Marine and Arctic Technology

MEC-E2005 Ship Systems

Lecture 1: Propulsion plant management and its systems

D.Sc. Osiris A. Valdez Banda

Lectures

Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Lecture Date Content Lecturer Institution

1 07.01.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Ship systems, course opening

Ship system engineering in ship design

Pentti Kujala

Osiris A. Valdez Banda

Aalto

2 13.01.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Foundations of systems engineering and its connection to marine systems Osiris A. Valdez Banda Aalto

3 14.01.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Propulsion plant management and its systems O.V.B Aalto

4 20.01.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Auxiliary power management and machinery operation O.V.B Aalto

5 21.01.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Expert Forum 1

Topics:

• Energy sources and fuel types in modern applications

• Modern motor types, concept design of machinery systems

• Energy efficiency, exhaust treatment systems, environmental impact and

legislation

• HVAC systems, Heat balance and heat recovery systems

Mia Elg

Ossi Mettälä

Deltamarin

Deltamarin

6 27.01.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Navigation and maneuvering OVB Aalto

7 28.01.2020 at 8:00-10:00 IT and communication systems OVB Aalto

8 03.02.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Ballast and trim management systems **** OVB (PK & MCh) Aalto

9 04.02.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Expert Forum 2: ****

Topics:

• Electric systems, Propulsion systems and maneuvering technology

• Ship automation and control systems, Communication and IT equipment

• Special ship systems (e.g. arctic/sub-arctic conditions),

TBC TBC

10 10.02.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Workshop (Group Presentations) Meriam Chaal

OVB

Pentti Kujala

Aalto

11 11.02.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Expert Forum 3:

Topics:

• Design methods and tools (CADMATIC, CFD, 3D-CAD, NAPA etc.)

• Advanced machinery space design

• Future energy solutions for cruise ships

TBC TBC

The perspective and evolution of ship systems in ship design

Mission

requirements

Powering

Structure

Lines and

body plan

Hydrostatic &

bonjeans

Floodable

length &

freeboard Arrangement

s (hull &

machinery)

Maneuvering

Powering

Light ship

weight

estimate

Capacities,

trim & intact

stability

Damage

stability

Cost

estimates

The traditional ship design spiral by Evans 1959

Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary

machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuveringCargo handling

operations

IT and

communication

systems

Spares and

maintenance

The design of the next generation of digital ships by Martin Stopford 2018

The ship as a system of systems

Propulsion

plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary

machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and

communication

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Propulsion plant management

Turbine

Electric Motors

Diesel

Generators

Gear box

Propellers

Etc.

Internal Systems External Systems

IT and communication systems

Satellite(s)

Server

Internet

Ground Station

PC and devices

Etc.

External systems

Internal systems

Propulsion plant management system (PPMS)

A system which provides thrust to the

propeller/thruster of the ship.

It consists of propulsion machinery and

the auxiliary systems needed to

operate them, all the equipment to

transmit propulsion power into thrust -

and all the requirements for

monitoring and control systems, alarms

and safety systems

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5

Current trends/demands for PPMS (1)

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is aligned to the aim of the Paris Agreement

temperature goals:

• G- 50% reduction of CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas emissions by 2050

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6

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

Land Water Air

To

nn

ag

e

Mill

ions

Transport domain

Green gases emissions in Finland

Lloyds Register, 2019 Statistic Finland, 2018

Current trends/demands for PPMS (1)

IMO plan to tackle the challenge

“Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan and

Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)”

Energy Efficiency Operational Indicators (EEOI)

Ship Energy Efficiency Management

Plan (SEEMP)

Key points:

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7

Propulsion

plant

management

Auxiliary

power

management

Auxiliary

machinery

operation

Ballast and

trim

management

Navigation

and

maneuvering

Cargo

handling

operations

IT and

communication

systems

Spares and

maintenance

The design of the next generation of digital ships by Martin Stopford 2018

• Efficient fuel consumption

• Design of propulsion system

• Maintenance and operation of

machinery and equipment• Management of ship and fleet

• Optimization of cargo operations

• Personal training

Pressure from public opinion and legislation

• Exhaust gas emissions into the air

• Waster water into the sea

• External noise

• Wave making

• Traffic increment

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8

© Fanthon World

Sustainability

SAFE

The entire maritime ecosystem needs to be sustainable

Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (1)

The main components of a propulsion system

• Prime Mover Power Plant

• Transmission

• Propulsion

Prime mover function:

The function of the prime mover is to deliver mechanical energy to

the propellers and thrusters

Primer mover general classification:

• Diesel engine

• Gas turbine

• Steam turbine

• Electric motor

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10

Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (2)

Most modern ships use a reciprocating diesel engine as their prime mover

Why?

Operating simplicity,

Robustness

Fuel economy

Functionality:

The rotating crankshaft can be directly coupled to the propeller with slow speed

engines, via a reduction gearbox for medium and high speed engines, or via an

alternator and electric motor in diesel-electric vessels.

Classification by:

Operating cycle (two-stroke engine or four-stroke engine)

Construction (crosshead, trunk, or opposed piston)

Speed (Slow: 300rpm, Medium 300-1000 rpm, High (>1000 rpm)

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11

Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (3)

Gas Turbine

Are mainly utilized in fast and advanced ship typesand naval vessels. The

power to weight ratio of gas turbines is higher than that of diesel engines

Electric motors:

Electric motors found their way as prime mover in the 90’s; they are used with

electric generation plant combined of an engine (one of the above types) and

an electric generator.

They are mainlyfound in advanced passenger ships, some new designs of

offshoresupport vessels (OSV) are intended to use electric motors

especially for dynamic positioning applications.

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12

Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Engine Types (1)

Spark Ignited Lean Burn gas engine (LBSI)

• Single fuel LNG, low pressure gas supply (4-5 bar)

• High energy efficiency at high load, higher than the

corresponding diesel engine

• Low emissions, meets IMO tire III

• GHG reduction potential in the range of 20-30% ref.

to HFO (incl. methane)

• Challenge on methane slip, minimized by design

• and combustion process control

• Sensitive to gas quality (Methane Number)

• Not suitable for retrofit of existing engines

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13

Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Engine Types (2)

Dual-Fuel Engine (DF)

• Dual fuel capability (LNG-MDO)

• Low gas pressure supply (4-5 bar)

• High energy efficiency at high load

• Low emissions, meets IMO tire III

• Flexibility in fuel mix

• GHG reduction potential in the range of 20-30%

• Challenge on methane slip, limited possibility to

combustion process control

• Sensitive to gas quality (Methane Number)

• Possible for conversion of existing engines

(extensive rebuilding)

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Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance © Wärtsila

Engine Types (3)

Dual-Fuel Engine (DF) principle

Dual-fuel (DF) engines run on gas with 1%

diesel (gas mode) or alternatively on diesel

(diesel mode);

Combustion of gas and air mixture in Otto

cycle, triggered by pilot diesel injection (gas

mode), or alternatively combustion of diesel

and air mixture in Diesel cycle (diesel

mode);

Low-pressure gas admission.

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15

Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Engine Types (4)

Direct injection high pressure engine

• Multi-fuel capability (LNG-MDO-HFO)

• High pressure gas injection (300 -350 bar) 4-stroke and

2-stroke. Maintain diesel engine performance

• No methane slip, GHG reduction in the range of 30%

ref. to HFO

• Need NOx reduction techniques to meet IMO tier III

• Not sensitive to gas quality

• Pumping LNG to 350 bar and evaporate is simple and

without energy requirement

• Flexibility in fuel mix

• Suitable for conversion of existing engines (simple

rebuilding)

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Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (4)

Transmission:

Transmission is a sub-system of the propulsion system. It is a system itself

built up from components such as shafts, gearboxes and bearings or cables and

transformers. The transmission’s functions are:

• To transfer the mechanical energy generated from the prime mover to the

propeller/ thruster

• To transfer the thrust generated by the propeller/ thruster to the ship’s

hull

• The latter is done by means of a thrust bearing

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Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (5)

Three types of transmission:

• Direct: the prime mover is coupled directly, through a shaft to the propeller/

thruster (this is the case with low speed diesel engines)

• Geared: the prime mover delivers its energy through a gearbox and a shaft to

the propeller/ thruster . The function of the gearbox is to reduce the

rotational speed of the engine to match the desired rotational speed of the

propeller/ thruster .

• Electrical: the prime movers are coupled into generators and power is

transported into electrical propulsion motors directly or through transformers.

Speed is adjusted by means of converters.

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Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (6)

Propulsor (propeller/ thruster ):

The propulsor converts the rotating

mechanical power delivered by the engine

into translating mechanical power to

propel the ship.

The most common propulsor is the

propeller. In general, two types of

propeller are distinguished, fixed pitch

and controllable pitch propellers. Other

types of propulsors are for example,

PODs, waterjets and Voith-Schneider

propulsors (vertical axis propeller).

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Propulsion plant

management

Auxiliary power

management

Auxiliary machinery

operation

Ballast and trim

management

Navigation and

maneuvering

Cargo handling

operations

IT and comm.

systems

Spares and

maintenance

5 min. break

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Machinery Comparison –Matrix of Alternatives (Systems Configuration)

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Design process (1)How to select a PPMS

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Feasibility study (1)

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Feasibility study (2)

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Feasibility study (3)

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Feasibility study (4)

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Feasibility study (5)

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Other aspects influencing the functionality of PPMS (1)

Huma factor

The Master: His/her commitment to ship-board energy efficiency is vital; otherwise it will not

succeed.

The Chief Engineer: Plays a major role on technical issues including the maintenance, condition

and performance of engines and various machinery and the way they are utilised.

The Second Engineer: By virtue of being the most engaged person in the engine department on

day to day operation and maintenance of various systems, has the second most important role in

engine department.

Communication between deck and engine departments is essential for machinery use

optimization.

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Other aspects influencing the functionality of PPMS (2)

Organizational factor

Maintenance plan: For example, propellers suffer degradation in performance due to surface

roughness. Coordinating a maintenance plan is a difficult task:

-What are the optimal timings for propeller cleaning?

What is the best routine for cleaning whilst safeguarding the existing paint system?

What is the time and cost to apply a new coating and which one?

Organizational and managerial factors can always affect the functionality of any system.

Therefore, it is important to understand the main functionality of ship systems

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Types of maintenance (1)

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Maintenance

Planned Maintenance

Unplanned Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Preventive/period Planned Maintenance

Predictive planned maintenance

Condition-based Maintenance (CBM)

Reliability-Centred Maintenance (RCM)

Types of maintenance (2)

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• Unplanned Maintenance: (breakdown maintenance).

• Corrective maintenance: The corrective maintenance may be defined as maintenance which is

carried out after failure detection.

• Planned Maintenance: Maintenance according to a defined schedule

• Preventive Maintenance: (a subset of planned maintenance). Preventive maintenance usually

depends on the manufacturer‘s recommendations and past experience for scheduling repair

or replacement time.

• Predictive Maintenance: This is a subset of planned maintenance. This is generally based on

what is referred to as:

• Condition-based maintenance (CBM); or

• Reliability-based maintenance (RCM).

Final remarks

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Remarks (1)

• A PPM is a system which provides thrust to the propeller/thruster of the

ship.

• It consists of propulsion machinery and the auxiliary systems needed to

operate them. It is critical not only to it function but also for controlling and

monitoring systems (int and ext)

• The main components of a propulsion system are the Prime Mover

Power Plant; Transmission; Propulsion

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Hierarchical constitution of PPMS

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PM Plant Transmission Propulsion

Diesel engine

Gas turbine

Steam turbine

Electric motor

Bedplate

Frame box

Crankshaft

Camshaft

Piston

Piston rings

Liner

Connecting

RodCylinder head Turbocharger

Inlet and

Exhaust

Valves

Shafts

Gearboxes

Bearings

Transformers.

Fixed pitch propeller

Controllable pitch propellers.

PODs

Waterjets

Voith-Schneider propulsors

Azimuth System

35

• System Complexity:

• Over 200 components ofinstrumentation

• Multiple subsystems

How to represent and analyzesuch a system?

Remarks (2)

• The selection of PPMS follows a traditional design process that it is

guided for a feasibility study.

• Other inherent aspects such as the environmental, human and

organization factors significantly impact the functional of PPM systems

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Thank you