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Cjisurafh tgj bfow`jlhj eisj od rjhaofi` affovitaof systjcs af Hjrcify

af tjrcs od i \rap`j Gj`ax lyficans

 Ujsjirng [o`any (dortgnocafh)

@ojt @jyljslordd 9 & Cangij` Dratsng 5 

Iestrint

\gj aftjrintaof icofh tgj tgrjj sue-lyficans od jnofocan jxngifhj, tjngfo`ohani`

affovitaof, ifl afstatutaofi` noftro` nif ej nipturjl watg i hjfjri`azjl \rap`j Gj`ax colj`.Xj proposj to usj tgj afdorcitaof noftiafjl af tgj nofdahuritaof icofh tgj tgrjj sue-

lyficans is if aflanitor od tgj syfjrhy af i nofdahuritaof. \gas cjisurj aflanitjs tgj

rjluntaof od tgj ufnjrtiafty wgang prjvia`s it tgj `jvj` od if affovitaof systjc. Of tgj eisas

od liti it tgj lastrant `jvj` af Hjrcify, tgj nofn`usaofs od i prjvaous stuly ieout tgj

 Fjtgjr`ifls irj tjstjl= cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh as tgj ciaf lravjr od tgj bfow`jlhj-

 eisjl nofdahuritaof af i rjhaofi` jnofocy, wga`j bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs tjfl to

ufnoup`j tgj jnofocy droc tgj rjhaofi` nofdahuritaof. It tgj `jvj` od rjhaofs (FZ\^-5)Hjrcify‑s bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy as fo `ofhjr strunturjl af tjrcs od tgj prjvaous Jist-

Xjst lavalj od tgj nouftry, wga`j tgas lavalj gis prjvia`jl it tgj `jvj` od tgj stitjs (FZ\^-9)

tgit nofstatutj tgj Djljri` Ujpue`an. Gowjvjr, tgj jddjnts od gahg ifl cjlauc-tjng irj fot

spjnadan dor tgj wjstjrf or jistjrf pirts od tgj nouftry. \gj nofdahuritaof od cjlauc-tjng

cifudinturafh nif ej nofsaljrjl i ejttjr aflanitor od tgj bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy tgif

tgit od gahg-tjng cifudinturafh.

MJ@ n`issadanitaof= N9<, O97, O>9, U95

Bjyworls= Bfow`jlhj2 \rap`j Gj`ax2 Ujhaof2 Hjrcify2 [roeiea`astan jftropy

9 (norrjspoflafh iutgor) Icstjrlic ^ngoo` od Noccufanitaofs Ujsjirng, Zfavjrsaty od Icstjrlic,B`ovjfajrseurhwi` <7, 9;95 NW Icstjrlic, \gj Fjtgjr`ifls2 `ojtK`jyljslordd.fjt,gttp=//www.`jyljslordd.fjt 2 dix= +>9-5;-:5:>479.5 \jngfani` Zfavjrsaty Ejrhibiljcaj Drjaejrh, Hjrcif Afstatutj dor Jnofocans (LAX), Ejr`af, ifl Cix [`ifnbAfstatutj od Jnofocans, Mjfi, Hjrcify. Illrjss= \jngfani` Zfavjrsaty Ejrhibiljcaj Drjaejrh, Dinu`ty od

Jnofocans ifl Eusafjss Ilcafastritaof, @jssafhstr. <:, L-;1:14 Drjaejrh, Hjrcify2 cangij`.dratsngKtu-drjaejrh.lj

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9. Aftroluntaof

Ofj od tgj ciaf aljis ejgafl tgj nofnjpt od affovitaof systjcs as tgit affovitaof tibjs p`inj

 eotg watgaf darcs ifl inross tgj aftjrdinjs icofh afstatutaofi` ihjfts `abj ufavjrsatajs,

aflustrajs, ifl hovjrfcjft ihjfnajs. Affovitaof systjcs laddjr af tjrcs od gow tgj d`uxjs

tgrouhg tgj fjtworbs irj aftjhritjl ifl wgjtgjr tgj gjtjrohjfjous d`uxjs (jnofocan

jxngifhj rj`itaofs, fovj`ty proluntaof, ifl orhifazitaofi` noftro`) provalj opportufatajs dor

syfjrhy. \gj fjtworbs provalj of`y tgj bfow`jlhj afdristrunturj, wga`j tgj bfow`jlhj eisj

od if affovitaof systjc as sgipjl ey i lavasaof od affovitavj `ieor it tgj fitaofi` ifl/or

rjhaofi` `jvj` havjf sung if afdristrunturj. \gj syfjrhy ejtwjjf tgj aflustrai` strunturj,

hjohripgani` lastraeutaofs, ifl iniljcan trilataofs nif ej nofsaljrjl nrunai` dor tgj strjfhtg

od if affovitaof systjc (Dratsng, 5;;<).

\gj \rap`j Gj`ax od ufavjrsaty-aflustry-hovjrfcjft rj`itaofs gis gatgjrto ejjf ljvj`opjl

ciaf`y is i fjo-afstatutaofi` colj` dor stulyafh tgj fjtworb irrifhjcjfts icofh tgjsj

ihjfts (Jtzbowatz jt i`., 5;;;2 [owj`` & LaCihhao, 9119). I fjo-jvo`utaofiry colj` sgou`l

nipturj tgj rj`itaofs icofh tgj laddjrjft dufntaofs (orhifazjl bfow`jlhj proluntaof,

laddusaof, ifl noftro`) tgit opjritj af ifl of tgjsj fjtworbs. \gj dufntaofs givj to ej nirrajl

 ey tgj ihjfts it tgj foljs, eut ofj nif fo `ofhjr jxpjnt i ofj-to-ofj norrjspofljfnj

 ejtwjjf dufntaofs ifl afstatutaofs ejniusj tgj dufntaofs irj i`so eisjl of tgj irrifhjcjfts

icofh tgj afstatutaofs (Jtzbowatz & @jyljslordd, 5;;;). Corj acportift tgif tgj cjrj

 prjsjfnj od ihjfnajs as tgj qui`aty od tgjar rj`itaofs af i havjf nofdahuritaof. ^afnj tgj

dufntaofs irj pjrdorcjl ey laddjrjft ihjfts ifl rj`itaofs, ofj jxpjnts if ufnjrtiafty wgang

nif ej cjisurjl is i proeiea`astan jftropy. ^ystjcan jddjnts ciy onnur tgit niffot ej

larjnt`y trinjl einb to spjnadan jxngifhjs, eut jcjrhj corj aflarjnt`y (Eurt, 911:).

5

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Af tgas stuly, tgj laddjrjft dufntaofs wa`` ej colj`jl is sue-lyficans od tgj systjc. \gj sue-

lyficans nif ej jxpjntjl to aftjrint to viryafh ljhrjjs. \gj cutui` afdorcitaof d`owafh

 ejtwjjf tgjsj sue-lyficans wa`` ej proposjl is if aflanitor dor tgj cjisurjcjft od tgj

syfjrhy it tgj systjcs `jvj`.

\gj hjohripgani` lastraeutaof od aflustrai` intavatajs icofh rjhaofs as of`y ofj od tgj

rj`jvift lacjfsaofs od i nofdahuritaof. Luj to laddjrjfnjs af tgj ngirintjr od affovitaof

 pronjssjs, ofj nif jxpjnt tgit hjohripgani` noflataofs givj laddjrjft jddjnts of tgj viraous

jnofocan sjntors sung is cifudinturafh ifl bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs. Xj sgi`` durtgjr

lastafhuasg ejtwjjf cjlauc ifl gahg-tjng usafh tgj n`issadanitaofs od tgj OJNL (sjj \ie`j

5 ej`ow). \gj lavasaof od `ieour icofh norporitaofs od viraous sazjs (j.h., tgj fucejr od

^CJs af i rjhaof) nif ej nofsaljrjl is i tgarl ljtjrcafafh dintor (^torpjr, 9118). Xj usj

tgjsj tgrjj aflanitors (hjohripgy, tjngfo`ohy, ifl darc sazj) ifl ifi`yzj tgjar cutui`

afdorcitaof it viraous `jvj`s od tgj Hjrcif systjc (stitjs, rjhaofs) af orljr to tjst two

gypotgjsjs tgit wj hjfjritjl af i prjvaous stuly usafh Lutng liti (@jyljslordd jt i`., 5;;4)=

9.  cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh nif ej nofsaljrjl is tgj lravjrs od tgj bfow`jlhj eisj

od if jnofocy corj tgif gahg-tjng2

5.  bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs (BA^) tjfl to ufnoup`j tgj bfow`jlhj eisj od if

jnofocy droc ats hjohripgani` `onitaof.

Af succiry= tgas pipjr aftrolunjs i wiy od issjssafh tgj qui`aty od rjhaofi` affovitaof

systjcs ey cjisurafh tgj aftjrintaof ifl syfjrhy ejtwjjf suesystjcs ey cjifs od if

aflanitor eisjl of jftropy stitastans (Mibu`af & Eritbo, 5;;<). \gj ipproing as ipp`ajl to tgj

>

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viraous rjhaofs od Hjrcify. \gj do``owafh sjntaof prjsjfts tgj nofnjptui` eisas od tgj stuly.

^jntaof > out`afjs tgj liti ifl tgj spitai` dricjworb od tgj jcparani` ifi`ysas, ifl sjntaof <

 prjsjfts tgj cjtgol. Do``owafh tgj hjfjri` issjsscjft od tgj qui`aty od rjhaofi` affovitaof

systjcs (sjntaof :), wj nocpirj rjsu`ts dor laddjrjft sue-sjntors od tgj jnofocy, af pirtanu`ir

gahg- ifl cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh ifl bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs (sjntaof 4).

Nofn`usaofs ifl po`any acp`anitaofs irj prjsjftjl af tgj dafi` sjntaof (sjntaof 8).

5. \gjorjtani` einbhroufl

Ejniusj affovitaof pronjssjs afvo`vj tgj hjfjritaof ifl  ipp`anitaof od bfow`jlhj tgj

qui`aty od affovitaof systjcs as ljpjfljft of gow tgj bfow`jlhj eisj as rj`itjl to tgj

fjtworb icofh tgj aftjrintafh ihjfts (Doriy, 5;;<). \gj fjtworb ciaf`y provaljs if

afdristrunturj to tgj affovitaof systjc= at dina`atitjs ifl nofstriafs jxngifhjs od bfow`jlhj

ifl rjsournjs. Dor i fucejr od rjisofs sung is tgj nosts ifl jddort afvo`vjl af givafh dinj-

to-dinj noftint, i nofsaljrie`j pirt od tgjsj jxngifhj rj`itaofs as nofstriafjl hjohripgani``y.

\gj lastraeutaof od tgj tjngfo`ohajs af i systjc, tgj aflustrai` orhifazitaof, ifl tgj

hjohripgani` sprjil nif ej nofsaljrjl is rj`itavj`y afljpjfljft sournjs od viraitaof. Ofj

nif jxpjnt tgit tgjsj tgrjj sournjs od gjtjrohjfjaty irj rjd`jntjl af tgj lavasaof od affovitavj

`ieor.

At as acportift to fotj tgit tgj orhifazitaof od tgj lavasaof od affovitavj `ieor lojs fot

fjnjssira`y rjquarj larjnt aftjrintaof, eut nif i`so ej ‗systjcan‑ af fiturj, stjjrjl dor

jxicp`j ey cirbjt dornjs. Dor tgas rjisof, if ifi`ysas od tgj larjnt rj`itaofsgaps od intors af

rjhaofi` affovitaof systjcs sung is cirbjt rj`itaofs ifl U&L noopjritaof ciy fot provalj

i suddanajft eisas dor issjssafh tgj worbafh od tgj systjc. \gj hjohripgani` lacjfsaof darst

<

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 posataofs tgj ihjfts afvo`vjl2 sjnofl`y, jnofocan jxngifhj rj`itaofs nif ej jxpjntjl icofh

tgj ihjfts it tgj foljs2 ifl tgarl`y, tgj lyficans od bfow`jlhj-eisjl affovitaofs ciy upsjt

tgj tjfljfny towirls jqua`aerauc prjvia`afh af jnofocan jxngifhj rj`itaofs (^ngucpjtjr

R91>1S 914<2 Fj`sof & Xaftjr, 9175).

\gj bfow`jlhj eisj od if jnofocy nif ej nofsaljrjl is i tra`itjri` aftjrintaof jddjnt af

illataof to tgj ea`itjri` aftjrintaof tjrcs ejtwjjf jing two od tgjsj suelyficans. Gowjvjr,

tgas syfjrhy it tgj `jvj` od tgj systjc gis posjl i proe`jc dor cjisurjcjft. Our rjsjirng

qujstaof as wgjtgjr ofj as ie`j to opjritaofi`azj if aflanitor od tgj jcjrhafh ifl tgjrjdorj

‗j`usavj‑ orljr od i bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy (^bo`fabodd, 911>) ifl tgjf i`so to cjisurj

tgas orljr is i rjluntaof od tgj ufnjrtiafty wgang prjvia`s it tgj systjcs `jvj` (Nirtjr, 91142

Lival & Doriy, 5;;5).

\gj djjleinb `oops ejtwjjf tgj bfow`jlhj afdristrunturj, tgj prjvia`afh rjhacj od i po`atani`

jnofocy, ifl tgj affovitavj lyficans af tgj cirbjt nif ej jxpjntjl to ngifhj ovjr tacj.

Ngifhjs af tgjsj aftjrintaofs lravj nyn`js tgit nif ej `ofhjr-tjrc tgif eusafjss nyn`js

(Iejrfitgy & N`irb, 917:2 Drjjcif & [jrjz, 91772 ^ngucpjtjr R91>1S 914<). Xgjtgjr or

fot, ifl to wgit jxtjft, i bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy gis jcjrhjl droc i spjnadan

nofdahuritaof od rj`itaofs rjciafs if jcparani` qujstaof (Fj`sof, 911>2 ^torpjr, 9118). Af

sgort, tgj bfow`jlhj afdristrunturj od afstatutaofi` rj`itaofs (j.h., icofh ufavjrsatajs,

aflustrajs, ifl hovjrfcjfts) nif ej nofsaljrjl is i fjnjssiry eut fot i suddanajft noflataof

dor ljvj`opafh i bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy. \gj aftjfsaty ifl tgj qui`aty od tgj aftjrintaofs

as ljnasavj dor tgj ngirintjrastans od sung i systjc.

:

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 Fitaofs ifl rjhaofs nif ej jxpjntjl to laddjr af noceafafh tgj dufntaofi` rjquarjcjfts od i

bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy. Xgjf i bfow`jlhj eisj as rjsu`tafh droc tgj syfjrhy it tgj

systjcs `jvj`, ofj nif jxpjnt tgj systjc afnrjisafh`y to ‗sj`d-orhifazj‑ if illataofi`

djjleinb `oop. \gas djjleinb ciy opjritj posatavj`y (tgit as, ey rjlunafh ufnjrtiafty af tgj

rj`itaofs) or fjhitavj`y ejniusj, dor jxicp`j, at rjafdornjs h`oei`azitaof af i prjvaous`y corj

`oni`azjl systjc. Jtzbowatz & @jyljslordd (5;;;) ni``jl tgas illataofi` djjleinb tgj

opjritaof od ‗i fjtworb ovjr`iy‑ potjftai``y jcjrhafh watgaf i \rap`j Gj`ax. Af otgjr worls,

tgj fjtworb od rj`itaofs ciy turf afto i nofdahuritaof tgit nif ej proluntavj, affovitavj, ifl

d`ourasgafh, eut fot i`` fjtworbs nif ej jxpjntjl to lo so i`` tgj tacj.

Dor jxicp`j, ljspatj tgjar proluntavaty, affovitavjfjss, ifl tgj ljfsaty od rj`itaofs

fjtworbjl af laddjrjft lacjfsaofs (Eahhajro, 9117), aflustrai` lastrants ifl rjhaofs ciy

suddjr droc ljaflustrai`azitaof ejniusj od tgj h`oei`azafh lyficans af tgj ippropraitaof od

tgj prodats ifl tgj ilviftihjs od affovitaof (Ejnnitafa jt i`., 5;;>). \gj fjo-afstatutaofi` 

 pjrspjntavj od sonai` fjtworb ifi`ysas gis provaljl us watg i vajw od tgj (potjftai``y

ngifhafh) rj`itaofs af tgj lastrants, eut fot of tgj lyficans. Droc tgas pjrspjntavj, tgj

jcjrhjfnj od i bfow`jlhj-eisjl ovjr`iy to tgj systjc rjciafs if ufprjlantie`j jddjnt.

\gj fjo-jvo`utaofiry colj` ifi`yzjs tgj \rap`j Gj`ax lyficans af tjrcs od gow tgjsj

rj`itaofs opjritj= gow cung ufnjrtiafty as hjfjritjl ifl/or rjlunjl, it wgang `jvj`, ifl af

wgang lacjfsaofs? Ofj nif jxpjnt if illataofi` rjluntaof od tgj ufnjrtiafty af tgj

nofdahuritaof ad tgj ovjr`iy djjls einb  of tgj hjfjritaof od ufnjrtiafty af tgj afstatutaofi`

rj`itaofs. \gas ljnrjisj od ufnjrtiafty rjsu`ts droc tgj nofdahuritaof od rj`itaofs ifl nif fo

`ofhjr ej ittraeutjl to tgj aflavalui` ihjfts it tgj foljs or to spjnadan rj`itaofs.

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\gj rjsjirng qujstaof tgus ejnocjs, ‗\o wgit ljhrjj as if jcjrhafh \rap`j Gj`ax lyficans

noflunavj to tgj ljvj`opcjft od spjnadan rjhaofs ifl fitaofs?‑. Our liti jfie`j us to

nocpirj tgj rjsu`ts od if ifi`ysas od <>7 lastrants (Brjasj) af Hjrcify watg tgj nofn`usaofs

droc i saca`ir stuly af tgj Fjtgjr`ifls (@jyljslordd jt i`., 5;;4). Xj usj tgrjj proxajs= (9)

tgj hjohripgani` `onitaof poafts to tgj rj`jvift hovjrfifnj strunturjs (a.j., lastrants, rjhaofs,

stitjs)2 (5) tgj tgrjj-lahat nolj od tgj aflustry is if aflanitor dor tgj tjngfo`ohani` bfow`jlhj

 eisj2 ifl (>) ivjrihj darc-sazj is i cjisurj od tgj orhifazitaofi` strunturj. \gj liti jfie`j

us to nross-tieu`itj tgjsj tgrjj lacjfsaofs it tgj lastrant `jvj`. Af tgj Lutng stuly, ofj od us

gil oetiafjl dafjr-hriafjl liti it tgj darc `jvj`. Fjvjrtgj`jss, socj od tgj nofn`usaofs droc

tgj prjvaous stuly nif ej tjstjl ihiafst tgosj jcjrhafh droc tgj Hjrcif liti.

Dor jxicp`j, wj wa`` ej ie`j to ngjnb tgj nofn`usaof tgit tgj rjhaofi` laddjrjfnjs af tgj

nofdahuritaofs irj ljtjrcafjl i`cost jxn`usavj`y ey gahg- ifl cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh.

\gj jnofocan ejfjdats od bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs irj fot `onitjl it tgj `jvj` od tgj

rjhaofi` affovitaof systjc eut it tgj fitaofi` `jvj`, wga`j bfow`jlhj-eisjl cifudinturafh

tjfls to rjciaf hjohripgani``y jcejlljl. ^jnofl`y, wj nif tjst our prjvaous gypotgjsas tgit

cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh noftraeutjs corj tgif gahg-tjng proluntaof to tgj bfow`jlhj-

 eisjl nofdahuritaof. Norroeoritaof od tgjsj two gypotgjsjs gis acportift acp`anitaofs dor

aflustrai` ljvj`opcjft po`anajs. \garl`y, wj wa`` nocpirj tgj rjsu`ts dor tgj wgo`j od

Hjrcify watg tgosj dor tgj dorcjr Jistjrf ifl Xjstjrf pirts od tgj nouftry, ifl it tgj `jvj`

od tgj Djljri` ^titjs ( @ìfljr ).

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>. Liti

\gj jcp`oycjft ifl jstie`asgcjft liti dor tgas stuly wjrj no``jntjl droc tgj Hjrcif

^onai` Afsurifnj ^titastans (^titastab ljr sozai`vjrsangjrufhspd`angtah Ejsngìdtahtjf). \gjsj

stitastans irj hjfjritjl ey tgj Djljri` Jcp`oycjft Oddanj ( Eufljsihjftur dðr Irejat )

(Dratsng & Eraxy, 5;;<). Af Hjrcify, i`` pue`an ifl pravitj jcp`oyjrs irj rjquarjl ey `iw to

rjhastjr tgjar jcp`oyjjs watg tgas oddanj dor jfro``cjft af tgj sonai` afsurifnj ifl pjfsaof

systjcs. Af tgj nisj od nocposatj (j.h., aftjrfitaofi`) norporitaofs watg cu`tap`j `onitaofs,

tgj liti irj no``jntjl it tgj `jvj` od tgj `oni` jstie`asgcjfts, ifl tgus tgj hjohripgani`

lacjfsaof as rjd`jntjl af tgjsj liti. Gowjvjr, jcp`oyjjs wgo irj fot oe`ahjl ey `iw to

noftraeutj to tgjsj afsurifnj systjcs irj (ey ljdafataof) jxn`uljl droc tgj stitastans. \gjsj

afn`ulj, icofh otgjrs, nava` sjrvifts, ircy pjrsoffj`, tgj sj`d-jcp`oyjl, ifl tgj

ufjcp`oyjl.> 

\gj stitastans wjrj cilj ivia`ie`j to us it tgj FZ\^-> `jvj` od tgj Jurostit n`issadanitaof od

rjhaofs (Jurostit, 5;;>). (FZ\^ as if ieerjvaitaof od Focjfn`iturj ljs Zfatás \jrratorai`js

^titastaqujs.)< Af tgj Hjrcif Djljri` Ujpue`an tgj FZ\^-> `jvj` noafnaljs watg tgj lastrant

or Brjas. Jurostit (5;;>) lastafhuasgjs <<; od tgjsj lastrants af Hjrcify. Ofj od tgjsj as if

ufn`issadajl nitjhory jftat`jl ‗jxtri rjhaof.‑ \wo rjhaofs (Jasjfing ifl Xirteurh)  givj fot

i`wiys ejjf lastafhuasgjl af tgj Hjrcif stitastans ifl wjrj cjrhjl dor tgj purposj od tgas

> Af cifudinturafh, tgj ^onai` Afsurifnj ^titastans novjr corj tgif 1; pjrnjft od i`` jcp`oyjjs. Af tgjsjrvanj sjntor, tgas sgirj as ieout 7; pjrnjft. Novjrihj as rj`itavj`y `ow af ihranu`turj (`jss tgif 5<

 pjrnjft) ifl af tgj pue`an sjntor (ieout :; pjrnjft).< \gj Focjfn`iturj od \jrratorai` Zfats dor ^titastans (FZ\^) wis jstie`asgjl ey Jurostit corj tgif5: yjirs iho af orljr to provalj i safh`j ufadorc erjiblowf od tjrratorai` ufats dor tgj proluntaof odrjhaofi` stitastans dor tgj Juropjif Zfaof2 itgttp=//juropi.ju.aft/nocc/jurostit/ricof/futs/aftroluntaof_rjhaofs_jf.gtc  ̀

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stuly.:  \gus, wj donus of <>7 lastrants is tgj ufats od ifi`ysas. \gjsj lastrants irj orhifazjl

it tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj` afto <9 rjhaofs, wgang irj ni``jl Ujhajrufhsejzarbj af Hjrcif. \gj

 FZ\^-9 `jvj` as ljdafjl is tgj 94 Djljri` ^titjs or @ìfljr  tgit nocprasj tgj Hjrcif Djljri`

Ujpue`an. Dahurj 9 sgows tgj orhifazitaof od Hjrcify afto @ìfljr  ifl Ujhajrufhsejzarbj,

rjspjntavj`y. Dor afdorcitaof, tgj prjvaous`y Jist-Hjrcif pirt od tgj nouftry as sgiljl af

dahurj 9i.

Dahurj 9i ifl e= \gj po`atani` ilcafastritaof od tgj Hjrcif Djljri` Ujpue`an it tgj FZ\^-9( @ìfljr ) ifl FZ\^-5 ( Ujhajrufhsejzarbj) `jvj`s, rjspjntavj`y.

Dor gastorani` rjisofs, tgj natajs od Ejr`af, Giceurh, ifl Erjcjf givj ejjf nofsaljrjl

ilcafastritavj`y is FZ\^-9 nitjhorajs ( @ìfljr ). Ejr`af ifl Giceurh nofsast of`y od safh`j

lastrants, wgang irj ljdafjl ufljr tgj sicj ficj it tgj FZ\^->, FZ\^-5, ifl FZ\^-9

: \gj two lastrants 94;:4 (tgj naty od Jasjfing) ifl 94;4> (tgj lastrant Xirteurh) givj ejjflastafhuasgjl ilcafastritavj`y of`y safnj 9117. \gjy irj nofsaljrjl af tgas stuly is i safh`j ufat

 ejniusj od tgj nocpirasofs ovjr tacj tgit wj jfvasihj cibafh af duturj stulajs.

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`jvj`s. Erjcjf as suelavaljl it tgj FZ\^-> `jvj` af two lastrants (Erjcjf ifl

Erjcjrgivjf). Otgjr `irhj natajs, `abj Cufang, No`ohfj, ifl Drifbdurt, irj ljdafjl is

lastrants it tgj FZ\^-> `jvj` watgaf tgjar rjspjntavj rjhaofs ifl stitjs. Dor tgj purposj od tgas

stuly, wj ljnaljl to colady tgj liti ey illafh Ejr`af is i lastrant (it tgj FZ\^-> `jvj`) to

Erifljfeurh „ ^outg-Jist (FZ\^-5= LJ<5), Giceurh to tgj rjhaof ^ng`jswah-Go`stjaf

(FZ\^-5= LJD;), ifl tgj two lastrants Erjcjf ifl Erjcjrgivjf to tgj rjhaof od @ðfjeurh

(FZ\^-5= LJ1>). It tgj FZ\^-9 `jvj` Ejr`af wa`` tgus ej nofsaljrjl is pirt od Erifljfeurh

(LJ<), ifl Giceurh is pirt od ^ng`jswah-Go`stjaf (LJD), wga`j Erjcjf/Erjcjrgivjf as

issahfjl to @owjr ^ixofy (LJ1).

\gj Hjrcif Djljri` Oddanj dor Eua`lafh ifl Ujhaofi` [`iffafh ( Eufljsict dðr Eiuwjsjf

ufl Uiucorlfufh2 EEU, 5;;5) gis ittraeutjl nitjhorajs to tgjsj lastrants innorlafh to tgj

sjtt`jcjft strunturj (\ie`j 9). Fot surprasafh`y, tgas n`issadanitaof as fjhitavj`y norrj`itjl

watg tgj popu`itaof ljfsaty (popu`itaof/irji) od tgj lastrants it tgj `jvj` od ^pjircif‑s ω 

3 -.48 (p 0 ;.;92 F 3 <>7). ^afnj socj norj natajs od tgj ureifazjl rjhaofs (n`iss :) nif ej

rifbjl gahgjr af i gajrirngy tgif tgj ruri` lastrants od tgj ihh`ocjritaofs (n`iss <), tgj

nitjhory fucejrs lo fot fjnjssira`y aflanitj rifbs af i spitai` gajrirngy. Gowjvjr, wj wa``

fot usj tgas n`issadanitaof is i rifb orljr, eut is i sngjcj hjfjritafh i lastraeutaof af tgj

hjohripgani` lacjfsaof.4 

4 \gj hjohripgani` ufats tgjcsj`vjs irj ufaquj ifl, tgjrjdorj, lo fot noftiaf ufnjrtiafty.

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\ie`j 9= N`issadanitaof od lastrants afto lastrant typjs

\ypj od lastrant N`issadanitaof fucejr Fucejr od lastrants

 Ihh`ocjritaofs

Norj natajs 9 <>Lastrants watg gahg ljfsaty 5 <<

Lastrants watg ivjrihj ljfsaty > >1Uuri` lastrants < 5> 

Zreifazjl rjhaofs Norj natajs : 51Lastrants watg ivjrihj ljfsaty 4 19Uuri` lastrants 8 47 

 Uuri` irjis Uuri` lastrants watg rj`itavj`y gahgljfsaty

7 :7

Uuri` lastrants watg rj`itavj`y `owljfsaty

1 <>

  F 3 <>7 

\ie`j 5= N`issadanitaof od gahg-tjng ifl bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjntors innorlafh to tgj OJNLifl Jurostit. ^ournj= @iidai, 5;;5= 8.

Gahg-tjng Cifudinturafh

>; Cifudinturafh od oddanj cingafjry ifl nocputjrs>5 Cifudinturafh od rilao, tj`jvasaof iflnoccufanitaof jquapcjftifl ippiritus>> Cifudinturafh od cjlani` prjnasaof ifl optani`afstrucjfts,witngjs ifl n`onbs

Cjlauc-gahg-tjng Cifudinturafh

5< Cifudinturj od ngjcani`s ifl ngjcani` prolunts51 Cifudinturj od cingafjry ifl jquapcjft f.j.n.

>9 Cifudinturj od j`jntrani` cingafjry ifl ippiritusf.j.n.>< Cifudinturj od cotor vjgan`js, tria`jrs ifl sjca-tria`jrs>: Cifudinturafh od otgjr trifsport jquapcjft

Bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj ̂ jntors (BA^)

49 Xitjr trifsport45 Iar trifsport4< [ost ifl tj`jnoccufanitaofs4: Dafifnai` aftjrcjlaitaof, jxnjpt afsurifnj iflpjfsaof duflafh44 Afsurifnj ifl pjfsaof duflafh, jxnjpt nocpu`sorysonai` sjnuraty48 Intavatajs iuxa`airy to dafifnai` aftjrcjlaitaof8; Uji` jstitj intavatajs89 Ujftafh od cingafjry ifl jquapcjft watgoutopjritor ifl od pjrsofi` ifl gousjgo`l hools85 Nocputjr ifl rj`itjl intavatajs

8> Ujsjirng ifl ljvj`opcjft8< Otgjr eusafjss intavatajs7; Jlunitaof7: Gji`tg ifl sonai` worb15 Ujnrjitaofi`, nu`turi` ifl sportafh intavatajs

Od tgjsj sjntors, 4<, 85 ifl 8> irj nofsaljrjl gahg-tjng sjrvanjs.

Af illataof to afdorcitaof it tgj `jvj` od jing lastrant, sung is tgj popu`itaof ifl tgj sazj od

tgj lastrant, our liti noftiaf tgj fucejrs od jstie`asgcjfts ifl jcp`oyjjs af jing lastrant it

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tgj tgrjj-lahat `jvj` od tgj FINJ n`issadanitaof.8 ^afnj viraous sjntors od tgj jnofocy nif ej

jxpjntjl to usj laddjrjft tjngfo`ohajs, tgj sjntor n`issadanitaofs nif ej usjl is i proxy dor tgj

tjngfo`ohy ([ivatt, 917<). \gj OJNL (5;;9, pp.9>8dd.) aflanitjl tgj viraous sjntors af tjrcs

od tgjar bfow`jlhj aftjfsaty it tgj two-lahat `jvj` od tgj FINJ nolj is provaljl af \ie`j 5.

\gj 555 FINJ nitjhorajs prjsjft af our liti irj ivia`ie`j it tgj tgrjj-lahat `jvj`2 tgjsj nif

 ej suesucjl ufljr 4; FINJ nitjhorajs it tgj two-lahat `jvj`. Xj usj tgj afdorcitaof it tgj

tgrjj-lahat `jvj` dor tgj nocputitaof, eut tgj two-lahat `jvj` dor cibafh ippropraitj sj`jntaofs

innorlafh to tgj ljdafataofs od tgj OJNL ifl Jurostit.

\ie`j >= Lastraeutaof od nocpify sazjs af tgj Hjrcif liti.

Fucejr od jcp`oyjjs Drjqujfny [jrnjftNucu`itavj

[jrnjft

9 <859 8.; 8.;

5 to < 94998 5<.; >9.;

: to 1 98<94 5:.1 :4.1

9; to 91 9541; 97.1 8:.8

5;-<1 18<: 9<.: 1;.5

:;-11 >:;9 :.5 1:.<9;;-911 988: 5.4 17.9

5;;-<11 195 9.< 11.<

:;;-8<1 974 .> 11.8

8:;-111 8; .9 11.7

6 9;;; 9>5 .5 9;;.;

  4854: 9;;.;

Dor rjisofs od nocpirasof watg tgj Lutng stuly (@jyljslordd jt i`., 5;;4), wj usjl tgj sicj

n`issadanitaof dor tgj ivjrihj jstie`asgcjft sazjs (\ie`j >). Ivjrihj darc sazj af tjrcs od

fucejrs od jcp`oyjjs nif ej usjl is i proxy dor tgj aflustrai` orhifazitaof ([uhg &

Ganbsof, 91412 [uhg jt i`., 91412 E`iu & ^ngojfgjrr, 9189). \gj Lutng liti afn`uljl i

nitjhory dor darcs watg zjro jcp`oycjft, eut tgas nitjhory as fot noftiafjl af tgj Hjrcif

8

 FINJ stifls dor Focjfn`iturj háfári`j ljs intavatás ánofocaqujs lifs `js Noccufiutás Juropájffjs. \gj FINJ nolj nif ej trifs`itjl afto tgj so-ni``jl Aftjrfitaofi` ^tiflirl Aflustrai` N`issadanitaof.

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stitastans ejniusj sj`d-jcp`oyjl pjrsofs irj fot oe`ahjl to noftraeutj to tgj sonai` afsurifnj

sngjcj. Af succiry, tgj cixacuc jftropy od tgj systjc ufljr stuly as ljtjrcafjl ey 555

 FINJ nitjhorajs, 1 lastrant typjs, ifl 99 sazj nitjhorajs od jstie`asgcjfts, tgit as, Gcix 3

5`oh (555 * 1 * 99) 3 9<.<5 eats od afdorcitaof (\gja`, 91852 @jyljslordd, 911:).

<. Cjtgols

Innorlafh to ^giffof‑s (91<7) dorcu`i, tgj ufnjrtiafty af tgj lastraeutaof od i viraie`j x

(∙x px) nif ej cjisurjl is Gx 3 ∕ ∙x px 5`oh px. Iifi`ohous`y, Gxy rjprjsjfts tgj ufnjrtiafty

af tgj two-lacjfsaofi` proeiea`aty lastraeutaof (citrax) od x ifl y (tgit as, Gxy 3 ∕ ∙x ∙y pxy 

5`oh pxy). Af tgj nisj od two lacjfsaofs, tgj ufnjrtiafty af tgj two aftjrintafh lacjfsaofs ( x 

ifl y) as rjlunjl watg tgj cutui` afdorcitaof or trifscassaof \xy. \gas nif ej dorci`azjl is

do``ows=

\xy 3 (Gx + Gy) „ Gxy  (9)

Af tgj `acatafh nisj tgit tgj lastraeutaofs x ifl y irj nocp`jtj`y afljpjfljft, \xy 3 ; ifl Gxy 

3 Gx + Gy. Af i`` otgjr nisjs \xy ≪ ;, ifl tgjrjdorj Gxy ≬  Gx + Gy (\gja`, 9185, it pp. :1d.).

Ejniusj od tgj sahci af tgj dorcu`ij, i`` afdorcitaof tjrcs nif ej du``y ljnocposjl2 ad eisj

two as usjl dor tgj `ohiratgc, i`` vi`ujs irj jxprjssjl af eats od afdorcitaof. Fotj tgit tgjsj

cjisurjs irj dorci` (proeiea`aty) cjisurjs ifl tgus afljpjfljft od sazj or ify otgjr

rjdjrjfnj to tgj jcparani` systjcs ufljr stuly. Af hjfjri`, two aftjrintafh systjcs (or

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viraie`js) ljtjrcafj jing otgjr af tgjar cutui` afdorcitaof (\xy) ifl noflataof jing otgjr af

tgj rjciafafh ufnjrtiafty of jatgjr salj (Gx|y ifl Gy|x, rjspjntavj`y).7 

Iericsof (914>= 951) ljravjl droc tgj ^giffof dorcu`is tgit tgj cutui` afdorcitaof af

tgrjj lacjfsaofs as= 

\xyz 3 Gx + Gy + Gz „ Gxy „ Gxz „ Gyz + Gxyz (5)

Xga`j tgj ea`itjri` rj`itaofs ejtwjjf tgj viraie`js rjlunj tgj ufnjrtiafty, tgj tra`itjri` tjrc

af turf djjls einb of tgas rjluntaof, ifl tgjrjdorj ills ifotgjr tjrc to tgj ufnjrtiafty. \gj

`iyjrs i`tjrfitj af tjrcs od tgj sahf. \gj nofdahuritaof tgus ljtjrcafjs tgj fjt rjsu`t af tjrcs

od tgj vi`uj od \xyz. \gj potjftai` rjluntaof od tgj ufnjrtiafty it tgj systjcs `jvj` niffot ej

ittraeutjl to aflavalui` foljs or `afbs. CnHa`` (91:<) proposjl to usj tgj tjrc

‗nofdahuritaofi` afdorcitaof‑ dor tgas cutui` afdorcitaof af tgrjj (or corj) lacjfsaofs, eut

watg tgj opposatj sahf (Mibu`af & Eritbo, 5;;<).

\gj i`tjritaofs nif ej hjfjri`azjl dor corj tgif tgrjj lacjfsaofs, eut dor rjisofs od

 pirsacofy wj `acat tgj lasnussaof gjrj to tgrjj lacjfsaofs. (@jyljslordd (5;;>) provaljs i

hripgani` rjprjsjftitaof od tgj cutui` afdorcitaof af i \rap`j Gj`ax usafh Tjff-laihrics.) 

Is fotjl af tgj prjvaous sjntaof, tgj tgrjj lacjfsaofs ufljr stuly af tgas nisj wa`` ej

hjohripgy, tjngfo`ohy, ifl orhifazitaof, ifl tgj cjisurj wa`` innorlafh`y ej aflanitjl is

tgj \H\O. \gj vi`uj od \H\O cjisurjs tgj aftjrrj`itjlfjss od tgj tgrjj sournjs ifl tgj dat od

tgj rj`itaofs ejtwjjf ifl icofh tgjc. Ejniusj at as i cjisurj od tgj rjluntaof od tgj

7 \gj trifscassaof nif ej nofsaljrjl is if afdorcitaof-tgjorjtani` jquavi`jft od tgj noviraifnj is i cjisurj odtgj noviraitaof. \gj noviraitaof as of`y i pirt od tgj toti` viraitaof af jing od tgj noviryafh lacjfsaofs. Zf`abj

tgj noviraifnj, tgj cutui` afdorcitaof nif ej provaljl watg if aftjrprjtitaof af tgj nisj od corj tgif twolacjfsaofs ifl watg i lyfican aftjrprjtitaof so tgit i no-jvo`utaof nif i`so ej cjisurjl (@jyljslordd, 911:).

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ufnjrtiafty, i ejttjr dat wa`` ej aflanitjl watg i corj fjhitavj vi`uj. \gas ovjri`` rjluntaof od

tgj ufnjrtiafty nif ej nofsaljrjl is i rjsu`t od tgj aftjfsaty ifl tgj proluntavaty od

affovitavj `ieor lavasaof af i eroil sjfsj.

Issucafh tgit i lavasaof od `ieor nif yaj`l jddanajfny hiafs, ofj wou`l jxpjnt tgit rjhaofs

watg i lastafntavj proda`j wou`l ej corj proluntavj tgif rjhaofs watg i `owjr `jvj` od

lavasaof od `ieor. Gowjvjr, tgj aflanitor lojs fot  cjisurj tgj affovitavj intavaty or

jnofocan output od i systjc (Nirtjr, 9114). At cjisurjs of`y tgj strunturi` noflataofs af tgj

systjc dor affovitavj intavatajs, ifl tgus spjnadajs if jxpjntitaof. Ujhaofs watg i gahg

 potjftai` dor affovitavj intavaty nif ej jxpjntjl to orhifazj corj affovitavj rjsournjs tgif

rjhaofs watg `owjr vi`ujs od tgj aflanitor.

:. Ujsu`ts 

Dahurj 5 sgows tgj rjsu`ts od tgj nocputitaofs usafh tgj spjnadanitaof od tgj liti ifl

cjtgols ieovj dor tgj wgo`j od Hjrcify, ihhrjhitjl it eotg tgj FZ\^-9 `jvj` ( @ìfljr ) ifl

tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj` od Ujhajrufhsejzarbj. \gj `jdt-gifl dahurj (it tgj FZ\^-9 `jvj`) jxgaeats

tgj laddjrjft lyficans af tgj dorcjr jistjrf ifl wjstjrf pirts od tgj nouftry. \gas as fot

surprasafh havjf tgj fjjl dor rilani` rjorhifazitaof od tgj Jist Hjrcif affovitaof systjc

idtjr rj-ufadanitaof. \gj sonai`ast typj od affovitaof rjhacj tgit jxastjl af tgj dorcjr Hjrcif

Ljconritan Ujpue`an ufta` tgj di`` od tgj Arof Nurtiaf af 9171 wis so laddjrjft droc i cirbjt-

 eisjl systjc tgit tgj trifsataof ejtwjjf tgjsj two rjhacj typjs nif ej jxpjntjl to tibj

nofsaljrie`j tacj (Dratsng & Xjrbjr, 9111). At as, gowjvjr, rjcirbie`j tgit tgj wjibjst

bfow`jlhj eisj as doufl dor tgj Xjst-Hjrcif rjhaof od ^iir`ifl, ifl tgit tgj Jist-Hjrcif

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 FZ\^-9 `jvj` ufat ^ixofy sjjcs i`rjily to pjrdorc ejttjr of tgas aflanitor tgif tgj Xjst-

Hjrcif stitj od ^ng`jswah-Go`stjaf (sjj \ie`j <).

03 -:>

 -:> 03 -<4

 -<4 03 -<;

 -<; 03 -5:

 -5: 0

; 9;;

  03 -5:.:

-5:.: 03 -98.8

-98.8 03 -9:.4

-9:.4 03 -9;.:

-9;.: 0

; 9;; 5;; bc

Dahurj 5i= \gj cutui` afdorcitaof af tgrjjlacjfsaofs (\H\O) it tgj FZ\^-9 `jvj`

Dahurj 5e= Aljc it tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj`.

\gj rahgt-gifl dahurj (it tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj`) sgows i corj laddjrjftaitjl panturj. At gahg`ahgts

gahg `jvj`s od aftjrintaof ifl bfow`jlhj d`ows af tgj cjtropo`atif irjis od Cufang ifl

Giceurh. Af illataof to ^iir`ifl, tgj rjhaofs od \rajr, Hajßjf, Drjaeurh, ifl \ðeafhjf givj

saca`ir`y `ow vi`ujs af tgj wjstjrf pirt od Hjrcify. Af Jist Hjrcify tgj wjibjst

bfow`jlhj eisj as doufl af tgj ritgjr spirsj`y popu`itjl Fortgjist Erifljfeurh, is wj`` is

af tgj fjahgeourafh rjhaofs od @japzah, Gi``j, ifl Ljssiu. Xga`j tgj rjhaof od Fortgjist

Erifljfeurh as fjir`y ljvoal od U&L rjsournjs, tgj rjhaofs od @japzah, Gi``j, ifl Ljssiu

irj o`l aflustrai`azjl irjis af wgang tgj fjjl dor rilani` ngifhj gis ejjf pirtanu`ir`y strofh.

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\ie`j <. \gj cutui` afdorcitaof af tgrjj lacjfsaofs stitastani``y ljnocposjl it tgj FZ\^-9`jvj` od tgj Hjrcif stitjs ( @ìfljr ).

 FZ\^ 9 (@ìfljr)\H\O af ceats

 ejdorj forci`azitaof∄\H\O (3 fa * \a /F) afceats od afdorcitaof fa 

Eiljf-Xðrttjcejrh -<8<.19 -<8.89 <<Eivirai -<95.<7 -1;.<9 14Erifljfeurh -:7>.74 -5:.>> 91Gjssj -887.1> -<4.5< 54Cjnb`jfeurh-Xjstjrf[ocjrifai -<>;.57

 -98.47 97

@owjr ̂ ixofy -4>5.>: -41.>; <7 Fortg Ugafj-Xjstpgi`ai -<;<.9; -<1.75 :<Ugafj`ifl-[i`itafitj -4<8.84 -:>.5< >4^iir`ifl -4>1.48 -7.84 4^ixofy -4<1.7> -<>.;> 51

^ixofy-Ifgi`t -4;;.9< ->5.77 5<^ng`jswah-Go`stjaf -99;5.8: -<;.57 94\gurafhai -491.<7 ->9.95 55Hjrcify -97;.;7 -97;.;7 <>7

 

\gj two panturjs irj eisjl of laddjrjft forci`azitaofs ejniusj tgj noftraeutaofs od rjhaofs

irj wjahgtjl af tjrcs od tgj fucejr od lastrants it tgj rjspjntavj `jvj` od ihhrjhitaof, eut

watg rjdjrjfnj to tgj vi`ujs dor Hjrcify is i wgo`j. \gj lastrants (it tgj FZ\^-> `jvj`) irj

our ufats od ifi`ysas, wga`j tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj` ifl tgj FZ\^-9 `jvj` irj `jvj`s od ihhrjhitaof.

Af illataof to tgj ihhrjhitaof, gowjvjr, ofj wou`l i`so jxpjnt aftjrintaof jddjnts it tgj

fitaofi` `jvj`. Havjf tgj laddjrjft forci`azitaofs it tgj FZ\^-5 or FZ\^-9 `jvj`, tgj two

rjprjsjftitaofs niffot ej nocpirjl larjnt`y af tjrcs od tgj ieso`utj vi`ujs od tgj aflanitor.

Dor jxicp`j, tgj stitjs od ^ng`jswah-Go`stjaf (dorcjr`y pirt od Xjstjrf Hjrcify) ifl

Cjnb`jfeurh-Xjstjrf [ocjrifai (dorcjr`y pirt od Jistjrf Hjrcify) irj ljdafjl is ufats

 eotg it tgj FZ\^-9 ifl tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj`, ifl tgus tgjsj ufats irj nocpiritavj`y `irhj wgjf

nocpirjl watg otgjr rjhaofs af tgj rahgt-gifl panturj, wga`j tgj sicj vi`ujs irj nocpirjl

watg tgj otgjr stitjs af tgj `jdt-gifl dahurj. Af eotg dahurjs, tgj noftraeutaof od jing pirt od

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tgj nouftry as forci`azjl watg rjdjrjfnj to tgj nouftry (tgit as, Hjrcify2 F 3 <>7) is tgj

 eisj`afj usafh ∄\H\O 3 fa * \a /F. ^afnj tgj lastrants irj our ufats od ifi`ysas, fa af tgas

dorcu`i stifls dor tgj fucejr od lastrants af tgj ufat ufljr stuly ifl \a dor tgj cutui`

afdorcitaof af tgj tgrjj lacjfsaofs „ Hjohripgy, \jngfo`ohy, ifl Orhifazitaof „ it tgas

`jvj` od ihhrjhitaof. \ie`j < provaljs tgjsj vi`ujs dor tgj @ìfljr  (tgit as, it tgj FZ\^-9

`jvj`). It tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj` tgj vi`ujs dor fa irj `owjr jxnjpt dor tgosj FZ\^-9 `jvj` ufats

tgit irj fot durtgjr ljnocposjl (j.h., ̂ ng`jswah-Go`stjaf ifl Cjnb`jfeurh-Xjstjrf

[ocjrifai). \gj vi`ujs it tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj` irj provaljl af tgj Ippjflax.

Zf`abj our prjvaous rjsu`ts dor tgj Fjtgjr`ifls, tgj vi`uj od tgj aflanitor dor Hjrcify is i

wgo`j as `jss fjhitavj tgjf tgj suc od tgj vi`ujs dor tgj @ìfljr. \gas cjifs tgit tgjrj as

nofdahuritaofi` syfjrhy it tgj `oni` `jvj`s od FZ\^-9 ifl FZ\^-5 tgit as fo `ofhjr ippirjft

wgjf tgj lastraeutaofs irj ihhrjhitjl it tgj fitaofi` `jvj`. \gj fjhitavj jftropy as i `oni`

ittraeutj. Xgjf ljnocposjl, tgj illataofi` syfjrhy as hjfjritjl ciaf`y ey tgj cutui`

afdorcitaof ejtwjjf tgj FINJ-noljs ifl tgj sazj nitjhorajs od tgj eusafjss. \gj typj od

lastrant (wgjtgjr at as ruri` or ureif) gis `jss afd`ujfnj of tgj potjftai` syfjrhy tgif tgj

aftjrp`iy ejtwjjf tgj orhifazitaofi` dorcit ifl tgj tjngfo`ohani` strunturj od tgj aflustry.

^gou`l pjrgips tgj Fjtgjr`ifls is i nouftry ritgjr ej nocpirjl watg tgj sjpiritj stitjs od

tgj Djljri` Ujpue`an? Xj irj fot ie`j to ifswjr tgas qujstaof of tgj eisas od tgj liti

 ejniusj tgj rjsu`ts dor tgj Fjtgjr`ifls wjrj eisjl of canro-liti, ifl wj lal fot usj i

ngirintjrazitaof od tgj lastrants af tjrcs od wgjtgjr tgjy wjrj ruri` or ureif, eut of`y of tgj

 eisas od posti` noljs. Gowjvjr, Dahurj > sgows tgj rjsu`ts od `acatafh tgj ifi`ysas to Eivirai

is if jxicp`j od sung i `owjr-`jvj` ljnocposataof it tgj `jvj` od i stitj.

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  03 -9:;

 -9:; 03 -9;;

 -9;; 03 -7;

  -7; 03 -4:  -4: 0

; 9;; 5;; bc

 

Dahurj >= \gj cutui` afdorcitaof af tgrjj lacjfsaofs forci`azjl dor tgj 8 rjhaofs( Ujhajrufhsejzarbj) od Eivirai.

\gj panturj tgit wj oetiaf af our ifi`ysas dor Eivirai (Dahurj >) norrjspofls pirtanu`ir`y wj``

watg tgj noccof`y issucjl qui`aty od tgj affovitaof systjc af tgj laddjrjft rjhaofs od tgas

stitj. Zfdortufitj`y, afdorcitaof ieout tgj qui`aty od rjhaofi` affovitaof systjcs as gatgjrto

ivia`ie`j of`y dor njrtiaf rjhaofs, odtjf af tgj dorc od nisj stulajs tgit lo fot i``ow dor i

systjcitan aftjrrjhaofi` issjsscjft ifl nocpirasof watg our aflanitor. Innorlafh to sung

nisj stulajs tgj affovitaof systjc od tgj Cufang rjhaof gis ejjf sial to ej gahg`y

 proluntavj af rjnjft tacjs (^tjrfejrh & \icisy, 91112 Briuss & Xo`dd, 5;;5), wga`j tgj

Uugr irji ifl socj od tgj Jist-Hjrcif rjhaofs irj `ihhafh ejgafl, watg tgj jxnjptaof od

^ixofy ifl \gurafhai (Dratsng & ^`ivtngjv, 5;;4). \gas norrjspofls watg our daflafhs it tgj

 FZ\^-5 `jvj` (dahurj 5e).

\gj profoufnjl posataof od tgj cjtropo`as od Cufang af Dahurj : noftrists watg tgj `owjst

rifb dor tgj affovitaof systjc af tgj rjhaof od @owjr Eivirai (jist od Cufang), wgang gis i

rjputitaof dor ejafh ngirintjrazjl ey i rj`itavj`y `ow `jvj` od lyficans (Dratsng & ^`ivtngjv,

5;;4). \gas rjhaof, is wj`` is Zppjr [i`itafitj ifl Zppjr Drifnofai, wis `onitjl of tgj

 eorljr watg tgj Nzjng Ujpue`an ifl tgj dorcjr Hjrcif Ljconritan Ujpue`an, rjspjntavj`y.

\gj Arof Nurtiaf tgit lavaljl Jistjrf ifl Xjstjrf Juropj dor i `ofh pjraol od tacj ciy givj

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`jdt i `ofhjr `istafh acpraft of tgjsj rjhaofs. Zppjr Drifnofai af pirtanu`ir as ritgjr

 pjrapgjri` ifl it socj lastifnj droc ify `irhjr njftrj. \gj rjhaof od Call`j Drifnofai

noftiafs Furjcejrh, tgj sjnofl `irhjst naty od tgj stitj od Eivirai, wga`j tgj rjhaof od @owjr

Drifnofai as ilminjft to tgj lyfican Drifbdurt irji. Innorlafh to our ni`nu`itaofs, eotg

rjhaofs irj af tgj sjnofl gahgjst nitjhory. Ofj ciy issucj tgit ^wieai lriws socj ejfjdats

droc ats hjohripgani` n`osjfjss to Cufang ifl to Furjcejrh so tgit at ciaftiafs i call`j-

rifhj posataof.

4. \gj sjntorai` ljnocposataof af tjrcs od tgj bfow`jlhj eisj

Is fotjl jir`ajr, ofj ciaf purposj od tgas irtan`j wis to tjst two gypotgjsjs wgang jcjrhjl

droc i prjvaous stuly od tgj bfow`jlhj eisj od tgj Lutng jnofocy. \gjsj two rjsu`ts od tgj

stuly dor tgj Fjtgjr`ifls wjrj=

9.  Cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh hjfjritjs corj syfjrhy af i hjohripgani` ufat tgif gahg-

tjng jstie`asgcjfts2

5.  Bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs ljnoup`j tgj bfow`jlhj eisj droc ats hjohripgani`

`onitaof, wga`j gahg- ifl cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh rjciaf hjohripgani``y

jcejlljl.

\gj aftjrprjtitaof od tgjsj two daflafhs nou`l ej tgit tgj sjntors issucj laddjrjft ro`js af tgj

lavasaof od affovitavj `ieor. Cjlauc-tjng eusafjssjs nif ej jxpjntjl to donus of

ciaftiafafh iesorptavj nipinaty, so tgit bfow`jlhj ifl tjngfo`ohajs ljvj`opjl j`sjwgjrj

nif ej ufljrstool corj jisa`y ifl iliptjl to `oni` narnucstifnjs (Nogjf & @jvaftgi`,

9171). Droc tgj pjrspjntavj od tgj orhifazitaof od tjngfo`ohani` bfow`jlhj, gahg-tjng

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cifudinturafh ciy ej donusjl of (aftjrfi`) proluntaof watgaf tgj trifsfitaofi` norporitaof,

tibj p`inj is spaf-odds od rjsjirng afstatutaofs, ifl afvo`vj h`oei` cirbjts corj tgif `oni`

jfvarofcjfts. Droc if aflustrai` pjrspjntavj, ofj nou`l jvjf issucj tgit cjlauc-tjng

cifudinturafh dufntaofs is i sjjlejl dor gahg-tjng proluntaof.

\gj bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs nif ej jxpjntjl to ljnoup`j droc tgj hjohripgani`

`onitaof corj jisa`y tgif cifudinturafh ejniusj tgjsj sjrvanjs nif ej oddjrjl inross rjhaofi`

 eouflirajs, dor jxicp`j, ey usafh noccufanitaof cjlai or ey trivj`afh od tgj nofsu`tifts. At

as fot ufnoccof dor bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs to ej oddjrjl of tgj satj od tgj nustocjr

 ey socjofj erouhgt af droc j`sjwgjrj. Zf`abj cifudinturafh, bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs

nif ej oddjrjl tgrouhgout tgj nouftry ifl ieroil watgout fjnjssiry `afbs to `oni` proluntaof

dina`atajs `abj dintorajs. \gus, tgj hjohripgani` `onitaof nif ej ngosjf ey tgjsj darcs of

hroufls laddjrjft droc tgj `oni` nofdahuritaof af tjrcs od tgj \rap`j Gj`ax lacjfsaofs. Fotj

tgit tgas rjisofafh nif ej jxpjntjl to go`l `jss dor bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjntors wgang irj

i`so gahg-tjng, ejniusj af tgas nisj i `oni` proluntaof nocpofjft (j.h., U&L `ieoritorajs)

ciy ej fjjljl dor support.

\ie`j := \gj lastraeutaof od rjnorls ifl jstie`asgcjfts af tgj litieisj inross sjntors havjfladdjrjft sj`jntaofs usafh FINJ noljs.

5;;5 Fucejr odrjnorls

 Fucejr odjstie`asgcjfts

 Fucejr odjcp`oyjjs

 FINJ nitjhorajs

I`` sjntors 48,54: 5,991,;57 58,:14,9;;Gahg-tjngcifudinturafh

5,4;4>.1%

5>,1959.9%

44>,59;5.<%

>;, >5, >>

Cjlauc-tjngcifudinturafh

8,9589;.4%

>1,5799.1%

5,75;,<>49;.5%

5<, 51, >9, ><, >:

Bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavjsjrvanjs

98,5895:.8%

8;>,798>>.5%

1,491,4:8><.1%

49, 45, 4<, 4:, 44, 48,8;, 89, 85, 8>, 8<, 7;,7:, 15

Gahg-tjngsjrvanjs

>,;18<.4%

<:,<7:5.9%

798,>;:>.;%

4<, 85, 8>

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\ie`j : nocpirjs tgj rj`jvift fucejrs od ufats (j.h., jstie`asgcjfts) watg tgj rjspjntavj

 FINJ nitjhorajs is provaljl af \ie`j 5 ieovj. Xga`j af tgj Fjtgjr`ifls :9.>% od tgj

jstie`asgcjfts wjrj afvo`vjl af bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs, tgas pjrnjftihj as of`y >>.5%

dor Hjrcify. Fotj tgit af innorlifnj watg tgj OJNL/Jurostit n`issadanitaofs tgj gahg-tjng

sjrvanjs irj nofsaljrjl is i suen`iss od bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs, wga`j gahg- ifl

cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh irj nofsaljrjl is two sjpiritj n`issjs. \gj ritao ejtwjjf gahg-

ifl cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh jstie`asgcjfts as 5>,195/>1,579 3 ;.49 dor Hjrcify vjrsus

<,954/99,895 3 ;.>: dor tgj Fjtgjr`ifls.1 \gas nofdarcs tgit Hjrcify as rj`itavj`y corj

gahg-tjng af cifudinturafh, wga`j `jss bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj af tgj sjrvanj sjntors.

03 -8:

 -8: 03 -:7

 -:7 03 -:>

 -:> 03 ->9

 ->9 0

; 9;; 5;; bc

  03 -51

 -51 03 -59

 -59 03 -97

 -97 03 -95

 -95 0

; 9;; 5;; bc

 

Dahurj <i ifl e= Cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh hjfjritjs tgj bfow`jlhj eisj af Hjrcify.

1 Zfdortufitj`y, tgj Lutng liti lo fot i``ow us to cibj tgas nocpirasof af tjrcs od tgj fucejrs od jcp`oyjjsaf tgj laddjrjft sjntors ejniusj tgj rjspofljfts aflanitjl of`y tgj sazj nitjhorajs. Gowjvjr, corj tgif 89.7% odtgj gahg-tjng cifudinturafh darcs givj i sazj sci``jr tgif davj jcp`oyjjs, wga`j tgj dahurj as of`y 49.5% dor

cjlauc-tjng dracs. Dor Hjrcify, tgj ritao od 44>,59; jcp`oyjjs af gahg-tjng vjrsus 5,75;,<>4 af cjlauc-tjngcifudinturafh as ;.5>.

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Dahurj < sgows tgj rjsu`ts wgjf tgj ifi`ysas as `acatjl to cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh, tgit as,

ipproxacitj`y 9.1 % od tgj toti` fucejr od jstie`asgcjfts afn`uljl af tgj liti. \gj panturjs

irj vartui``y saca`ir to tgosj af Dahurj 5, wgang wjrj eisjl of 9;;% od tgj liti. Is jxpjntjl,

socj rjhaofs irj rifbjl gahgjr wgjf wj donus of tgas sj`jntaof, eut tgj pittjrf as eroil`y tgj

sicj. Af otgjr worls, tgj qui`aty od tgj rjhaofi` affovitaof systjc as corj or `jss nocp`jtj`y

ljtjrcafjl ey cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh. \gj tie`js af tgj Ippjflax sgow us tgit gahg-

tjng cifudinturafh rjlunjs tgj (fjhitavj) nofdahuritaofi` afdorcitaof corj odtjf tgif fot,

wga`j tgj jddjnts od cjlauc-tjng i`wiys cibj tgj nofdahuritaofi` afdorcitaof corj

fjhitavj. \gjrjdorj, tgj nofdahuritaof od cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh nif ej nofsaljrjl i

 ejttjr aflanitor od tgj bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy tgif tgit od gahg-tjng cifudinturafh.

\gj rj`itaof ejtwjjf gahg- ifl cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh tgus jxgaeats tgj pittjrfs tgit

wjrj prjlantjl of tgj eisas od tgj stuly dor tgj Fjtgjr`ifls. Xatg tgj jxnjptaof od

Cjnb`jfeurh-Xjstjrf [ocjrifai, tgj nofdahuritaofi` afdorcitaof hiaf as i`wiys `irhjr dor

cjlauc-tjng tgif dor gahg-tjng cifudinturafh it tgj FZ\^-9 `jvj`. It tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj`

gahg-tjng cifudinturafh provaljs i ljnrjisj od tgj nofdahuritaofi` afdorcitaof af 54 od tgj

>7 rjhaofs, wga`j cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh i`wiys afnrjisjs tgj rjluntaof od tgj

 prjvia`afh ufnjrtiafty. \gjsj jddjnts irj fot spjnadan to tgj wjstjrf or jistjrf pirts od

Hjrcify.

\gj tie`js af tgj Ippjflax durtgjr rjvji` tgit bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs givj tgj jddjnt od

cibafh tgj nofdahuritaofi` afdorcitaof `jss profoufnjl. Xatg tgj jxnjptaof od Gjssj, i``

stitjs (it tgj FZ\^-9 `jvj`) irj durtgjr noup`jl hjohripgani``y wgjf droc tgj bfow`jlhj-

aftjfsavj sjrvanjs of`y tgj gahg-tjng ofjs irj sj`jntjl. Dor Cjnb`jfeurh-Xjstjrf [ocjrifai

5>

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ifl ^ixofy-Ifgi`t (eotg pirts od tgj dorcjr HLU) tgjsj noup`afhs jvjf ejnocj i

noftraeutaof to tgj nofdahuritaofi` afdorcitaof. It tgj FZ\^-5 `jvj`, sung i noftraeutaof od

gahg-tjng sjrvanjs as i`so doufl af njrtiaf Xjst-Hjrcif rjhaofs (j.h., Boe`jfz), eut tgas

jddjnt as corj profoufnjl af Jist-Hjrcif rjhaofs `abj Cihljeurh.

\ie`j 4= Tiraifnjs af tgj \ inross bfow`jlhj-eisjl sjntors od tgj jnofocy it tgj FZ\^-9ifl FZ\^-5 `jvj`s

FZ\^-9 FZ\^-5

 I`` sjntors <:7.588 7>.84>

bfow`jlhj aftjfsavj sjrvanjs 5:4.984 :8.45<

gahg-tjng sjrvanjs >:8.>41 8:.;;8

cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh 99>>.1:1 949.99;gahg-tjng cifudinturafh 8<<.>1; 19.717

gahg & cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh 9;:7.;;7 9;4.995

Fucejr od rjhaofs 9> >7

\ie`j 4 jxprjssjs tgjsj nofn`usaofs af quiftatitavj tjrcs ey usafh tgj rjspjntavj viraifnjs is

i cjisurj od tgj syfjrhjtan jddjnts. \gj viraifnjs n`jir`y sgow tgit tgj `jvj`s od rjhaofi`

laddjrjfnj irj nofsaljrie`y sci``jr dor gahg-tjng cifudinturafh tgif dor cjlauc-tjng

cifudinturafh, eut is wj givj sjjf ieovj eotg givj i strunturafh jddjnt of tgj jnofocy. \gj

bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs lo fot noftraeutj to strunturafh tgj bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy

laddjrjftai``y icofh rjhaofs, eut tgas as `jss tgj nisj it tgj gahg-tjng jfl od tgjsj sjrvanjs. Is

fotjl, tgas `ittjr jddjnt as jfgifnjl af `jss-ljvj`opjl rjhaofs `abj Jistjrf Hjrcify.

8. Nofn`usaofs

Our ifi`ysjs aflanitj tgit tgj djljri` strunturj od Hjrcify cibjs tgj stitjs ( @ìfljr )

 proeie`y i corj acportift ufat od ifi`ysas af stulyafh tgj bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy tgif

tgj Djljri` Ujpue`an is i wgo`j. Zsafh tgj cutui` afdorcitaof af tgrjj lacjfsaofs is if

aflanitor, wj wjrj ie`j to rjprolunj tgj dorcjr lavasaof od tgj nouftry ejtwjjf Jist ifl

5<

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Xjst it tgj FZ\^-9 `jvj` od tgj stitjs, eut it tgj `owjr (FZ\^-5) `jvj` od rjhaofs

( Ujhajrufhsejzarbj) tgj panturj gis af tgj cjiftacj ejnocj corj nocp`jx. Xj aflanitjl

sjvjri` lyficans tgit irj laddjrjft dor Jist ifl Xjst“dor jxicp`j, tgj dufntaof od gahg-tjng

bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs sjjcs to dufntaof corj `oni``y af tgj Jistjrf pirt od

Hjrcify“eut wj i`so fotj i durtgjr cjrhafh od tgj two pirts od tgj nouftry af tjrcs od at‑s

bfow`jlhj-eisjl lyficans. Ofj sgou`l bjjp af cafl tgit h`oei`azitaof ifl tgj jcjrhjfnj

od i bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy atsj`d wjrj pirt`y jddjnts is wj`` is niusj od tgj ljcasj od tgj

^ovajt Zfaof ifl tgj suesjqujft aftjhritaof od Hjrcify (@jyljslordd, 5;;;).

\gj Fjtgjr`ifls gis ejjf i fitaof stitj safnj tgj tacj od Fipo`jof. Fjvjrtgj`jss, wj doufl

is cung viraitaof af tgj Fjtgjr`ifls is af Hjrcify af tjrcs od tgj cutui` afdorcitaof

icofh tjngfo`ohy aflanitors, eusafjss aflanitors, ifl hjohripgani` ̀ onitaofs. Ofj tjngfani`

rjisof dor tgas as, pjrgips, tgit tgj liti dor tgj Fjtgjr`ifls wjrj dafjr-hriafjl tgif dor

Hjrcify. Droc tgj pjrspjntavj od jvo`utaofiry tgjory, gowjvjr, if jcjrhafh djjleinb

opjritafh is if illataofi` sj`jntaof cjngifasc nif ej jxpjntjl to prolunj i sbjwjl

lastraeutaof af tgj ufljr`yafh viraitaof. \gus, ofj nif jxpjnt tgit socj rjhaofs wa`` tjfl to

 ejnocj corj bfow`jlhj-eisjl af tgjar jnofocy tgif otgjrs ljspatj jddorts ey fitaofi` ifl

rjhaofi` hovjrfcjfts to rjlastraeutj rjsournjs proportaofitj`y (Lifj`` & [jrssof, 5;;>). Af

if afnrjisafh`y h`oei`azjl jfvarofcjft, cjngifascs otgjr tgif po`atani` noftro` tgus ejnocj

corj acportift tgif trilataofi` po`anajs (Eitgj`t, 5;;>2 Noobj & @jyljslordd, 5;;:). \gj

fof-jqua`aerauc lyficans od tgj bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy nif ej jxpjntjl to nouftjrint

tgj jqua`aerauc-sjjbafh cjngifascs od tgj cirbjt ifl tgj quisa-jqua`aerauc od rjlastraeutaof

 ey afstatutaofi` po`anajs (Ioba, 5;;9).

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Xj givj irhujl tgit tgj lyficans od tjngfo`ohani` affovitaof nif ej jxpjntjl to ill i tgarl

sue-lyficans to tgj po`atani` lyficans od afstatutaofi`azitaof ifl rjhu`itaof, ifl tgj

jqua`aeritafh dornjs od tgj cirbjt (@jyljslordd & Cjyjr, 5;;>). \gas aftjrintaof icofh tgrjj

sue-lyficans nif ej nipturjl ey usafh tgj jvo`utaofiry vjrsaof od tgj \rap`j Gj`ax colj`

ifl nif tgjf ej cjisurjl usafh tgj cutui` afdorcitaof icofh tgjsj sue-lyficans. \gj

cutui` afdorcitaof af tgrjj lacjfsaofs nif i`so ej nofsaljrjl is nofdahuritaofi` afdorcitaof

(CnHa``, 91:<2 Mibu`af & Eritbo, 5;;<). Af otgjr worls, wj suhhjst cjisurafh tgj

bfow`jlhj eisj od if jnofocy is i `oni` nofdahuritaof af wgang tgj ufnjrtiafty nif ej

rjlunjl ejniusj od i dat it tgj systjcs `jvj`.

\gj rjsu`ts od our cjisurjcjfts usafh tgas aflanitor nofdarcjl tgj gypotgjsas tgit tgj qui`aty

od i rjhaofi` affovitaof systjc as ljtjrcafjl i`cost jftarj`y ey cjlauc- ifl gahg-tjng

cifudinturafh. Afljjl, tgj noftraeutaof od cjlauc-tjng cifudinturafh to tgj nofdahuritaof

nif ej usjl is i prjlantor od tgj propjrtajs od tgj affovitaof systjc af i havjf rjhaof. Gahg-

tjng cifudinturafh ills to tgj pittjrf, eut tgj sazj od gahg-tjng cifudinturafh as sci`` ifl

tgj rj`itavj jddjnt as i`so sci``. Ejniusj gahg-tjng aflustry as so tgaf`y sprjil inross tgj

nouftry, ats lastraeutaof ciy ej corj profoufnjl tgif dor `irhjr sjntors.

Bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs sjjc to ej `irhj`y ljnoup`jl droc tgj nofdahuritaof watgaf i

rjhaofi` or `oni` jnofocy. \gjy noftraeutj fjhitavj`y to tgj bfow`jlhj-eisjl nofdahuritaof

 ejniusj od tgj afgjrjft nipinaty od tgj sjrvanj provaljrs to lj`avjr tgjsj sjrvanjs outsalj tgj

rjhaof. \gus, i `oni`aty nif ej ngosjf of tgj eisas od nofsaljritaofs otgjr tgif tgosj rj`jvift

dor tgj hjfjritaof od i bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy af tgj rjhaof. Dor jxicp`j, tgj proxacaty

od i wj``-noffjntjl iarport (or triaf stitaof) ciy ej i cimor dintor af tgj ngoanj od i `onitaof.

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\gas nofn`usaof od tgj h`oei`azafh jddjnt od bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs go`ls truj dor i``

rjhaofs eotg af tgj Fjtgjr`ifls ifl af Hjrcify. Gowjvjr, tgj gahg-tjng nocpofjft od tgj

bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs socjtacjs jxgaeats i noup`afh watg tgj rjhaofi` jnofocy. \gas

jddjnt as pirtanu`ir`y strofh af socj od tgj dorcjr`y Jist-Hjrcif rjhaofs (j.h., Ljssiu,

Cihljeurh, Cjnb`jfeurh, ifl Xjstjrf [ocjrifai). Havjf tgj prjvia`afh pittjrf af corj

ljvj`opjl pirts od tgj jnofocy, tgas jddjnt ciy lasippjir af tgj `ofhjr ruf ejniusj at ciy ej

spjnadan to tgj ljvj`opcjfti` stihj od tgj jnofocy af tgjsj pirts od Jistjrf Hjrcify.

Af succiry, `jt us rjpjit tgj po`any acp`anitaofs od tgas stuly= Af cify nouftrajs affovitaof

 po`anajs givj donusjl of tgj gahg-tjng sjntor. Innorlafh to our daflafhs, cjlauc-tjng

aflustry as it `jist is acportift dor tgj `oni` qui`aty od tgj bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy. \gas

suhhjsts tgit i strofh donus of gahg-tjng as fot mustadajl ifl tgit ljvj`opcjft po`anajs sgou`l

i`so innouft dor otgjr sjntors, pirtanu`ir`y tgj cjlauc-tjng aflustrajs. Afsodir is ofj ittrints

bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs, gowjvjr, tgjsj sjrvanjs sgou`l ej stacu`itjl it tgj gahg-tjng

jfl. Zf`abj bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs, gahg-tjng sjrvanjs sjjc to givj rjafdornafh jddjnts

of tgj nofdahuritaofi` afdorcitaof.

Bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanjs nif ej acportift dor hjfjritafh jcp`oycjft, eut ofj niffot

jxpjnt tgjsj sjntors to noftraeutj sahfadanift`y to tgj bfow`jlhj eisj od i rjhaofi` jnofocy.

Af illataof to provalafh potjftai``y gahg-qui`aty jcp`oycjft, bfow`jlhj-aftjfsavj sjrvanj

 provaljrs tgit opjritj it if aftjr-rjhaofi` `jvj` ciy ej if acportift cjlauc dor bfow`jlhj

spa``ovjrs inross rjhaofs. Xgjf affovitaof po`anajs irj ljvj`opjl it tgj rjhaofi` `jvj`,

cjisurjs nif corj jisa`y rjd`jnt tgj spjnadan nofdahuritaofs od aflustrai` strunturj ifl

bfow`jlhj afdristrunturj af i rjhaof (Dratsng & ^tjpgif, 5;;:). \gj syfjrhjtan jddjnts od i

bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy viry icofh eotg rjhaofs ifl sjntors.

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Inbfow`jlhjcjft

\gj iutgors irj hritjdu` to [icj`i Cuj``jr ifl Iftmj Xjyg dor tgjar support af prjpirafh tgj

liti dor tgas stuly.

Ujdjrjfnjs=

Iejrfitgy, X. M., N`irb, B. E., 917:. Affovitaof= Cippafh tgj wafls od nrjitavj ljstruntaof.

Ujsjirng [o`any 9<, >-55.

Iericsof, F. 914>. Afdorcitaof \gjory ifl Nolafh. CnHriw-Ga``, Fjw Qorb.

Ioba, C. 5;;9. \owirls i Nocpiritavj Afstatutaofi` Ifi`ysas. CA\ [rjss, Niceralhj, CI.

Eitgj`t, G. 5;;>. Hrowtg rjhacjs af spitai` pjrspjntavj 9= Affovitaof, afstatutaofs ifl sonai`

systjcs. [rohrjss af Gucif Hjohripgy 58(4), 871-7;<.

Ejnnitafa, H., Ej``ifla, C., Ottita, H. lja, ^dorza, D. 5;;>. Droc Aflustrai` Lastrants to @oni`

Ljvj`opcjft= If Atafjriry od Ujsjirng. Jlwirl J`hir, Ngj`tjfgic, ZB/

 Forggicptof, CI.

Eahhajro, @. 9117. Ati`aif aflustrai` lastrants= I \rap`j Gj`ax pittjrf od proe`jc so`vafh.

Aflustry ifl Gahgjr Jluntitaof 95(<), 558-5><.

E`iu, [. C., ^ngojfgjrr, U. 9189. \gj ^trunturj od Orhifazitaofs. Eisan Eoobs, Fjw Qorb.

Eurt, U. ^. 911:. ^trunturi` Go`js= \gj ^onai` ^trunturj od Nocpjtataof. Girvirl Zfavjrsaty

[rjss, Niceralhj, CI.

Nirtjr, I. [. 9114. Cjisurafh tgj pjrdorcifnj od i bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy, af= Doriy,

L., @uflvi``, E-Ê. (Jls.), Jcp`oycjft ifl Hrowtg af tgj Bfow`jlhj-Eisjl

Jnofocy. OJNL, [iras, pp. 49-47.

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Nogjf, X. C., @jvaftgi`, L. I. 9171. Affovitaof ifl `jirfafh= \gj two dinjs od U&L, \gj

Jnofocan Mourfi` 11, :41-:14.

Noobj, [., @jyljslordd, @. 5;;:. Ujhaofi` ljvj`opcjft af tgj bfow`jlhj-eisjl jnofocy=

tgj nofstruntaof od ilviftihjs. Mourfi` od \jngfo`ohy \rifsdjr >9(9), :-9:.

Lifj``, U., [jrssof, O. 5;;>. Ujhaofi` U&L intavatajs ifl aftjrintaof af tgj ^wjlasg \rap`j

Gj`ax. ^najftocjtrans :7(5), 5;:-597.

Lival, [. I., Doriy, L. 5;;5. If aftroluntaof to tgj jnofocy od tgj bfow`jlhj sonajty.

Aftjrfitaofi` ^onai` ^najfnj Mourfi` :< (989), 1-5>.

Jtzbowatz, G., @jyljslordd, @. 5;;;. \gj lyficans od affovitaof= droc fitaofi` systjcs ifl

‗colj 5‑ to i \rap`j Gj`ax od ufavjrsaty-aflustry-hovjrfcjft rj`itaofs. Ujsjirng

[o`any 51(5), 9;1-95>.

Jtzbowatz, G., Xjestjr, I., Hjegirlt, N. \jrri, E. U. N.. 5;;;. \gj duturj od tgj ufavjrsaty

ifl tgj ufavjrsaty od tgj duturj= Jvo`utaof od avory towjr to jftrjprjfjurai` pirilahc.

Ujsjirng [o`any 51(5), >9>->>;.

Jurostit. 5;;>. Ujhu`itaof (JN) Fo 9;:1/5;;> od tgj Juropjif [ir`aicjft ifl od tgj

Noufna` od 54 Ciy 5;;> of tgj jstie`asgcjft od i noccof n`issadanitaof od tjrratorai`

ufats dor stitastans (FZ\^). Oddanai` Mourfi` od tgj Juropjif Zfaof, @ 9:<,

59/;4/5;;>2 it gttp=//juropi.ju.aft/jur-

`jx/pra/jf/om/lit/5;;>/`_9:</`_9:<5;;>;459jf;;;9;;<9.pld  .

Djljri` Oddanj dor Eua`lafh ifl Ujhaofi` [`iffafh (Eufljsict dðr Eiuwjsjf ufl

Uiucorlfufh). 5;;5. Ibtuj``j Litjf zur Jftwanb`ufh ljr ^tìltj, Brjasj ufl

Hjcjafljf, Iushiej 5;;5, Ejrangtj, Eifl 9<. Djljri` Oddanj dor Eua`lafh ifl

Ujhaofi` [`iffafh, Eoff.

Doriy, L. 5;;<. \gj Jnofocans od Bfow`jlhj. CA\ [rjss, Niceralhj, CI/ @oflof.

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Drjjcif, N., [jrjz, N. 9177. ^trunturi` nrasjs od ilmustcjft, eusafjss nyn`js ifl afvjstcjft

 ejgivaour, af= Losa, H., Drjjcif, N., Fj`sof, U., ^a`vjrejrh, H., ^ojtj, @. (Jls.),

\jngfani` Ngifhj ifl Jnofocan \gjory. [aftjr, @oflof, pp. >7-44.

Dratsng, C. 5;;<. U&L-noopjritaof ifl tgj jddanajfny od rjhaofi` affovitaof intavatajs,

Niceralhj Mourfi` od Jnofocans 57 (5;;<), 751-7<4.

Dratsng, C., Eraxy, Z. 5;;<. \gj jstie`asgcjft da`j od tgj hjrcif sonai` afsurifnj stitastans,

^ngco``jrs Migreung / Mourfi` od Ipp`ajl ^onai` ^najfnj ^tulajs 95<, 97>-91;.

Dratsng, C., ^`ivtngjv, T. 5;;4. Cjisurafh tgj Jddanajfny od Ujhaofi` Affovitaof systjcs „

If Jcparani` Issjsscjft. Xorbafh [ipjr ;7/5;;4, Dinu`ty od Jnofocans ifl

Eusafjss Ilcafastritaof, \jngfani` Zfavjrsaty Ejrhibiljcaj Drjaejrh.

Dratsng, C., I. ^tjpgif, I. 5;;:. Ujhaofi`azitaof od affovitaof po`any „ Aftroluntaof to tgj

spjnai` assuj, Ujsjirng [o`any ><(7), 995>-9958.

Dratsng, C., Xjrbjr, N. 9111 ^ystjcs od affovitaof af trifsataof, af= Dratsng, C., Erjzafsba,

G. (Jls.), Affovitaof ifl \jngfo`ohani` Ngifhj af Jistjrf Juropj „ [itgwiys to

Aflustrai` Ujnovjry. Jlwirl J`hir, Ngj`tjfgic, pp. :-55.

Mibu`af, I., Eritbo, A. 5;;<. Yuiftadyafh ifl vasui`azafh ittraeutj aftjrintaofs= if ipproing

 eisjl of jftropy, ivia`ie`j it gttp=//irxav.orh/ies/ns.IA/;>;7;;5

Briuss, H., Xo`dd, G.-H. 5;;5. \jngfo`ohani` strjfhtgs af citurj sjntors--if acpjlacjft od

if issjt od rjhaofi` jnofocan rjstrunturafh? tgj nisj od cu`tacjlai ifl eaotjngfo`ohy

af eiljf-wðrttjcejrh. Mourfi` od \jngfo`ohy \rifsdjr 58(9), >1-:;.

@iidai, A. 5;;5. Jcp`oycjft af gahg tjng ifl bfow`jlhj aftjfsavj sjntors af tgj ju

noftafujl to hrow af 5;;9. ^titastans af Donus= ^najfnj ifl \jngfo`ohy, \gjcj, 1(<),

ivia`ie`j it gttp=//juropi.ju.aft/nocc/jurostit/[ue`an/litisgop/praft-

 prolunt/JF?niti`ohuj3Jurostit&prolunt3B^-F^-;5-;;<-__-F-

JF&colj3lowf`oil .

>;

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@jyljslordd, @. 911:. \gj Ngi``jfhj od ̂ najftocjtrans= \gj Ljvj`opcjft, Cjisurjcjft,

ifl ^j`d-Orhifazitaof od ^najftadan Noccufanitaofs. L^XO [rjss/@jaljf Zfavjrsaty

[rjss, @jaljf2 ivia`ie`j it gttp=//www.upue`asg.noc/eoobs/`jyljslordd-sna.gtc.

@jyljslordd, @. 5;;;. As tgj Juropjif Zfaof ejnocafh i safh`j pue`anitaof systjc?

^najftocjtrans <8(5), 54:-57;.

@jyljslordd, @. 5;;>. \gj cutui` afdorcitaof od ufavjrsaty-aflustry-hovjrfcjft rj`itaofs=

if aflanitor od tgj \rap`j Gj`ax lyficans. ^najftocjtrans :7(5), <<:-<48.

@jyljslordd, @., Lo`dsci, X., Tif ljr [iffj, H. 5;;4. Cjisurafh tgj bfow`jlhj eisj od if

jnofocy af tjrcs od \rap`j Gj`ax rj`itaofs icofh ‗tjngfo`ohy, orhifazitaof, ifl

tjrratory,‑ Ujsjirng [o`any >:(5), 979-911.

@jyljslordd, @., Cjyjr, C. 5;;>. \gj \rap`j Gj`ax od ufavjrsaty-aflustry-hovjrfcjft

rj`itaofs= Aftroluntaof to tgj topani` assuj. ^najftocjtrans :7(5), 919-5;>

CnHa``, X. M. 91:<. Cu`taviraitj afdorcitaof trifscassaof. [syngocjtrabi 91(5), 18-994.

 Fj`sof, U. U. (Jl.). 9175. Hovjrfcjft ifl \jngfani` [rohrjss= I Nross-Aflustry Ifi`ysas.

[jrhicof, Fjw Qorb.

 Fj`sof, U. U. (Jl.). 911>. Fitaofi` Affovitaof ^ystjcs= I Nocpiritavj Ifi`ysas. Oxdorl

Zfavjrsaty [rjss, Fjw Qorb.

 Fj`sof, U. U., Xaftjr, ^. H. 9175. If Jvo`utaofiry \gjory od Jnofocan Ngifhj. Ej`bfip

[rjss od Girvirl Zfavjrsaty [rjss, Niceralhj, CI.

OJNL, 5;;9. ̂ najfnj, \jngfo`ohy ifl Aflustry ̂ norjeoirl= \owirls i Bfow`jlhj-eisjl

Jnofocy. OJNL, [iras.

[ivatt, B. 917<. ^jntori` pittjrfs od tjngfani` ngifhj= \owirls i tgjory ifl i tixofocy.

Ujsjirng [o`any 9>, ><>->8>.

[owj``, X. X., LaCihhao, [. M. (Jls.). 9119. \gj Fjw Afstatutaofi`asc af Orhifazitaofi`

Ifi`ysas. Nganiho= Zfavjrsaty od Nganiho [rjss.

>9

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  >5

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