Mec 214 Fluid Mechanics Practicalx
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Transcript of Mec 214 Fluid Mechanics Practicalx
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&
2
1 2008
214
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TABLE OF CONTENT
WEEK 1
1.0 To find the relation between the pressure and volume of a gas at
constant temperature.
WEEK 2
2.0 To find the relationship between the volume and the absolute
temperature of gas at constant pressure.
WEEK 3
3.0 U-tube manometer for measuring gas pressure
WEEK 4
4.0 Measurement of gas pressure using a pressure gauge
WEEK 5
5.0 To measure the pressure due to the atmosphere
WEEK 6
6.0 Discharge through a small orifice
WEEK 7
7.0 DETERMINATION OF FLUID PROPERTIES
WEEK 8
8.0 VISCOSITY OF WATER
WEEK 9
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9.0 VERIFICATION OF SURFACE TENSION
WEEK 10
10.0 SURFACE TENSION
WEEK 11
11.0 DETERMINATION OF CENTRE OF PRESSURE OF IMMERSED BODY
WEEK 12
12.0 STABILITY AND BUOYANCY OF FLOATINGBODIES
WEEK 13
13.0 FLOW THROUGH A TAPERED PASSAGE
WEEK 14
14.0 DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF FLUID
WEEK 15
15.0 TO MEASURE THE PRESSURE HEAD OF WATER IN A PIPE LINE BY
MEANS OF A U-TUBE
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EEK 1
E
.
B
,
, , .
: L B C .
C B, = .
M
1. (C) (
) .
2. N () ( ).
3. M
4. C () (. )
.
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5. K
. .
6.
7. v
1
A =
( )mml
( )mm
( )c.cv
1. ?
2. H ?
3. B L
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WEEK 2
Experiment
CHARLESS LAW
Object: To find the relationship between the volume and the absolute
temperature of gas at constant pressure.
Apparatus: Flask with neck in the form of a long tube with two right-angle bends,
glass tube, flexible tubing, mercury, copper heater, stirrer,
thermometer.
Theory
The tube AB is graduated to show the volume in the flask and tube.
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WEEK 3
Object:- U-tube manometer for measuring gas pressure.
Apparatus:- U-tubes manometer, gas in a container, mercury, metre rule.
Method:
Fill the u-tube with mercury. Let one end of the u-tube is open to the
atmosphere and hence the surface pressure acting upon the liquid column in
this side of the tube is the atmospheric pressure. Connect the other side to the
container.
Observation:
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In (a) the levels of the liquid in the manometer are the same. Thus the pressure
of the gas P in the container exerted on the left-hand column must exactly
balance the atmospheric pressure \PA exerted on the right-hand column of
liquid, thus
In (b) the pressure of the gas Pb must exceed atmospheric pressure, thus
forcing the liquid in the U-tube round until the excess pressure caused by the
height h of liquid caused the pressure on the two sides to equate. Hence the
gas pressure in the container is:
That is, atmospheric pressure plus the pressure due to the column of liquid Pgh,
where h = column height above xx, P = liquid density, g = 9.81 m/s2
(acceleration due to gravity).
In (c) the gas pressure Pcin the container is below atmospheric pressure. The
greater \
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4
4
M
: .
A: A
M: C .
. ,
, ..
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5
5
: .
A: A , , .
M:
. C . 5.
. , ,
.
= =
A A
A A
M
M
C
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6
6
D
F. 6:
L ,
, . 6.
. ,
I A ,
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C .
I ,
..
C 0.6 0.7.
.
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7
/:
T D K
(1) SAE 40 L
(2) C
U
:
(1) A /
(2) T (
1(3) A
(4) L (SAE 40)
(5) C
(6) S
(7) A M R
F1 F. 2
V :
)
.
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F. 1
9
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I ,
F =
W
=
= A
=
.. =
=
W
().
S
T: F =
G (A)
() :
= F/A
T
.
C
F. 2
(F) :
___1
= M
= G
I
:
____
___3
, (/)
,
_4
,
5
N .
2
.
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= / = ./ 6
C ;
T
E (6), G ()
T:
W
= =
T =
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=()
N/2
T
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F (0) ; :
/P _________(7)
W
= D
P0 = D
= ()
F, E F. (1)
30. N ' . T
. N,
F (2).
W , . A , () . T
.
. A
()
(
2)
I
(S)
()
(V)D L.
1 50 202 30
2 \\ \\ 15 1 2/
3 \\ \\ 10 \\ 1.5/
4 \\ \\ 20 \\ 3.5/
5 \\ \ 25 \\ 3.0/
6 \\ \\ 5 \\ .O/
C . U
(1) R
(2) C
(3) F
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8
T
() T
() T
G
,
() T
P'
1.
2.
3.
()
:
I
1A 1 ,
, , , ,
, , .
__,.
,
.
/
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T :
/ B V V/
3 V = V 2
T / R
/VF S
P V/
/ .
1. A
.
2. I , P'
( )
. F, ,
P' . F
, , '
.
3. I ( )
.
5
F (1) % = 4 % +% + %
.
F % E 1. T %
. T %
''
. E %
.
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9
(1)
T
S 1/2 , ;
, ,
, , .
L
() 3.
T = 9.81"2
C
Y
= /4 ()
() .
C '
, ,
. T ( )
.
F ,
, . (T
.) S . H
. B
. T
. M
, : , , . F
2
. T
A
. I . T
. C
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, . R
: . R .
T :
A ,
, ,
D / S H /(2) M(1)
1
2
3
M........
1.
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2. I ,
. T
.
3. I
.
4. T ''
, , , .
F 0
Y=
4
A () .
1. T
. E %
.
F (): % = % .
2. T
.
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10
1. T
.
2.
S ,
() U E
3.
L =
,
I = AC,
=
,
,
T
.. 2 =
.. = /2
F ,
= ,
, , , A
, , , ,
. N. 1
. F
,
= 2.
_
'
.
_1
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,
.
. M ,
.
D
.
M .
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()
1.
2.
L =
I = AC,
=
,
,
T
.. 2 =
.. = /2/
F ,
= ,
= ,
=
= (21 + 2) H
2) =
. . 2
. F ,
,
= 2.
_
(2/ +
1
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'Y (21 + 2) _______2
3.
A DABC . A .
C , ,
. T
. P
.
L
.
D .
M /
.
1. R .
2. O . U
. S .
3. I AC
.
4. W .
5. A
( S') ,
..
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11
1.
T
T
A F. 5
F =
W
A =
.
I.
631
1.1 . T )
A
=
F
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H '
C.G C C.P P WI
C
.
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T CP (
) 0, 0
. T D :
T
= + IG/A
W
= 0 CG
=
W IG= 2 CG.
E D :
F , P
F. = M. W
=
M =
= .
T .T /
, ,
( ) '
'
(
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/
/ = 100 =
75 = 100
= 250
T 63.1
,() ,() () I X M .
1
2
3
4
5
6
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T . T
. W , .. 6 = 90,
,
, . H,
=
. T CP . I
( 7)
148.2. T + (1/2) = 150.0.
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13
1. T
() A
() B
() L
() K .
3.
M MG
W =
2.
M
W
.
.
P
F. 64.1 T
W 0
=
A
J
S
MG =
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=
NOTE
I 0
57.3
M MG
M
W MB =
4. E
T
31:
G
]
,
,
.
.
= MB + BZ GZ
. T I,
. T
. T
F
G, GZ . T
. T
. T
. T
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. A 0
.
R 1 2 3 4 5
G 91 82 75 66 58 0 0 0 0 0 05 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 OJ
20 3.6 2.9 2.1 1.8 1.4
30 5.4 4.1 3.2 2.7 2J
4O . 6.9 5.6 4.3 3.5 3J'
50 8.6 6.9 5.4 4.4 3J
55 6.0 4.9 M^
70 7.5 6.2 3
T 300, 250, 200
150 .
M = 2.525
M = 0.2 E
:
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/ = 358
= 203
= 77 D
= 42
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. 9
64.4
C MG : W W =
= 2.5259.81 =
24.77N
J = 0.29.81
1.962N
W
= 4.538
= 4.538 /0 176
_
MG
X 57.3MG
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150
117.5
P G
.
(M)
50
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0 20 40 60 80
M ()
F. 64.6
T MG
GZ (F. 2.16)
T
.F M G, .. MG + . T
' . H,
G , .. GZ . T MG GZ
. F GZ 117.5 MG
. T G GZ
.
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14
T
() A
.
() A
() A
W
F ( )
P/ + Y2/2 + =
P/ =T
+ V2/2
.
T A
). F
.
.
2S^ ^ ?
F. 66.1
B' , :
I
.
=
P
^
/
.
. (A
.
.
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JT
.1
183
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1 2 3 4 5 8 7S
F. 66.2 184
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N ,
H .
H,
.
T
. T
.
T
.
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15
Brief theory. Piezo
employed when pressur
to be measured, since
long tubes, which
conveniently. Furthermo
measured by the piezo
no free atmospheric surfa
overcome by the use of
A U-tube consists
shape, one end of whic
which pressure is to be
remains open to the at
Fig. 2. It contains a li
heavier than the liquid
to be measured.
The pressure head
found from the relation:
*
.
eter tubes cannot be
s in the lighter liquids are
this would require very
cannot be handled
re gas pressures cannot be
eters because a gas forms
e. These limitations can be
-tube manometer.
f a glass tube bent in U-
is connected to a point at
measured and other end
mosphere as shown in
uid (generally mercury)
of which the pressure is
of liquid (h) in a pipe is
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h = h"(S2-\)-
h' Procedure:
1. Connect the U-tube to the pipe carrying liquid (whose pressure is to be measured).
2. Note down the readings of h' and h ".
3. Take number of readings by varying the discharge (say four) and tabulate as
shown in the Table 2.
Table 2. U-tubeObservations
S. No. h' h" Pressure head Intensity of pressure p = wh Remarks
h = h"(S2-S,) (w = sp. wt. of liquid)-h 'S ,
1.
2.
3.
4. '
Specimen calculations : (/)
Conclusions :
Precautions:
1. U-tube should enter the pipe at right angles to the direction in which the fluid flows.
2. The end of the U-tube which is to be connected with the pipe should flush with
its (pipe) inner surface and should not be rough.
3. If large pressures are to be measured, then in U-tube heavier liquids, generally mercury, should
Mean ressure, = .
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