahun 2011
(Anggaran)Purata Nilai
CIF (RM)
Duti
Import
Sediada
Cukai
Jualan
Sediada
Pengiraan Duti dan Cukai
Bilangan
Unit
Diimport
Hasil Cukai
Jualan
Hasil Cukai
Kerajaan
Jenis Kerja Jenis Jentera Berat
Kepala / Sub
Kepala Kod
Tarif
Tahun 2009 Tahun 2010
Bilangan
Unit
Diimport
Bilangan
Unit
Diimport
Articulated truck, not
exceeding 38 tonnes,
new
8704.10 211 119 598,484 200 1,279,480 10 300,000 725,988 30% 10% 217,796 94,378 312,175 5% 5% 36,299 38,114 74,414
Articulated truck, not
exceeding 38 tonnes, old
8704.10 212 46 1,520,134 92 4,428,205 70 2,000,000 2,649,446 30% 10% 794,834 344,428 1,139,262 5% 5% 132,472 139,096 271,568
Off-highway lorries,
exceeding 38 tonnes,
new
8704.10 311 8 6,705,296 6 2,056,368 30 3,000,000 3,920,555 10% 10% 392,055 431,261 823,316 5% 5% 196,028 205,829 401,857
Off-highway lorries,
exceeding 38 tonnes, old
8704.10 312 10 925,405 4 522,854 20 3,000,000 1,482,753 30% 10% 444,826 192,758 637,584 5% 5% 74,138 77,845 151,982
Crane lorries 8705.10 000 68 5,841,748 206 14,621,460 230 7,000,000 9,154,403 30% 10% 2,746,321 1,190,072 3,936,393 5% 5% 457,720 480,606 938,326
Mobile drilling derrick 8705.20 000 3 38,182 21 367,761 30 5,000,000 1,801,981 30% 10% 540,594 234,258 774,852 5% 5% 90,099 94,604 184,703
Concrete mixer lorries 8705.40 000 184 4,874,612 345 10,128,413 410 16,000,000 10,334,342 30% 10% 3,100,303 1,343,464 4,443,767 5% 5% 516,717 542,553 1,059,270
= RM 64,836,579 = RM 24,375,310
Sumber : Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.Nota :
Jumlah hasil dan cukai kerajaan terhadap sebahagian jentera berat digunakan pembinaan merupakan anggaran.
Pengangkut
Kerja Berat
Senarai merupakan sebahagian daripada jentera berat yang digunakan dalam kerja pembinaan.
ANGGARAN JUMLAH
HASIL DUTI IMPORT
DAN CUKAI JUALAN
KERAJAAN SEDIADA
ANGGARAN JUMLAH
HASIL KERAJAAN JIKA
DUTI IMPORT DAN CUKAI
JUALAN DIKURANGKAN
KEPADA 5%