Measuring Quality of Life with GIS: Moving Beyond Part I Crime by Rebecca A. Colwell University of...
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Transcript of Measuring Quality of Life with GIS: Moving Beyond Part I Crime by Rebecca A. Colwell University of...
Measuring Quality of Life with GIS: Measuring Quality of Life with GIS: Moving Beyond Part I CrimeMoving Beyond Part I Crime
by by
Rebecca A. ColwellRebecca A. Colwell
University of MinnesotaUniversity of Minnesota
What you are going to see today…What you are going to see today…
Why police departments assess quality of lifeWhy police departments assess quality of life How these assessments are commonlyHow these assessments are commonly
Why there is need for alternative approachesWhy there is need for alternative approaches The role of GISThe role of GIS A Quality of Life IndexA Quality of Life Index Case Study: Lincoln, NebraskaCase Study: Lincoln, Nebraska
determined from crime datadetermined from crime data
Why do Law Enforcement Agencies Why do Law Enforcement Agencies need to Determine Quality of Life?need to Determine Quality of Life?
FBI - Unified Crime ReportsFBI - Unified Crime Reports
Deployment of police resourcesDeployment of police resources
Grant allocation Grant allocation
Public awarenessPublic awareness
What socio-economic factors What socio-economic factors determine Quality of Life?determine Quality of Life?
Cleanliness (i.e. litter, Cleanliness (i.e. litter, street sweeping) street sweeping)
Community ParticipationCommunity Participation Crime ratesCrime rates Culture and RecreationCulture and Recreation EconomyEconomy EducationEducation Family and YouthFamily and Youth HealthHealth HousingHousing
InfrastructureInfrastructure Natural/Physical/Social Natural/Physical/Social
EnvironmentEnvironment Pedestrian FriendlinessPedestrian Friendliness PopulationPopulation Resource ConsumptionResource Consumption Responsive GovernmentResponsive Government SafetySafety TransportationTransportation
Determining Quality of Life from Determining Quality of Life from Law Enforcement Data…Law Enforcement Data…
BurglaryBurglary
LarcenyLarceny
Larceny from AutoLarceny from Auto
ArsonArson
How has quality of life been determined in the past?How has quality of life been determined in the past?
What are Part I crimes?What are Part I crimes? MurderMurder
RapeRape
RobberyRobbery
Aggravated AssaultAggravated Assault
Determining Quality of Life from Determining Quality of Life from Law Enforcement Data…Law Enforcement Data…
What also affects quality of life? What also affects quality of life? FlashersFlashers
Window PeekersWindow Peekers
ProstitutionProstitution
Child AbuseChild Abuse
ViolenceViolence
Broken-Window theory Broken-Window theory (Wilson & Kelling 1982)(Wilson & Kelling 1982)
““serious street crime flourishes in areas in which serious street crime flourishes in areas in which disorderly behavior goes unchecked”disorderly behavior goes unchecked”
Community-Oriented Policing Community-Oriented Policing
DrugsDrugs
GangsGangs
Residential BurglaryResidential Burglary
Abandoned/Suspicious VehiclesAbandoned/Suspicious Vehicles
SuicideSuicide
Use the Power of GIS to Use the Power of GIS to HelpHelp Build Build a Safer Community!a Safer Community!
I conducted my study with one major objective in I conducted my study with one major objective in
mind: mind: to determine the indicators available in law to determine the indicators available in law
enforcement datasets that reflect the impact of enforcement datasets that reflect the impact of
crime on daily livingcrime on daily living
GIS helps stimulate and assist the processGIS helps stimulate and assist the process
Assess available dataAssess available data Incident reportsIncident reports Calls for service recordsCalls for service records
Joining the calls for service records and Joining the calls for service records and incident report data to increase incident report data to increase accuracy and efficiencyaccuracy and efficiency Case numbers serve as the basis of the joinCase numbers serve as the basis of the join Case numbers represent unique and unchanging Case numbers represent unique and unchanging
information about all documented occurrences in information about all documented occurrences in LincolnLincoln
If a call for service incident results in an incident If a call for service incident results in an incident report, the case number documenting the incident report, the case number documenting the incident remains the same in both datasets.remains the same in both datasets.
Data Joins… Data Joins…
Full Outer Joins…Full Outer Joins…
Definition: A full outer join is a relational Definition: A full outer join is a relational database technique that allows two tables, database technique that allows two tables, of matching and nonmatching records, to of matching and nonmatching records, to be combined into one.be combined into one.
Not available in popular GIS programsNot available in popular GIS programsNot to be confused with Not to be confused with LeftLeft Outer Joins Outer Joins
Excludes crime types that seem to have little connection to Excludes crime types that seem to have little connection to neighborhood lifeneighborhood life ShopliftingShoplifting Check offensesCheck offenses Commercial burglaryCommercial burglary Drive-offs from self-service gas pumpsDrive-offs from self-service gas pumps
Includes crime type codes for Includes crime type codes for AssaultAssault Child abuseChild abuse Residential burglaryResidential burglary VandalismVandalism SuicideSuicide Drug offensesDrug offenses
Query disregards location codes for Query disregards location codes for Medical facilitiesMedical facilities Treatment centersTreatment centers Correctional facilities Correctional facilities Police substationsPolice substations
Use the Power of GIS to Use the Power of GIS to HelpHelp Build Build a Safer Community!a Safer Community!
A Picture Is Worth 1,000 WordsA Picture Is Worth 1,000 WordsBut only if you know what those words mean…
All Part I Crime DensityLincoln, NE
Jail &Detox center
Police Station
RetailStores
Downtown
Northeast H.S.
LargeSupermarket
A Picture Is Worth 1,000 WordsA Picture Is Worth 1,000 Words
ResidentialNeighborhoods
Quality of Life IndexLincoln, NE
Jail &Detox center
Police Station
RetailStores
Downtown
Northeast H.S.
LargeSupermarket
What I saw on the internet…What I saw on the internet…What is this really telling us about these cities?What is this really telling us about these cities?
What I saw on the internet…What I saw on the internet…
What I saw on the internet…What I saw on the internet…
Exceptional reporting and explanation of Exceptional reporting and explanation of crime datacrime dataSt. Paul, MN Police Department – St. Paul, MN Police Department –
2002 Crime Report2002 Crime ReportCity of Beaverton – City of Beaverton – Crime Maps & StatisticsCrime Maps & Statistics
““Sometimes, crime statistics can be misleading. Sometimes, crime statistics can be misleading. They only represent reported crime. In some areas They only represent reported crime. In some areas residents do not report crime and in others, almost residents do not report crime and in others, almost all crime is reported. If you are using crime all crime is reported. If you are using crime statistics to select a new place to live, don't rely on statistics to select a new place to live, don't rely on statistics alone. “statistics alone. “
Legal disclaimers are not enough…Legal disclaimers are not enough…
People want to believe what they see on a crime People want to believe what they see on a crime mapmapExplain the data – crime mapping is a tool, not Explain the data – crime mapping is a tool, not
an endan endUse caution – exercise restraint in Use caution – exercise restraint in
interpretationinterpretationEncourage dialog between administrators and Encourage dialog between administrators and
street officersstreet officers
Quality of Life Index (QOLI) Quality of Life Index (QOLI) DisclaimersDisclaimers
QOLI corrects some of the issues that arise when QOLI corrects some of the issues that arise when assessing the effects of crime/disorder on a community, assessing the effects of crime/disorder on a community, but some issues remain untouchedbut some issues remain untouched
Example: Not all Crimes are the same – larceny counts Example: Not all Crimes are the same – larceny counts the same as murderthe same as murder
Another consideration would be to introduce other non-Another consideration would be to introduce other non-police variables into the equationpolice variables into the equation Immunization ratesImmunization rates Standardized reading test scoresStandardized reading test scores IncomeIncome AgeAge Family statusFamily status
The take home messageThe take home message Move beyond Part I offenses when conducting a quality of life Move beyond Part I offenses when conducting a quality of life
analysesanalyses Part I offenses such as shoplifting, check offenses, drive-offs from Part I offenses such as shoplifting, check offenses, drive-offs from
self-service gas pumps, do not adequately reflect quality of lifeself-service gas pumps, do not adequately reflect quality of life Certain locations act as incident magnets – if left in a quality of Certain locations act as incident magnets – if left in a quality of
life analysis they serve to pinpoint where hospitals, jails and life analysis they serve to pinpoint where hospitals, jails and treatment facilities exist within a city, rather than emphasizing the treatment facilities exist within a city, rather than emphasizing the neighborhoods in critical conditionneighborhoods in critical condition
Any agency can create a department-specific QOLI based on Any agency can create a department-specific QOLI based on available dataavailable data
QOLI is not meant to replace the input of community officers, but QOLI is not meant to replace the input of community officers, but rather to complement their efforts with a form of community-rather to complement their efforts with a form of community-oriented crime analysis.oriented crime analysis.
[email protected]@geog.umn.edu