Measuring gender relations with GGS data
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Measuring gender relationswith GGS data
Maria Eugenia COSIO ZAVALA
Pascal SEBILLE
CERPOS Centre de Recherche Populations et sociétés
University of Paris X-Nanterre
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
These surveys aim at exploring relationships between gender changes and different demographic outcomes, such as fertility and formal marriage
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
Gender indicators
• The model and pioneer survey: five surveys in Asia (K. Mason and al., 1985)
• DHS surveys (including partners’ negotiations and including men)
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GGS, Gender and Generations surveys
The gender dimension
In GGS, gender effects can be studied on :
• Matrimonial histories
• Fertility (tempo and intensity)
• Living arrangements of the elderly
• Family networks
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
• Two classical dimensions of female empowerment : autonomy and responsibilities in the household
We grouped the variables in a different manner :
• household organization
• equality between partners
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
Gender definition in GGS is a multidimensional concept, including different aspects: access and control of resources, such as education, labor, durable goods; control of women’s work earnings by herself and of her goods
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
• Autonomy: freedom in taking decisions, economic independence and freedom of movements
• Decision power
• Roles
• Values
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
Dependant variables :- fertility- nuptiality (legal marriage)
union definition (in GGS-ERFI): living together with the partner at least during 3 consecutive months
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
Evaluation of the union's probability of giving birth to a child, of marrying legally in function of:
• Sociodemographic variables• Gender indicators
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
• fertility models : probability of having a first child, the last one before the survey, in the current union, for males and females
• marriage models : probability of legal marriage for males and females
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
• Explanatory variables are grouped in three sets:
• First : socio-demographic variables, partners’ demographic life course and their human capital
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
Two additional sets with gender variables:
• a dimension about union’s organization, domestic tasks by sex, female participation in income and decisions
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
• a second dimension about equality in union’s gender relations, women’s participation in resources’ management
• modern or traditional values (more or less egalitarian)
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
I. socio-demographic variables
• age groups• duration of the present union• matrimonial status• number of previous unions• having a child before actual union • education • woman’s type of work (full time, partial time, no work)• age difference between partners
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
II. Tasks’ repartition between partners
- Participation in all tasks (scores)
- Woman’s contribution to income (%)
- Participation in decisions (scores)
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
III. Equality/inequality
• Income management by woman (scores)
• Family values :
- modern
- traditional
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
MODERN VALUES
- Marriage is no more an appropriate institution nowadays
- It is right for partners in an informal union to live together even if they have no intention of getting married
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
MODERN VALUES
- If people are not happy in their union, they can divorce, even if they have children
- A woman can have a child and raise it alone if she does not want to have a stable relation with a man
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GGS, Gender and generations surveys
TRADITIONAL VALUES:
- Marriage is a link that lasts during all life, it is not possible to break it
- To grow happy, children need to live in a family unit with a father and a mother
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Some results of GGSERFI in France
• Egalitarian variables have a negative effect on the fertility and marriage probabilities.
• Partners’ age, former matrimonial histories, women’s work, education and other socio-demographic variables have a strong influence
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Some results of GGS,ERFI in France
• Personal and family lives of both partners are highly important, including matrimonial experiences before current union
• They have a significative weight in relation with gender indicators, before and during the actual union
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Some results of GGS,ERFI in France
• Fertility and nuptiality depend on these personal an union’s histories and on equalitarian or not equalitarian gender relations.
• It is very interesting to have GGS (ERFI in France) to show these interactions
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Some results of GGS,ERFI in France
• In France, unions organize tasks with a strong specialization by sex. In 8 unions among 10, women do more (much more) domestic tasks than men.
• BUT equality is predominant in the management of resources, with 8 unions among 10 sharing them in an egalitarian way