Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion
-
Upload
centre-for-advanced-management-education -
Category
Education
-
view
100 -
download
0
Transcript of Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion
![Page 1: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Measuring Recombinatorial Innovation and its Diffusion: Patent Citation Distance Measures of Knowledge
Translation, Integration, Diffusion and Scope
Ryan Whalen, Dalhousie UniversityNoshir Contractor, Northwestern University
This research was supported by grant W911NF-14-1-0686 from the U.S. Army Research Office. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this
presentation are those of the authors, and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision, unless so designated by
other documents
![Page 2: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
• Understanding & measuring innovation is hard• Citation analyses lack important context• Semantic distance can help enrich these
measures• Applying these measures shows recent
changes in the way knowledge is recombined and the way ideas diffuse
![Page 3: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Combinatorial Innovation• The generation of new ideas and inventions
relies on combining preexisting ideas.
![Page 4: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Understanding Innovation & Measuring Impact
• Understanding patterns of idea recombination is difficult
• Likewise, impact measures are coarse• Citation counting is inexact• Metadata not ideal
![Page 5: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Semantic Distance
• Citation measures can be weighted by accounting for content
• Proximate and Distant citations are qualitatively different
![Page 6: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Data
• Granted utility patents from 1976-2014• ~5,000,000 patents• ~52,000,000 citations• 500 dimension LSA• Cosine distance
![Page 7: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Four ways to conceptualize semantic citation distance
Citing
Citing
CitedCiting
Cited
Cited
Backward Citations
Forward Citations
Forward v. Backward
![Page 8: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Four ways to conceptualize citation semantic distance
Backward Citations Forward CitationsCiting/Cited Knowledge translation
Co-Cited or Co-Citing distance
Citing
Citing
CitedCiting
Cited
Cited
Backward Citations Forward Citations
![Page 9: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Four ways to conceptualize citation semantic distance
Backward Citations Forward CitationsCiting/Cited Knowledge translation
Co-Cited or Co-Citing distance Knowledge integration
Citing
Citing
CitedCiting
Cited
Cited
Backward Citations Forward Citations
![Page 10: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Four ways to conceptualize citation semantic distance
Backward Citations Forward CitationsCiting/Cited Knowledge translation Knowledge diffusion
Co-Cited or Co-Citing distance Knowledge integration
Citing
Citing
CitedCiting
Cited
Cited
Backward Citations Forward Citations
![Page 11: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Four ways to conceptualize citation semantic distance
Backward Citations Forward CitationsCiting/Cited Knowledge translation Knowledge diffusion
Co-Cited or Co-Citing distance Knowledge integration Knowledge scope
Citing
Citing
CitedCiting
Cited
Cited
Backward Citations Forward Citations
![Page 12: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Backward Citing/Cited Distance
• Measures the distance between a patent and all of the patents it cites
• Suggests distance from which inventors draw knowledge Citing
Cited
Cited
Backward Citations Forward Citations
Citing/Cited Knowledge translation Knowledge diffusion
Cited/Cited or Citing/Citing distance
Knowledge integration Knowledge scope
Measures the distance between a document and all of those that it
cites
![Page 13: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Knowledge Translation
![Page 14: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Knowledge Translation
![Page 15: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Backward Co-Cited Distance
• Measures the distance between all of the patents cited by the focal patent
• Demonstrates the diversity of knowledge drawn upon Citing
Cited
Cited
Backward Citations Forward Citations
Citing/Cited Knowledge translation Knowledge diffusion
Cited/Cited or Citing/Citing distance
Knowledge integration Knowledge scope
Measures the pairwise distance between cited
documents
![Page 16: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Knowledge Integration
![Page 17: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Forward Citing/Cited Distance
• Measures the distance between a patent and all of the patents that go on to cite it
• Suggests the degree to which a patent’s knowledge diffuses to distant disciplines
Backward Citations Forward Citations
Citing/Cited Knowledge translation Knowledge diffusion
Cited/Cited or Citing/Citing distance
Knowledge integration Knowledge scope
Measures the distance between a document and all of those cite it
Citing
Citing
Cited
![Page 18: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Knowledge Diffusion
![Page 19: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Knowledge Diffusion
![Page 20: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Forward Co-Citing Distance
• Measures the distance between a patent and all of the patents it cites
• Suggests the degree to which a patent has knowledge that is useful to diverse disciplines
Backward Citations Forward Citations
Citing/Cited Knowledge translation Knowledge diffusion
Cited/Cited or Citing/Citing distance
Knowledge integration Knowledge scope
Measures the distance between the
documents that cite a document
Citing
Citing
Cited
![Page 21: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Knowledge Scope
![Page 22: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Discussion
• Understanding backwards citation distance• Utilizing forward citation distance• Understanding change over time• Related work:
– Backwards citation patterns + impact– Backwards citation patterns + teams + impact
![Page 23: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Thanks
This research was supported by grant W911NF-14-1-0686 from the Army Research Office. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this
presentation are those of the authors, and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision, unless so designated by
other documents
![Page 24: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Extra slides
![Page 25: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
General Similarity
![Page 26: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Citation Similarity
![Page 27: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Co-citing Similarity
![Page 28: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Co-cited Similarity
![Page 29: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Changes in baseline similarity
![Page 30: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Scientific Article Citations Distance by Year
![Page 31: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Scientific Article Citations Distance by Year
![Page 32: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Measuring co-citing/co-citing similarity
First, find all cited or citing references
![Page 33: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Calculate the distances Between them
Measuring co-citing/co-citing similarity
![Page 34: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
0.2
0.8
0.60.5
0.7
0.8
0.20.3 0.9
Calculate the distances Between them
Measuring co-citing/co-citing similarity
![Page 35: Measuring recombinatorial innovation and its diffusion](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/58ab54941a28abd11d8b4dbf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
0.2
0.60.4
0.2
Measuring co-citing/co-cited similarity
Find the minimum spanning tree