Mechanical Systems and Insulation. This is a cable located outside a house It provides electricity...
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Transcript of Mechanical Systems and Insulation. This is a cable located outside a house It provides electricity...
This is a cable located outside a house
It provides electricity service through underground or overhead wires from the road to the structure
It typically provides 240 Volts electricity from the street supply◦ The size of the entrance cable controls the
amount of electricity that is available
Electrical Service Entrance Cable
Electric service size describes the number of amps that are provided to any structure through a primary wire service
Once the power enters a structure, it travels to a main disconnect with 2 circuit breakers or fuses ◦ One fuse is for the negative black wire while the other is
for the positive red wire◦ Fuses are rated according to the amperage that the wire
can carry safely (e.g. 60 amps / 100 amps etc.)
Service size is determined by the thickness of the cables
Electric Service Size
Distribution panels are electrical panels that are located between service entrance wires and power distribution in any structure
It acts as an interface and is connected by service wires to the main disconnect
Types of distribution panels:1. Knob and tube (old system, prone to fire, results in high
insurance premiums)2. Circuit breakers (new industry standard, safer and cheaper
to insure)
Some properties in downtown Toronto still have knob and tube distribution panels
Distribution Panel
What type of electricity distribution is more expensive to insure and most prone to fire?◦ Knob and tube
What is the name of the distribution panel type that replaced knob and tube?◦ Circuit breakers
RECAP
An electricity main disconnect switch provides people with the option to shut-off-all power in a structure◦ It is the main power switch for a structure
Switch handles are typically located outside the structure while breakers or main fuses are located inside the main structure
Hydro authorities frequently seal covers onto the main disconnect so that only they are able to access it
Electricity Main Disconnect
A grounded outlet is the third ground wire◦ It does not conduct electricity◦ It grounds excess electricity◦ It acts as a safety measure
Grounding is a process by which electricity is diverted to the ground
Positive wire = red/white, negative wire = red, ground wire = copper/green
Grounded Outlets
What color is the ground wire?◦ The grounded outlet wire is green
What is the function of the grounded outlet?◦ It grounds excess electricity or bypasses
electricity to the ground
RECAP
Heating systems are used to keep structures warm
There are several types of systems:1. Steam2. Warm air3. Radiant4. Electrical5. Hot water
Heating Systems
Furnaces are central heating systems that generate heat in one location and distribute it to different parts of the structure◦ Distribution normally happens through sheet
metal ducts
All furnaces except electric furnaces have:1. Heat Exchanger2. Burner3. Blower
Furnaces
Electric furnaces have heating elements/coils
Convection is the movement caused by hot and cold ◦ Cooler gasses are more dense and they sink because of
gravity◦ Hotter gases are less dense and rise because of gravity ◦ This movement results in the transfer of heat
Convectional refers to heat generated by coils or burning gas◦ It is distributed through structures by a fan
Furnaces
Types of furnaces1. Electrical furnace
Does not rely on actual combustion, which means it does not have a chimney, burner or heat exchanger
Instead, it has heating elements Blower forces air across heating element to warm air,
and the air is circulated in the home through ducts2. Gas furnace
Four types1. Convectional2. Mid-efficiency3. High-efficiency4. High-efficiency pulse
Furnaces
3. Gravity Furnace/Octopus Furnace Function the same way as a convectional furnace but
do not have a fan to blow air through the ducts It uses convection (gravity) to circulate hot air It has 8 pipes going to 8 different rooms which is why it
is called Octopus Furnace Pipes carry hot air, which rises as cool air sinks to the
ground Cool air returns to furnace through an inlet These furnaces are obsolete because of their high level
of inefficiency4. Oil Furnace
Similar to gas furnace Oil must be stored on site to operate it
Furnaces
What is the main difference between a conventional furnace and a gravity furnace?◦ A gravity furnace does not have a fan
Which furnace type has a radiator?◦ Convectional furnace
What kind of furnace is a gas furnace?◦ Convectional
What is an octopus furnace?◦ A convectional and gravity furnace
RECAP
A boiler is a heating system that generates heat in one location and distributes it through pipes to other locations in a structure◦ They are made up of open and closed systems
Hot water systems do not boil water but heat it to a maximum of 160 degrees Fahrenheit
Boilers have two primary components:1. Heat exchanger which contains natural gas or oil on
one side and the water that will be heated on the other
2. Boiler
Boiler
Types of boiler systems1. Closed-boiler system
Does not have overflow expansion pipe or tank It is industry standard these days Has circulating pump that forces water throughout
home pipe system
2. Open-boiler system Has overflow expansion pipe or tank Old system that has been discontinued It requires expansion tank which is typically placed
above the highest radiator in a structure This tank allows for expansion when the water is heated It does not require a pump since it makes use of gravity
Boiler
HVAC = “heating, ventilation and air conditioning” ◦ It is a heating/cooling system used in commercial
buildings typically mounted above ceilings ◦ It ensures even distribution of fresh air, heating and
cooling throughout a structure
HVAC has the following components:1. Air handler = series of fans that moves air2. Ductwork = ducts transport air through structure3. Condensing unit = compresses the Freon gas that
is used to cool air; is placed outside the structure4. Roof Top HVAC = mounted on roof of structure
HVAC
Chimneys are vertical structures that contain a single or multiple flues that help discharge smoke/gases from a furnace or fire
Chimneys are no longer required and are often removed till they are below roof-level during re-roofing◦ This means you don’t have to worry about
maintaining them◦ It also reduces risk of water leakage from chimney
flashing (see flashing)
Chimney
A flue is a distinct and separate channel that allows for smoke in the chimney
A cap is a structure above the chimney that prevents water from entering it
Chimney Flue and Cap
Classes of drainage systems1. Class 1 – no tank
Waterless toilets with pit; found on construction sites2. Class 2 – no tank
Can only be used for non-human waste, called grey-water system
3. Class 3 – no tank Uses cesspool, similar to class 2 but used for human
waste4. Class 4 – has a tank
Private drainage system that is common in rural areas, called leeching bed system
5. Class 5 – has a tank Holding tank, not private drainage system Emptied by collection company
Drainage Systems
Class 4 and 5 are used in rural and recreational areas
Class 4 system includes:1. Septic tank – which has bacteria that
eats/decomposes waste2. Leeching bed – filter with holes surrounded by
filter materials such as sand
Drainage Systems
Types of leeching beds1. Conventional Leeching Bed
Most common Installed where land well-drained and bed can work
using stone-filled trenches dug below ground level Water is allowed to leech back into ground water,
filtering through various layers of ground 2. Raised
Second most common Used where landscape doesn’t allow for self-filtration Filtering materials are brought onsite and a raised
bed is made for stone-filled trenches
Drainage Systems
3. Filter Used only when space is limited The entire bed is excavated and filled with special
filtering sand that allow for closer pipes within the bed
Class 5 Holding Tank◦ It is the porta-potty system where tank
periodically emptied by waste removal services
Drainage Systems
Class 4 septic tank system is a private drainage system
Class 4 septic tank system consists of an absorption bed or leeching bed
Class 4 septic tank is a treatment tank
RECAP
R-2000 is an energy efficiency program pertaining to the construction of new homes
It sets performance standards that are more stringent than those stated in Building Codes
It is the most energy efficient construction designation and includes all things energy efficient, such as solar panel roofs and CSA standard windows
R-2000