Measuring & Quantifying CH4 from MSW...
Transcript of Measuring & Quantifying CH4 from MSW...
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Measuring & Quantifying CH4 from MSW Landfills
Prepared for the National Academy of Sciences
June 1, 2017
Bryan Staley, PhD, PE President & CEO
[email protected] www.erefdn.org
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EREF History & Mission
• Mission: To fund and direct scientific research &
educational initiatives for sustainable waste
management practices to benefit the solid waste
field and the communities it serves.
• 501(c)3 charity began in 1992
• Non-lobbying, non-advocacy organization
• Not a membership organization
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MSW Management in the U.S.
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MSW Managed in the U.S.
Tonnages
• Methodology used a facility-based, bottom up
approach
• 347 million tons MSW managed (2013)
– 6.8 lbs/person-day
• Majority is landfilled
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EREF & US EPA
Difference by End Point
• Difference for landfill tonnage also observed by: – Biocycle State of Garbage reports: state-provided statistics
– Powell et. al. (2015): facility data from GHG reporting tool
• This is not all the tonnage that goes to MSW landfills – More tonnage (non-MSW) also goes to MSW landfills (~1/3 more)
Type of Facility EREF Estimate
(million tons)1
EPA Estimate
(million tons)
Percent
Difference
Landfills 222.0 134.3 65 %
Recycling 73.0 64.7 13 %
Waste-to-
Energy
30.7 32.6 5 %
Composting 21.3 22.4 5 %
TOTAL 347.0 254.1 37 %
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MSW Organics
Tonnage
Facility Type Million Tons MSW Organics Managed
%
Landfills 133.6 79.0
Composting 21.3 12.6
Waste-to-Energy 11.0 6.5
Mulching 2.5 1.5
Anaerobic Digestion 0.8 0.5
Tons MSW Organics Managed 169.2 100
• Mulching tonnage based EPA estimates
• Re-use/On-site management tonnage is unknown
• Total MSW Managed = 347 million tons
• Organic fraction = 48.8%
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Organics in Landfilled MSW
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Organics Composition
• MSW organics managed (2013): 169.2 million tons
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Food Waste in Landfilled MSW
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Landfill Gas Emissions
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Research Focus Areas
• Emissions quantification done via: • Modeling • Direct measurement on the landfill
• Modeling • Use of guideline values
• Estimating Degradable Organic Carbon • Decay rates (k value) [research not described here]
• Methane Oxidation through Soil Covers
• Direct Measurement • Best measurement technique • Accurate data under varying field conditions
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Modeling Landfill Gas Emissions
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GHG Inventory Models
• Based on Simplified Mass Balance:
Source: University of Illinois-Chicago
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Recovered Methane
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Recovered CH4
(based on tonnage)
~84% of
tonnage
goes to LFs
that flare or
beneficially
use
generated
methane
Roughly 80
million more
tons goes to
private vs
public LFs
77%
89%
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Methane Generation
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• Landfill Gas (LFG) generation is estimated, in part, using the Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) content of the waste materials entering LF.
– Input to the First-Order Decay (FOD) model
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides recommended values and methodologies
• USEPA uses FOD calculations for 2 key efforts: 1) Facility GHG Reporting Program (Subpart HH) 2) U.S. Inventory of Sources and Sinks (to IPCC)
Importance of Degradable Organic
Carbon in Estimating Emissions
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Remaining Carbon
Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW)
Non-MSW in 45 states
DOCf
A fixed amount enters the landfill but it is based on waste composition
Biogas from DOC, beneficially used or as emissions
Only a fraction of DOC degrades, the remainder is sequestered
Degradable Organics Carbon and
the Impact on Emissions Estimates
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Estimating DOC:
EPA Guidelines and Project Goals
1. EPA default value DOC = 0.31 for MSW-only waste • Is this representative of MSWLFs accepting only MSW (DOCMSW)?
• Assess using waste composition data from 16 studies, conducted in 13 states (2001 – 2015)
2. EPA default value DOC = 0.2 for MSW LFs (bulk method) • Is this representative of MSWLFs accepting other Subtitle D wastes
(DOCSubD)?
• Assess using 2013 reporting data from MSWLFs in 14 states
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Estimating LFG:
EPA vs. State Studies
Calculated DOC values are lower than respective EPA guidelines for both waste streams; especially MSW-only waste streams.
In 2014, 919 MSWLFs used 0.31 or 0.20 when completing the mandatory GHG reporting (Subpart HH)
EPA – 𝑥 = 0.13
EPA – 𝑥 = 0.05
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Methane Oxidation
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CH4 Oxidation Across Multiple Sites
% Oxidation with diffusion correction surface CH4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Arid
Mediterranean
Humid cont cool
Humid cont warm
Humid Sub trop
EPA Oxidation Guideline
28-43% (mean)
21-40% (median)
Suggested value = 30%
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CH4 Oxidation:
Validation from UIC Project
California monthly landfill CH4 oxidation (372 sites)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
% o
xid
atio
n
Month
30 cm IC
45 cm IC
50 cm IC
EPA Guideline
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Direct Measurement of Emissions
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Direct Emissions Measurement:
Methods Evaluation
• Study re-defined EPAs perspective on measuring fugitive emissions
• Help industry improve gas collection efficiency, reduce emissions, refine carbon footprint estimates
Emissions Measurement Method
EPA’s OTM-10
Method
Tracer Correlation Technique most accurate
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Quantifiable Results for Whole Landfill
Emissions Using Tracer Correlation Technique
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Measured CH4 Emissions from New Waste Cell
Southeastern US Landfill
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Comparison of Direct Measure vs. GHG Reporting Southeastern US Landfill
• 1st order decay model
HH-1
= 1,954 metric tons CH4/yr
HH-5
= 1,759 metric tons CH4/yr or 3,346 g CH4/min
Measured values for 2012 ranged from 460 – 941 g CH4/min
Comparison to Mandatory GHG Reporting Calculations (2012)
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• Organics diversion trends will likely significantly impact emissions from landfills over the next 1-2 decades
• Data Inventories (developed/in progress) – Landfilled Tonnage – Waste Composition – Landfill gas collected/beneficial use
• Research Funded (completed/underway) – Methane oxidation – Improving models – Direct measurements of emissions
Summary
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EREF Funded Landfill Emissions Research
• Development and Application of a Tracer Gas Correlation (FSU)
• Assessing Accuracy of Tracer Dilution Measurements of Methane Emissions from Landfills with Wind Modeling (U. Delaware)
• Assessing Accuracy of Tracer Dilution Measurements of Methane Emissions from Landfills with Wind Modeling (U. Delaware)
• Constraining the Effects of Secondary Porosity on CH4 Oxidation (FSU)
• Joint Air Emissions Testing Development (SCS Engineers)
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• International Field Validation of a New IPCC Tier IV Inventory Model for Landfill Methane (CH4) Emissions (U. Illinois-Chicago)
• Modernizing Models and Data on Methane Production from Landfills (NC State)
• Quantifying Capture Efficiency of Gas Collection Systems with Gas Tracers (U. Delaware)
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management (URS)
• Landfill Gas Management: A Roadmap for EREF Directed Research (NC Stae/U. Central Florida)
EREF Funded Landfill Emissions Research
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• Updating EPA's Landfill Gas Emission Factors (EPA)
• Field Test Measurements at Five MSW Landfills with Landfill Gas (EPA)
• Moisture Consumption During Gas Production in Landfills: Implications to Permitting ET Caps (Mich. State/NC State)
• Evaluation of a Biologically Active Cover for Mitigation of Landfill Gas Emissions (SCS)
• Field-Scale Assessment of Evapotranspirative Methane Oxidation (ETMO) Caps for Sustainable Management of MSW Landfills in Sub-Humid Climates (Mich. State)
• Methane Oxidation: Field-Scale Test Sections Experiment (FSU)
EREF Funded Landfill Emissions Research
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• Impact of organics diversion
• Minimizing estimates via ‘guideline’ values and instead using site specific values
• Use of tech to advance inventories/measurements – Drones to measure emissions
Future Considerations
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Questions?
Contact Info
Bryan Staley, PhD, PE
www.erefdn.org