AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF

STEVENS PARRINGTON TUCKER for the DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY(Name) (Degree)

in General Science (Physical Science) presented on 26 May 1972

Title: MEASUREMENTS OF THE ABSOLUTE VOLUME SCATTERING FUNCTION FOR GREEN

LIGHT IN SOUTHFargalm'ORNIA COASTAL WATERS

Abstract approved: Redacted for PrivacyWayne VAurt, Professor of Oceanography

In this work direct in situ measurements in deep water are

reported for the absolute volume scattering function [OM] for

scattering angles between 10 and 160 degrees from the forward

direction. The work entailed substantial modifications of the U. S.

Navy Electronics Laboratory's scattering meter (nephelometer)

described by Tyler and Austin [Applied Optics 3: 613-620 (1964)]

but heretofore unused.

Results are given for beam attenuation and absolute volume

scattering measurements of green light (dominant nm) insdominantcommercially distilled water, in various hydrosols containing poly-

styrene and divinylbenzine latex spheres of known sizes, in San

Diego harbor water for several runs at eight selected depths between

1 and 15 m, and in off-shore ocean waters west of San Diego,

California, at numerous depths from near the surface to more than

700 m. Data are reported for four separate off-shore cruises made

during July 1966 and August 1967.

The scattering data are presented graphically and in tabular form

and are interpreted in terms of temperature, beam attenuation, and,

for San Diego Bay, the tidal level and density structure of sea water.

Good agreement was found between scattering functions calculated

on the basis of Mie theory and laboratory tank observations with the

NEL meter. The observed scattering from 600-700 gallon batches of

commercially distilled water was in reasonable agreement with other

reported values for such easily contaminated large quantities of

water.

Comparisons are made between measurements made with the NEL

scattering meter operated in situ, on the one hand, and measurements

made with a Brice-Phoenix laboratory scattering meter on simul-

taneously collected Nansen samples. The dissymmetry ratio

[Z45135 = p(45)/(1 (135)] was consistently lower by an average factor

of more than two for the Brice-Phoenix as compared to the NEL

meter, for which the range was 12.0 Z 16.1 for San Diego Bay

water. These observed differences may be attributed in part, at

least, to settling of larger particles from the turbid harbor water

(beam attenuation coefficient ,^; 2 m-1), both in the Nansen bottles used

to collect water samples and in the scattering cuvette.

In off-shore waters Z was--in the ocean region investigated--seen

generally to decrease between a maximum of 9. 37 near the surface

(29 m) to a minimum of 1.98 at a relatively great depth (553 m). The

absolute volume scattering functions measured with the NEL scattering

meter are in reasonable agreement with other, less direct, observations

which have been reported.

Tentative calculations of the total scattering coefficient

[b = ffp(Q)d...a.] were made on the basis of Jerlov's [Reports of the41r

Swedish Deep Sea Expedition 3: 73-97 (1953)] hypothesis that

b = k p(45), taking k = 30 sr. This value for k gives plausible

results for b and the absorption coefficient based on absolute

values of p(45) for offshore waters. This value for the "constant"

k appears, however, to be too high for San Diego Bay in which at

times c - 30/3(45) < 0 .,_ and k = 12 sr gives somewhat more

reasonable results.

Unfortunately, simultaneous scattering measurements were not

available in the near-forward range of angles, i.e., 0 4. Q< 100 ,

within which a major portion of the scattered light is directed, thus

making it impossible to carry out the integration of /(9) to obtain b

directly.

Measurements of the Absolute Volume ScatteringFunction for Green Light in Southern California

Coastal Waters

by

Stevens Parrington Tucker

A THESIS

submitted to

Oregon State University

in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the

degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

June 1973

APPROVED:

Redacted for Privacy

Wayne V. urt, Major Professor, Professor of Oceanography

Redacted for Privacy

David L. Willis, Chairman, General Science Department

Redacted for Privacy

Dean of Graduate School

Date thesis is presented 26 May 1972

Typed by J. B. Madler for Stevens Parrington Tucker

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply indebted, to the late Dr. George F. Beardsley, Jr, ,

whose support and encou ragen-ient made the completion of this work

possible, To Dr, Wayne V, Burt I owe thanks for his encouragement

to pursue this study in the first place,

I owe special thanks to Mr, Kenneth V, Mackenzie of the Naval

Undersea Research and Development Center and former head of the

NEL Deep Submergence Group, for his support while I was at the

Navy Electronics Laboratory. Thanks are due also to Mr. Robert

Seeley who designed and constructed the projector lamp current

regulator and helped at sea.

I am indebted also to Senior Chief Petty Officer Douglas Tarvin,

USN, Captain of the YFU-45 and his crew for their help during

numerous cruises in 1965 and 1966; and to Lieutenant J. M. Rodgers,

USN, Captain of the USS REXBURG, and his crew for their assistance

during our several cruises in 1967.

Finally, and most especially, I am indebted to Mr. James Reese

of the Naval Undersea Research and Development Center, whose help

in all aspects of this work proved invaluable, including work at sea,

data reduction, and writing both the Mie scattering and data reduction

programs.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. NEL SCATTERING METER 16

A. Introduction 16

B. Mechanical Modifications 20

1. Suspension Frame 20

2. Cable 22

3. Batteries 23

4. Battery Boxes 23

5. Power Supply Case 25

C. Electrical Circuit ry 27

1. Introduction 27

2. Deck Control Box 27

3. Motor Housing Circuitry 28

4. Detector 30

5. Projector 31

6. High Voltage Supply and Projector Servo 31

III. CALIBRATION OF THE NEL SCATTERING METER . 38

IV. MEASUREMENT PROGRAM 51

A. Introduction 51

B. Distilled Water 51

C. Scattering from Artificial Spheres 54

D. Laboratory Measurements on Samples ofSan Diego Bay Water 58

E. IN,leasure:-.1i':s of Sari Diego BayWater at t]-1e. NEL 59

F. Measurements in Coastal Waters off San Diego . . . 76

V. SUMMARY 105

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY 107

APPENDIX A FORTRAN program used to reduce NELscattering meter data on the NEL CDC1604 computer 112

APPENDIX B FORTRAN program used to reduce Brice-Phoenix scattering meter data on the OSUCDC 330 digital computer 114

APPENDIX C FORTRAN program used to make Miescattering calculations on the NEL CDC1604 computer 117

APPENDIX D Graphs of absolute volume scatteringfunctions measured with the NELscattering meter 121

APPENDIX E Tables of absolute volume scatteringfunctions measured with the NELscattering meter 136

APPENDIX F Tables of absolute volume scatteringfunctions measured with the Brice-Phoenix scattering meter, 204

APPENDIX G Graphs of the total beam attenuationcoefficient (c) as a function of depthmeasured with the NOTS null-balancetransmissometer, USS REXBURG,21-24 August 1967 210

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Schematic diagram to show the basic 6instrumental geometry used in the measure-ment of p(g)

2. Photograph of the NEL scattering meter before 19modification. The projector housing is at theleft while the detector is on the right. Theblack box in front of the projector is a lighttrap. The black cylinders in front of thedetector and projector are light shields

3. NEL scattering meter support frame (a) and 21cable termination (b)

4. Type 30H battery (12 V, 100 AH) modified for 24use in high pressure oil bath (a). Battery boxschematic (b)

5. Block diagram showing the principal components 26of the scattering meter and the necessary con-necting cables

6. Motor housing switching circuitry 29

7. Block diagram of solid state servo illumination 32control unit

8. Schematic diagram of solid state servo 33illumination control unit

9. Photograph of the assembled instrumentpackage. Battery boxes are at each corner,while the Marine Advisers alpha-meter isto the left of the NEL scattering meter. Athermistor probe is shown strapped to theblack cylinder immediately beneath the pro-jector housing. The high voltage powersupply and photometer circuitry are in thecase at the far right-hand side. (The smallcylinder between the battery boxes on theleft contains a CO2 sensor. )

37

10. Volume calibration schematic: I./ = r2

= 48. 3 39cm. The photo-tube was normal 10 the cali-bration plate.

atic 42

Figure Page

12. Volume ratio by Tyler's procedure (1963). 46The solid line is a least-squares fit ofV 1(0)/A

13. Cross section of a diverging projector beam 48

14. Examples of raw data from several NEL 50scattering meter runs. Distilled water inlaboratory tank (a), San Diego Bay water atthe NEL barge (b). Offshore deep water (c)

15. Chart showing the locations of the oceanstations at which scattering measurementswere made off San Diego

52

16. Chart showing the locations of the NEL barge 53and the near-shore station in San Diego Bay

17. Scattering functions for distilled water 55

18. Scattering functions measured for latex 57spheres. Solid lines are best fits calculatedby Mie theory; dotted lines are measureds catte ring. Ordinates: relative scatte ringcoefficient. Abscissas: scattering angles indegrees. a = radius of spheres, m = relativerefractive index, and k = wave number

19. Volume scattering coefficient as a function 60of scattering angle for San Diego Bay waterin NEL tank, 18 May 1967. Vertical barsindicate probable uncertainties in the abso-lute values of p(Q)

20. Comparison between NEL and Brice-Phoenix 61scattering meters for San Diego Bay water,18 May 1967

21. Tidal level in San Diego Bay as a function of 65time during scattering meter lowerings A, B,and C from the NEL barge

22. Beam attenuation, absorption, and totalscattering coefficients, al, salinity, andtemperature as functions of depth forlowerings A (a), B (b), and C (c) at theNEL barge, 29-30 June 1967

23. Water density (C/t. ) plotted as a function ofbeam transmission (c) for each of the threecasts made at the NEL barge in San DiegoBay, 29-30 June 1967

67

68

Figure Page

24. Scattering for various depths. Values were 69averaged over two scans. NEL barge,29-30 June 1967

25. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth for NEL bargelowering A of 29-30 June 1967 (perspectivedrawing)

26. Volume scattering coefficient as a-functionof scattering angle and depth for NEL bargelowering B of 29-30 June 1967 (perspectivedrawing)

27. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth for NEL bargelowering C of 29-30 June 1967 (perspectivedrawing)

28. Comparisonments mades catte ring mete rs,29-30 June 1967

of relative scattering measure-with the NEL and Brice-Phoenix

run 1B, NEL barge,

29. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth for YFU-45cruise of 21-22 July 1966 (perspectivedrawing)

30. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth for USSREXBURG cruise of 21-22 August 1967(perspective drawing)

31. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle for USS REXBURGcruise of 23-24 August 1967 (perspectivedrawing)

32. Volume scatteringof scattering angle19-20 July 1966

33. Volume scatteringof scattering angle21-22 July 1966

34. Volume scattering

21-LL Chu

coefficient as a functionand depth. YFU-45,

coefficient as a functionand depth. YFU-45,

coefficient as a functionand nth, REXBURG,

71

72

73

75

83

84

85

86

87

88

Figure Page

35. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth. REXBURG,22-23 August 1967

36. Beam attenuation, absorption, and totalscattering coefficients and temperature asfunctions of depth. YFU-45, 19-20 July1966 (a) and 21-22 July 1966 (b)

37. Beam attenuation, absorption, and totalscattering coefficients and temperature asfunctions of depth. REXBURG, 21-22August 1967 (a) and 23-24 August 1967 (b)

38. Beam attenuation plotted as a function of(3(43), USS REXBURG, 21-22 and 23-24August 1967

89

92

93

94

39. Beam transmission, temperature, dissym- 95metry ratio, (3(90), and (0) for variousangles, as functions of depth, USS REXBURG,21-22 August 1967

40. Beam transmission, temperature, dis sym-metry ratio, 0(90), and AO) for variousangles, as functions of depth, USS REXBURG,23-24 August 1967

96

41. Dissymmetry ratio shown as a function of 98temperature, USS REXBURG, 23-24 August1967

42, c-Z 45 and c- g(90) plots, USS REXBURG, 99.13523-z4and

1967

43. Variation of 0 at 3(0) . . with depth, 100USS REXBURG, 23-24rikaiglial.119967

44. Example of plot of f2(0) as a function of /3(90) 102for 0 = 70°, USS REXBURG and NEL bargedata

45. Particle scattering coefficient R(0) as a 103function of angle. Comparison of NEL datafor June and August 1967 (solid line) withMorel's (1965) observations (crosses). Theuncertainties are those quoted by Morel.

46. Comparison of scattering functions measured 104\vit s c ii1 varioustypes of water

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1.

2.

Summary of data collected from the NELbarge located in San Diego Bay, 29-30June 1967

Summary of data collected from the YFU-45in the coastal waters off San Diego, 19-20July 1966

63

77

3. Summary of data collected from the YFU-45 .78in the coastal waters off San Diego, 21-22July 1966

4. Summary of data collected from the USSREXBURG in the coastal waters off San Diego,21-22 August 1967

5. Summary of data collected from the USSREXBURG in the coastal waters off San Diego,23-24 August 1967

80

81

Measurements of the Absolute Volume Scattering Function for GreenLight in Southern California Coastal Waters

I. INTRODUCTION

The area of oceanography known as "optical", and sometimes called

"hydrological optics", is concerned with the behavior of light in sea

water, either because such behavior is of intrinsic interest, or because

its study is of help in the interpretation of non-optical phenomena. The

source of the light studied may be natural in origin (e. g., the sun or a

bioluminescent organism) or artificial (e. g. , a lamp of some type) and

may be located within or outside the water mass in question as may be

the location of the light detector employed. The optical properties of

the oceans are separable into two distinct but closely related classes,

which are termed apparent or inherent, depending upon their nature

(Tyler and Preisendorfer, 1962). The former are affected by factors

external to the water mass studied, whereas the latter are affected

solely by the water itself, with its associated dissolved and particulate

matter, and are somewhat analogous to the intensive properties of

thermodynamics. The water sample whose inherent properties are to

be determined, in principle, may be located at the time of measurement

within the ocean itself (in situ) or in the laboratory (in vitro ). The

apparent properties must be measured in situ. The attenuation with

depth of submarine daylight (diffuse attenuation) is an example of an

apparent property, while the attenuation of a beam of artificial light with

distance along the beam corresponds to an inherent property. Theoreti-

cal relationships between the apparent and inherent properties have been

developed by Preisendorfer (1965), for example, but these have yet to

be fully tested empirically, due to the difficulties involved in making

2simultaneous measurements of multiple optical parameters at sea.

Thus for monochromatic, unpolarized light, if the volume absorption

coefficient is known from point to point within a water mass, along

with the volume scattering function, which depends upon the scatter-

ing angle, and provided that the source geometry is known, the other

optical properties such as vector radiance as a function of position

can be calculated.

Underwater optical characteristics, which are functions of wave-

length, depth, time, and position, are studied for a wide variety of

reasons. For marine biologists the intensity of submarine daylight

as a function of depth and wavelength is an important consideration in

the study of the growth and distribution of phytoplankton. Standing

crops may be estimated in terms of the ability of water in a given

area to transmit a beam of light over a short path (usually one meter

in length). In any work, either theoretical or applied, involving the

use of artificial light sources (very often beams), it is of prime

importance to know what are the scattering and absorbing properties

of the water as functions of position and wavelength. Because the

light scattering properties of seawater are very intimately connected

with the size, shape, composition, and numbers of the particles (or

bubbles) which may be suspended in it, measures of light scattering

are frequently used in the estimation of the particle content of the

water and in tracing suspended particulates to their sources. If the

particles are monodisperse and of simple geometric shape (contrary

to the normal regime in natural waters) it becomes possible to esti-

mate both their size and ',-;er density on the basis of measurements

3

of light scattering. Conversely, if a water mass possesses a

characteristic particle content, then light scattering measurements

can be used to trace the water mass.

Although laboratory measurements of light scattering from sea-

water samples may be useful in the characterization of water masses,

it is generally recognized that, if a knowledge of the scattering prop-

erties of the water in situ is desired, the scattering measurements

themselves must be made in situ, for the removal of a water sample

from the sea leads necessarily to an alteration in the distribution of

particles suspended in it; whether this be by the settling out of

particles which are no longer neutrally buoyant because of changes

in density and pressure; by the addition of contaminants in the pro-

cess of collecting, handling, and analysing the sample; by biological

activity as evidenced by either growth or decay; by chemical activity,

which may cause either the dissolution or precipitation of particulates;

or, finally, by simple change in pressure from the deep-sea environ-

ment to the laboratory, which may alter the size and shape of organic

or organic-derived particles.

The present paper is concerned with the in situ measurement (for

green light) in deep ocean water of two inherent optical properties,

namely the total (beam) attenuation coefficient and the absolute volume

scattering function between 10 and 160 degrees from the forward

direction. In this section both of these properties are defined, and

formulas for the theoretical calculation of the volume scattering

function are discussed.

4Consider a beam of monochromatic* light of diameter small

with respect to its length and directed in the positive x-direction in

the fluid of interest. Let I be the intensity of the light incident upon

a small volume A dx of the fluid, where A is the beam diameter.

The loss of beam intensity in traversing the distance dx is

dI = - c dx ( 1 )

where the constant of proportionality c is, by definition, the total

beam attenuation coefficient**. Integration of equation 1 over a path

of length x, with I0 the initial and I the final intensity gives

I= Ie -c x0 (2)

A further quantity which we shall have occasion to use is the beam

transmittance, T, obtained when both sides of equation 2 are divided

by Io:

T = I/Ioe-c x

(3)

In oceanography the customary units taken for c are m1, and T is

* It is to be understood that both the scattering and absorption coef-ficients are wavelength dependent.

** The notation used here is chosen to conform with that adopted bythe Committee on Radiant Energy in the Sea of the InternationalAssociation of Physical Oceanography (Jerlov, 1968, p. 2). Inthe past the symbol CC has often been used for the beam attenuationcoefficient. Hence, the name "alpha-meter". The term "extinc-tion'? has also commonly been used in the past to mean beam at-tenuation, although "extinction" has also been used by some authorswhen referring to the diffuse attenuation of downwelling submarinedaylight. Further confusion has resulted in the past from the useby some oceanographers of a decade attenuation coefficient ratherthan that which arises naturally, from equation (1) as can be seenfrom equation (2).

5

normally referred to a one-meter pathlength. The attenuation length

L is defined

L = 1/c (4)

The mechanisms by which light is removed from a beam passing

through a turbid medium (such as sea water) are four-fold and include

the effects of scattering by the water, b' , scattering by suspended

particulates, bp, absorption by the water, a' , and absorption by sus-w

pended particulates, aP

. a' and b' may be treated as sums of termsw w

involving pure water and the effects of whatever dissolved matter may

be present*. Thus,

at aw = a wand b' = b + b

w w d

(5a)

(5b)

The beam attenuation coefficient may thus be broken down:

total attenuation = absorption + scattering (6a)

c = a + b (6b)

Expanding (6b) we have:

c = a' + b' +a p+bp =aw+ ad + ap + bw + bd + bp (7)w w

The volume scattering function is defined as the radiant intensity,

dI(Q), from a volume element, dV, in a direction, Q, per unit of

irradiance, E, on the volume per unit volume:

pdI(r(g)

E dV0) [sr- 1 -m -1] (8)

These quantities are shown in Figure 1 below, which illustrates also

the basis for instruments used to measure the volume scattering-function in the angular range 170o >0 >10°.

In this !present i.c)n \Ye the effects of turbulence on thescattering a Ill s _ rer. rorz Eq. (10) below thatvariations in temperature, refractive index, or isothermal com-pressibility will alter the scattering coefficient.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram to show the basic instrumentalgeometry used in the measurement of pm.

The total scattering coefficient, b = bw + bd + by [ from (6b) and

is obtained by integrating (8) over all solid angles:

b= 1fi(Q) = fi(0) sin Q dQ (16 = 21r sinQ dQ (9)

477" o 0

(7)],

In (9) it has been assumed that the scattering function does not de-

pend upon the angle 6, i. e. for a given angle Q the scattering is

unifo rin around o t .

6

7

Historically, interest in the optical properties of the sea resulted

mainly from a desire to explain its color. We will not trace this

development here, but refer the reader to Aufsess' paper, "Die

Farbe der Seen" (1904) for a presentation of the early history*. The

first attempts to measure quantitatively the attenuation of light in

water were made at least as early as 1762 by Bouguer** (Aufsess,

1904). From the time of Aufsess' paper, in which he presents lab-

oratory measurements of the spectral dependence of the beam attenu-

ation coefficient for samples of pure water and water from various

German lakes, the technology has been available to make satisfactory

laboratory measurements of c. It was not until the beginning of the

nineteen-thirties, however, with the ready availability of photovoltaic

cells (notably selenium, at first), that the development of practical

in situ instruments for the measurement of the beam attenuation

became possible. Because the instrumentation for the in situ mea-

surement of c is relatively simple compared to that needed to obtain

p(8) or b, it is the only inherent optical property which has been

measured with any frequency by oceanographers during the past

thirty years or so. Even today it is the only inherent optical para-

rrrter measured in situ on a relatively routine basis.

* Two bibliographies in particular are very useful in this connectionalso. They are "A bibliography of the publications on the colour,transparency and penetration of daylight into natural waters"(Vransky and Markov, 1947) and "Transmission of light in water:An annotated bibliography" (Du Pre and Dawson, 1961).

**P. Bouguer, Optice, p. 30. Vienna 1762. Also see Traitd'optique sur la gradation de la lurnire. Paris, 1760.

8

Laboratory measurements of scattering relative to air for pure

water for a scattering angle 0 = 90° were reported by Raman and Rao

(1923). Shortly afterwards Ramanathan (1923) published the first labora-

tory measurements of the volume scattering function (relative to 90°)for

six angles between 30° and 150° for samples of pure water and sea

water from a number of locations. Ramanathan also noted the

fluorescence of some of his sea water samples and attributed this

(correctly) to the probable presence of dissolved organic material

in the water.

The development of the multiplier-phototube (ca. 1940) made

possible the design of practical instruments by physical chemists

for the laboratory measurement of the angular dependence of the

volume scattering function in liquids (Zimm, 1948; Brice, Halwer,

and Speiser, 1950). Laboratory measurements on sea water samples

have been made by a number of oceanographers during the past

twelve years (Sasaki, et al. , 1960; Hinzpeter, 1962; Spilhaus, 1965;

Beardsley, 1966; Morrison, 1967; Rozenberg, et al. , 1970; Pak,

1970) who have used such instruments to obtain values of /(0) rela-

tive to 0(90) for the approximate range of angles 30°e<0140°.

Geometrical considerations limit the angular range of these instru-

ments, which are based on the scheme illustrated in Figure 1. The

maximum angular range achievable is about 10°4 8 4170°. Beyond

these limits, because dV (0) csc 8 dV(90), the scattering volume,

as well as the uncertainty in this volume, become prohibitively

large. The measurement of fi(0) in the range 140°4 9...180° is not

neat interest ontrilrAtes 17)1.11: ,.-:.7!ry slightly

9to the total scattering coefficient b for large scattering angles. A

knowledge of the behavior of fi(Q) for the range 0 10° is highly

important, however, for the contribution of p(Q) to b in this range is

normally more than 70% for sea water (Morrison, 1967). Because

of this important contribution of scattering in the near-forward

direction, which is beyond the range of conventional scattering

meters, several meters have been designed which permit relative

measurements to be made near Q = 0° (Kozlyaninov, 1957; Ochakovsky,

1966; Duntley, 1963; Bauer and Ivanoff, 1965; Bauer and Morel, 1967;

Kullenberg, 1966; Morrison, 1967). Such forward-angle measure-

ments are not routinely made. Furthermore, it is believed that to

date (March 1972) no simultaneous in situ measurements of scatter-

ing for both wide and narrow angles have been made. In situ meters

to measure the relative volume scattering function at wide anglesof) ti o(10 < Q <170 ) have been employed by Jerlov (1961) and Tyler and

Richardson (1958).

The theoretical basis for an in situ instrument to be used to

measure directly the absolute value of the volume scattering

function at wide angles (10°k Q' l60 °) was described by Tyler (1963),

while the instrument itself (in its original configuration) was discussed

by Tyler and Austin (1964). It is this instrument, constructed jointly

by the Visibility Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography

and the U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory* and capable of operation

*The Underseas Technology Section of NEL, which commissioned theinstrument, was recently merged with underseas sections of theNaval Ordnance Testinz Station (NOTS) to form a new organization,the Naval T:nri,,rso.a '7, 7 rd Develobrt-A.--nt Center (NT7C,), while

r icEi- have become the NavalElectronics Laboratory Center (NELC).

10

at extreme depths, which was used in a modified form for the present

study. The modifications of the instrument which we made and its use

will be discussed in the section below.

The scattering of light in natural waters may be considered as a

sum of three effects, namely the scattering by scattering centers

which are very small with respect to the wavelength in water (d<4, ),

scattering by particles of the order of magnitude of the wavelength

and somewhat larger, (d,IJA) and scattering by particles which are

very large with respect to the wavelength (d>>/.2). For d>>/t the

scattering is governed by geometrical optics and is normally not of

great importance in ocean waters. The first effect is termed

Rayleigh scattering after Lord Rayleigh (1871), who first solved the

problem of scattering in gases which obey Boyle's Law. A theory

of scattering in liquids, sometimes called fluctuation theory, was

developed by Smoluchowski (1908) and Einstein (1910). In this

theory the scattering is assumed due to the statistical fluctuations

in the density or concentration throughout the liquid. The theory

was modified by Cabannes (1921) to account for the fact that the

scattering centers in some liquids are not isotropic, which results

in incomplete polarization of the light scattered at 90°. It was further

modified to agree better with experiment by Vessot-King (Jerlov,

1968) to the following form, which differs by a factor of (n2-1-2)2/9.A.21. 5

from that which is, for example, given by Dawson and Hulburt (1941):

kT (n2 - 1)2 6(1 -f-g' ) 1 -g#= + cos2Q) (10)o 2 V 6 7S" 1

where io is the into incident (unpolarized) light; i is the'

11

intensity of light scattered atangle Q from the direction of the incident

beam; is the isothermal compressibility; k is Boltzmann's constant;

n is the index of refraction; T is the absolute temperature; and 5 is

the so-called polarization defect, which is defined as

ih /iv

where ih is the intensity of the light scattered at 90o having polari-

zation parallel to the plane of scatteringland iv is that polarization

perpendicular to the plane of scattering. The best measurement to

date ofS- is probably that of Morel (1966), who found = 0. 090

for pure water. Upon substitution into (10) we have:

i = 6. 02 io I kT (n2-1)2 (1 + O. 835 cos Q) (12)

Using equation (10) or (12) or the scattering observations of Morel

(1966) for pure water relative to benzene it is possible to calculate

bw in equation (7). From his measurements (relative to benzene) of

scattering from samples of highly filtered sea water, it is possible

also to estimate the contribution (bd) of the dissolved salts in sea

water to the total attenuation coefficient (equation (7)).

To determine the scattering function for particles of diameter

approximately that of the wavelength of light (d'Z,,A.. ) Mie scattering

theory must be applied. Mie (1908) was the first to solve the prob-

lem of light scattering from spheres of arbitrary size. The develop-

ment of Mie's theory, starting with Maxwell's equations, is given

by Van de Hulst (1957) and by Born and Wolf (1959, pp. 630-661),

for example. ,vo pr:-,-.-ent only the basic equations of the Mie

theory following the notation of Van de Hulst.

Let Ho be the irradiance [watts/m2] of a beam of light of wave

number k = 2111/x (in the medium) incident on a sphere. Then at a

distance r from the sphere the scattered irradiance will be

H=2k2r2

Ho (11 + iz)

12

(13)

where i1

and i2

[= iv and ih of (11)] are the intensities of scattered

light having electric vectors respectively oriented perpendicular and

parallel to the plane of scattering defined by the directions of incident

and scattered light. Since

NH = V2-- p(Q) Ho (14)

in which N is the number of scatterers per unit volume and V is the

scattering volumes from (13) and (14) it is seen that for a single

scatterer,

(1/2) (i1 + i2)p (c)

k 2 (15)

Letting z = cos Q, the scattered intensities are obtained directly

from the amplitude functions of the scattered light, 1(Q) andS2(Q):

it S l(

18201

Ln=1

co

n=1

2n+1n(n +l)

2n+1n(n+1)

[An(z ) + Bn'tin(z )1nili

[Bnitrn(z) + Anien(z)]2

(16)

(17)

13In (16) and (17) An, Bn' fin' and fen have the following definitions:

er?n(z) = (d /dz) Pnl(z) (18)

ren(z) = z j n(z) -(1 - z2)1/2 (d /dz) filin(z) (19)

2n+1 S'(mka)Sn(ka)-mSn(mka)Sin(ka)An n(n +l) S;i(mka) 'n(ka)-m5n(mka)cn(ka)

2n+1Bn n(n+1) mS In( mka n(ka )-Sn(mka5n1 (ka )

(20)

(21)

1 iPn(z) is the associated Legendre polynomial of the first order; a is

the radius of the spherical particle; m is the refractive index of the

particle relative to the surrounding medium, i.e., m = nparticle/

nmedium. The other functions used in (20) and (21) are given by

(22) through (25):

Sn(Y) (11Y/2)1/2 jn+1 2(Y) (22)

Sn' (y) = (d /dy) Sn(y) (23)

n(y) = Sn(Y) + i Cn(Y) [i = (-1)1 /2] (24)

C1(y) = (ify/2)1/2 Nn+1/2(Y) (-1)n(ii,y/2)1/2j_n_1 (25)

,J;) (y) is a Bessel function of the first kind and is defined for general

values of)" Nn+1/2(y) is the Neumann function. The right-hand

member of (25) is obtained from the middle member using the

relation (Abramowitz and Ste gun, 1964; p. 358) given below:

cos is,'11 1 - (-11 isirAP" 1 (26)

14Exact solutions to the Mie -type scattering problem for a number

of simply-shaped particles other than spheres have been obtained

(Van de Hulst, 1957; chapters 15 and 16),but they are far more

complicated. It has not been until the last ten years or so, with the

general availability of large, high speed, digital computers, that it

has been practical to investigate numerically solutions to the Mie

problem over a wide range of parameters. Previously the calcu-

lations were very tedious and were generally limited to the ranges

of published tables of Mie functions.

Although for sea water samples the suspended particles are in

general neither spherical in shape nor uniform in size distribution

nor of uniform (or even well known) relative refractive index, Mie

calculations have been used with some success to interpret the

spectral dependence of the beam attenuation coefficient (Burt, 1954)

and laboratory measurements of the volume scattering function for

sea water samples from the deep ocean (Sasaki, 1960, 1968).

Spilhaus (1965) used the theory to explain the observed (smooth)

volume scattering functions obtained for most sea water samples in

terms of a number of superimposed mono-disperse particle systems.

Gordon and Brown (1971) have calculated (theoretically) volume

scattering functions for given distributions of particles of known

refractive index. Brown and Gordon (1972) have calculated tables

from which volume scattering functions may be determined with

relative ease on a desk calculator for certain fixed scattering angles,

refractive indices, and wavelengths. We applied Mie theory in this

of scat'.

known mono-disperse and poly-disperse particle systems.

15Our goal in the present study, which was carried out at the U.S.

Navy Electronics Laboratory in San Diego, was to make for the

first time in situ measurements in deep ocean water of the absolute

scattering function [eq. (8)]. It was hoped initially that it would be

possible to observe in situ intermediate peaks in the scattering func-

tion such as the striking ones observed by Sasaki, et al. (1960) in

their laboratory analysis of samples collected at depths between

600 and 3000 rn. As we shall see, such peaks -- which are indica-

tive of mono-disperse or nearly mono-disperse particle distribu-

tions -- were not observed in the coastal waters off San Diego. In

the following section the instrumentation used to achieve our goal

is described.

16IL THE NEL SCATTERING METER

A. INTRODUCTION

The Navy Electronics Laboratory (NEL)* in situ light scattering

meter (nephelometer) was designed by John Tyler and Roswell Austin

of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Visibility Laboratory at the

request of the NEL Deep Submergence Group for use on the bathy-

scaph TRIESTE. The theory on which it is based has been presented

by Tyler (1963) while a description of the instrument as originally

constructed has been given by Tyler and Austin (1964).

Because of the use of the TRIESTE in the search for the nuclear

submarine THRESHER and because of the subsequent assignment of

the TRIESTE as an operational craft, the NEL scattering meter had

not been used until the summer of 1965, during whichI modified it

foi use from a surface vessel. The NEL scattering meter is unique

in that it is an in situ instrument capable of operation at great depths

and capable of yielding absolute values of the volume scattering

function, which has been measured previously in situ in surface

waters only.

The great weight of the meter (466 pounds in air without mounting

brackets, storage batteries, chart recorder, and the required-

approximately-ten gallons of transformer oil), a factor which pre-

cludes its use on submersibles with relatively small payloads such

as DEEPSTAR-4000, was the principal reason for the modifications

to allow its operation from a surface vessel.

*See footnote on p. 9. We will refer in this paper to the organization(,TEL) existing at the time our work was performed.

17

As modified and with the seven-conductor well-logging cable

purchased by the NEL Deep Submergence Group during the summer

of 1965, the scattering meter is completely self-contained, with the

exception of a ship-board chart recorder and a control box, and can

be lowered from a surface vessel to a depth of 4, 000 feet, the only

limitation being the cable length. Absolute values of the scattering

function were normally obtained to only 1, 000 feet, however, because

of the depth limitation of the Marine Advisers Model C-2a alpha-

meter (beam transmissometer) ordinarily used with the scattering

meter.

In this section the modifications to the original design of Tyler

and Austin (1964), which were made during the summer of 1965 and

afterward to allow the use of the scattering meter from a surface

ship,will be described.

As originally designed the scattering meter was to be de ck-

mounted on the deep submersible TRIESTE, which was to supply

electrical power for its operation in the form of 115 V AC to run the

synchronous motor used to vary the scattering angle and 24 V DC for

the high voltage power supply and the projector lamp. The high

voltage power supply was built into an EGG camera case and was

intended to be deck-mounted near the scattering meter. The recorder

used to plot the scattered light intensity as a function of scattering

angle was to be located within the sphere of the bathyscaph along

with a small control panel. The principal controls were on-off

switches for the scattering angle motor, for the projector, and for

the high voltage power supply, as well as a rheostat in series with

18the projector lamp, which was to be used manually by the operator

to maintain a constant lamp intensity as monitored by an International

Rectifier Corporation DP-3 photocell mounted in the projector

housing and connected to a microammeter on the control panel. A

photograph of the scattering meter before the modifications which

will be discussed below is given in Figure 2. As can be seen from

the photograph the meter was designed to be operated as shown, with

the optical bench above the motor housing.

To provide for the successful operation of the scattering meter at

great depths and from a surface ship, it was necessary to devise a

means of suspending it in the position for which it was designed, to

supply electrical power in situ, to ensure the constancy of the lamp

light intensity, and to record the data to be collected. In addition,

of course, it was highly desirable to make beam attenuation

measurements in conjunction with the scattering measurements in

order to allow the determination of the absolute volume scattering

function. Briefly, the solution of these problems entailed the con-

struction of a large framework on which all the in situ apparatus could

be mounted, the substitution of a 24-V DC motor for the 115-V AC

motor to be used with two 100-ampere-hour 12-V batteries in situ,

the construction of a transistorized servo-circuit to maintain a con-

stant lamp intensity, and the use of 3/8" diameter, 12, 500-pound

breaking strength, 7-conductor well-logging cable to lower the

equipment and to provide signal paths to the surface for control and

recording purposes. In the next section we will discuss the mechani-

cal aspects of the solution acionted.

Figure 2. Photograph of the NEL scattering meter before modification. Theprojector housing is at the left while the detector is on theright. The black box in front of the projector and facing thedetector is a light trap. The black cylinders in front of thedetector and projector are light shields.

,13

20B. MECHANICAL MODIFICATIONS

1. Suspension Frame

A large frame similar to the one depicted in Figure 3(a) was

built to support the scattering meter. Galvanized eyes are welded

to the tops of the corner uprights. These four eyes are connected

by shackles to four lengths of one-inch angle-iron, each approxi-

mately five feet long, which in turn have eyes welded to each end.

The four lengths of angle-iron are shackled together at their vertex

to a larger shackle which passes through the bottom of the well-

logging cable termination (Figure 3(b)). In Figure 3(a) the one-inch

angle-irons are indicated by the narrow lines which converge toward

a ring at the top of the figure. The frame and the battery boxes

described below are painted black over a Laminar undercoat. The

scattering meter is bolted across the suspension frame from one of

the long base members to the other at their midpoints, i.e., 49" from

the ends, so that the over-hanging optical bench which holds the

detector housing and which rotates with respect to the main housing

is protected by the 3/4" pipes shown in the sketch in Figure 3(a).

The two battery boxes to be described are placed in upright positions,

one on a bracket (not shown) which extends from the right-hand corner

of the frame nearest the bottom of the drawing in Figure 3(a), and the

other upon a supplementary support also not shown in the figure, but

just inside the far left-hand corner as viewed in that figure. The

Marine Advisers alpha-meter is clamped across the suspension

frame just to the right of the sloping braces on the 1 eft side of

.1-17ure 3(a) nc <- mete r.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. NEL scattering meter support frame (a) and cable termination (b).

N

222. Cable

The 3/8" externally armored well-logging cable which was

adopted is Vector type A-3003. It has six nylon jacketed No. 20

gauge cadmium-bronze conductors and a breaking strength of 12, 500

pounds. Because the cable is externally armored and can be

crushed if not properly handled, causing damage to the internal

conductors, the cable end-termination design sketched in Figure

3 (b) was adopted, the principal demensions being determined

mainly by the minimum allowable bending radius as specified by the

manufacturer. In the case of the cable used this radius is six inches.

Hence, the disk shown at the top of Figure 3(b) and around which the

cable is twice wrapped before passing through the guide is greater

than 12 inches in diameter, i. e. , 13 inches. Similarly, the radii

of curvature of the bottom one of the two spacers (cross-hatched in

the figure) are 6 inches. After passing through the guide the cable

passes through two brass clamps, one of which is illustrated. The

holes through which the cable passes along the lengths of the clamps

were reamed to 3/8" with 0. 004" shim stock in place between the

halves. Thus, with the shim stock removed, the clamps compress

the cable slightly when in use, preventing slippage. Upon passing

through the last clamp one end of the cable continues to the surface

vessel, while the other is spliced to a short length of rubber-coated

cable terminated by an underwater plug which mates with a bulkhead

connector on the motor housing. The large shackle used to connect the

suspension angle irons mentioned above passes through the small hole in

23disk shown in Figure 3(b). In use, the part of the termination shown

at the top of the figure is actually pointed downward, just opposite to

what might appear from the sketch.

3. Batte rie s

Two 100-ampere -hour, 12-volt batteries were prepared in a

manner which has been used successfully for a number of years on

TRIESTE. The tops of the batteries were sealed with an epoxy resin

and small polyethylene bottles were attached to each of the filling ports

as shown in Figure 4(a). Approximate dimensions are given in the

figure. In practice the bottles are attached to the battery filling

holes by means of threaded sleeves, and they are filled with electro-

lyte through a small hole in the "bottom" of each to about one half

their volume. The batteries are then placed in baths of transformer

oil* to prevent sea water from coming into contact with the electro-

lyte. As the small gas bubbles in the battery electrolyte are com-

pressed, electrolyte from the bottles is forced into the battery cells,

the oil filling a portion of the bottles which have small holes in

their bottoms but not entering the cells themselves.

4. Battery Boxes

A sketch giving the approximate dimensions of the battery boxes

designed for use with the scattering meter is presented in Figure

4(b). The sides and bottoms of the boxes are stiffened with angles

bent from sheet steel (not shown) which keep the batteries away from

*OT electrical insulating oil, Standard Oil Company of Californiadesignation VV-1-530 AA/12:9160-685-0913.

(a)

(b)

24

Figure 4. Type 30H batteiy (12V, 100 Ali) modified for use in highpressure oil bath (a). Battery box schematic (b).

25

the sides and allow the transformer oil with which they are filled to

flow freely. A small drain plug is provided at the bottom of, each box

as well as a plug in the lid which can be used for filling. Because of

the small size of these plugs it has been found convenient to fill the

boxes almost entirely before screwing the lids on and to speed up

draining by filling the boxes with (low pressure) compressed air from

time to time as the oil flows out through a hose attached to the drain

port. (Filling has also been speeded up through the use of a large

funnel constructed from a three-quart tin can. ) The stand-pipe

shown at one end of the box in the sketch allows sea water to enter

the bottom of the box to equalize the pressure between the inside and

the outside. It is bent over at the top to prevent the escape of oil to

the sea. The electrical leads for the batteries are brought out

through the sides of the boxes by means of Marsh and Marine

XSK-2S bulkhead connectors, which mate with the connectors on the

ends of cables C5 and C6 shown in Figure 5, a block diagram show-

ing the principal components of the scattering meter and the con-

necting cables used.

5. Power Supply Case

The EGG camera case which houses the high voltage power

supply (called the "photometer chassis" in the description of Tyler

and Austin (1964)) is mounted on its side along the right-hand (short)

side of the suspension frame as it is sketched in Figure 2(a). It is

connected to the motor housing assembly by a 12-conductor cable

terminated at each end by single 12-pin connectors. As originally

designed, 9 single-pin Mecca connectors were used to 17'715S through

MARINE ADVISERSALPHA METER

C3

MOTOR HOUSING CONTAININGSWITCHING RELAYS, MOTOR,AND ANGLE POTENTIOMETER

I PROJECTOR I I

Cl

BATTERYBOX 1 1

BATTERY)BOX 2

26

I DETECTOR IC2

C5 C4 HIGH ANDLOW VOLTAGEPOWER SUPPLYC8+ PROJECTOR

C6 SERVO

ALPHA METERREADOUT

4000' OF 7 CONDUCTORWELL-LOGGING CABLE

JUNCTION BOXAT WINCH

C7

MAIN SHIPBOARDCONTROL BOX

RECORDER

28 V D. C.BATTERY

Figure 5. Block diagram showing the principal components of thescattering meter and the necessary connecting cables.

the power supply end cap. A new cap was machined to accept a 27

single Marsh and Marine 12-pin connector. In addition it was

necessary to bore holes in the motor housing side plate (shown

prominantly in its unmodified state in Figure 2) to accept a number

of electrical bulkhead connectors, the necessity for which will be

shown in the following section.

C. ELECTRICAL CIRCUITRY

1. Introduction

The principal components of the scattering meter and the

necessary connecting cables are diagrammed in block form in

Figure 5. Four of the seven conductors leading to the surface are

used for control purposes, i.e., to operate three in situ relays

from the surface, while the other three conductors are used to

carry the output signals of either the scattering meter or the alpha

meter, which are fed respectively to a Varian Model G-22 two

channel chart recorder or a Moseley x-y plotter (one channel or

direction for scattered light intensity, the other for angle of

scattering) and the Marine Advisers alpha meter readout, Model

S-4a. In the following sections the various parts of the system will

be discussed in detail.

2. Deck Control Box

The deck control box can be operated up to 80 feet (the length of

cable C7) from the winch used to lower the scattering meter

assembly. A 28-V battery supplies power to operate the polarized

24-V DC in situ relays; one switch controls the operation of the

alpha-meter; another, the Operation of the scattering meter projector

28and high voltage power supply; and two more, the operation of the

angle controlling motor. A voltage divider is used to reduce the

output signals from the scattering meter to levels acceptable for the

10-MV full-scale chart recorder. Pilot lights indicate when the

corresponding relays are in operation. A junction box at the winch

is necessary to allow the rapid disconnection of the deck cable when

it is desired to lower or raise the scattering meter. This could be

avoided through the use of slip rings at the winch; however, the

instrument is not used to make continuous vertical measurements,

but must be stopped at a given depth for a time long enough to scan

through about 165° and to make a measurement of alpha, and no

significant amount of time is lost unplugging and plugging the deck

cable.

3. Motor Housing Circuitry

A diagram of the wiring inside the motor housing of the scatter-

ing meter is given in Figure 6. Shown are the bipolar signal and

control relays (I - IX) plus the power relays (X - XIII).

Relay REX with SW1 serve to reverse the motor; REXI is the

alpha-meter on-off relay; REXII is the motor on-off relay; and

REXIII is the lamp and power supply on-off relay. These four

relays are four-pole double throw types, having contacts rated at

15 amperes at 30 volts and 230-ohm, 24-volt coils. Before the use

of the relays in situ they were pressure tested in the laboratory to

6500 p. s. i. , at which pressure they operated satisfactorily.

The angle potentiometer R1 has been described previously

(Tyler and Austin, 1964). Resistor R2 is necessary to drop the

'7.1E TO

1j T4'AC

SITU

),TLY

AUXILIARY ALPHA 12 VSENSORS 1.1TM BATT/1315618 543

12 VBATT

R2Z5,16 02 IvA r7-MANN

ft+ ON1.41Pla

PP.O,TILGTOP.

1_

REEL

1

12 V BATT

Figure 6. Motor housing switching circuitry.

3012 volts from one of the batteries to the 6 volts required by the alpha-

meter lamp.

The 24-volt DC motor shown in Figure 6 replaces the 115 volt

synchronous motor with which the scattering meter was originally

equipped. The motor adopted was a Bodine Type NSH-54RL, 115-volt

DC motor rewound for use on 24 volts DC. The speed of the approxi-

mately 1800-rpm motor (as rewound and operating on 24 volts DC)

is reduced to about 29 rpm by a 60 to 1 reduction gear. The Type

NSH-54RL motor was chosen for rewinding because its external

dimensions were identical with those of the original motor, which

resulted in the elimination of possible mounting problems.

It is to be remembered that the inside of the motor housing is

completely filled with OT electrical insulating oil and that the motor

is operated in it. This factor necessitated the only modification of

the 24-volt DC motor itself, the removal of its internal fan in order

to prevent undue loading in the oil. Because the carbon brushes used

in the motor tend to wear out rather rapidly when operated in oil,

they were checked fairly often.

4. Detector

The detector was modified only insofar as the original Wratten

57 optical filter was replaced with a Wratten 61 filter (dominant

wavelength of 534 nm). Filters for the Marine Advisers alpha-

meter were made from the same sheet of Wratten 61 material.

An additional filter, a 2 mm thick Schott BG-18 glass filter, was

used in the alpha-meter to remove infra-red from the alpha-meter's

tungsten source.

31

5. Projector

The projector was modified only slightly: the leads from the

DP-3 lamp monitoring cell are now brought out through the pro-

jector housing by means of a two-pin bulkhead connector. This

modification was made necessary by the design of the projector

servo circuit discussed below.

6. High Voltage Supply and Projector Servo

As was pointed out above, the scattering meter was originally

designed in such a way that the constancy of the projector lamp

intensity be maintained manually by an observer inside the TRIESTE.

To avoid this manual operation the servo circuit, shown in block form

in Figure 7 and schematically in Figure 8, was designed by Mr. Bob

Seeley of the NEL Deep Submergence Group. The circuit maintains

a constant lamp intensity determined by the output of the monitor cell.

Details of this circuit are discussed elsewhere (Reese and Seeley,

1966).

The size and number of the cable conductors dictated that this

control be self-contained within the meter. The size of the control

unit was sufficiently reduced by the use of semiconductors to fit into

unoccupied space remaining in the power supply pressure case.

Operation of the unit is technically simple as demonstrated by

the block diagram in Figure 7. Large power transistors are placed

in series with the lamp filament. The voltage to the lamp is then

limited by two types of feedback: (1) coarse adjustment sets the

voltage by a standard electronic comparison technique; (2) a fine

control corrects the lanl-) to correspond to a correct lamp

SERIESPOWER CONTROLSOURCE ELEMENT

CONTROLCURRENT

VOLTAGE

CURRENTSOURCE ADDER

)-0

VOLTAGESAMPLER

LAMP I .) CONSTANTINTENSITY

INTENSITY

INTENSITYSAMPLER

TOTAL VOLTAGE COM- I NVER T:INGFEEDBACK STANDARD PARATOR AMPLIFIERCURRENT VOLTAGE

N/FEEDBACK INTENSITYFEEDBACKFEEDBACK ADDER

AMPLIFIER.

Figure 7. Block diagram of solid state servo illumination control unit.

-GROUND

+24 vdce.

HEAT SINK1 INT099 151

2.2K1

2N1307

1

'CIRCUIT

500 I

IN 297413(12V zener diode) 3K

PROJECTORrllauSIg_ _ _ 1

ITI

LL_ J

DP-3MON-

1

E '

Figure 8. Solid state servo illumination control unit.

34intensity as sensed by a monitoring cell. The coarse adjustment

sets the lamp voltage to the approximate range of operation if the

battery voltage should change. The fine adjustment corrects for

any change of intensity caused by aging of the lamp even though the

lamp voltage remains constant.

Figure 6 shows a series control element driven by a control

current. The control current is the sum of a nearly constant

current and the total feedback current. Negative feedback current

lowers the control current, and thus the lamp voltage, when the

intensity or voltage samples indicate that lamp voltage or intensity

is too high. Should lamp intensity or voltage become too low, less

feedback current would flow and the control current would increase,

permitting lamp voltage and intensity to increase.

The completed schematic is shown in Figure 7. Note that two

parallel germanium power transistors (Q1 and Q2) are used for the

series control element, to allow lowest possible collector-to-

emitter saturation voltage. Also, two transistors are required to

avoid thermal run-away in the event the lamp leads become shorted.

Should this happen, these transistors would have to dissipate about

75 watts of power.

A 680-ohm resistor provides the driving current for a mid-range

power transistor (Q3')which in turn drives the larger power transistors.

Feedback amplification and voltage feedback comparison both occur

in the same transistor (Q4). The voltage reference is a 12-volt

Zener diode with a temperature coefficient opposite but equal to that

of the emitter-to-base junction of Q4. Voltage is sampled by a

potential dividing network across the output voltage to the lamp.

35Intensity is sampled by an International Recitifier Corporation

DP-3 monitor cell which is mounted in the projector housing. This

cell is primarily a current source and therefore requires a low

impedance load, which is provided by the common base configu-

ration (Q5). The output current is then amplified by a common

emitter configuration (Q5) to give the intensity feedback current.

The large transistors (Q1 and Q2) control the lamp intensity.

Variable resistors have been added to both feedback paths to

vary the amount of control each exerts on the intensity of the lamp.

Using this system, intensity regulation of better than 1% is obtained.

The only change in the high voltage supply for the detector, with

the exception mentioned above of the replacement of the original nine

Mecca single-pin bulkhead electrical connectors by a single 12-pin

Marsh and Marine connector, was the provision for using the

voltage across a 6. 8-volt Zener diode as the angle potentiometer

reference voltage rather than the voltage applied to the filament of

the cathode follower.

Figure 9 shows a photograph of the assembled instrument package.

The deck control box is resting on top of battery box No. 2 in the

right foreground. At the left--between battery boxes 3 and 1-- is a

CO2 sensor. To the right of these battery boxes is the Marine

Advisers alpha-meter. The EGG camera case housing the high

voltage power supply and photometer circuitry is to be seen at the

far right. The thermistor probe is just below the forward end of

the light detector housing attached to the black cylinder at the right

of the scattering meter. The ruler lying on top of the black cylinder

36

(a second light attenuation meter, which proved to be very unsatis-

factory), is two feet in length. The entire instrument assembly is

resting on a standard pallet which is four feet square.

The depth of the instrument assembly was normally determined

roughly by a series of marks placed at regular intervals on the

well-logging cable. At the same time a more precise estimate of

depth was obtained from a Precision Depth Recorder or Gifft Depth

Recorder on which the in situ instrument was clearly evident.

Figure 9. Photograph of the assembled instrument package. Battery boxes are at each corner,while the Marine Advisers alpha-meter is to the left of the scattering meter. Athermistor probe is shown strapped to the black cylinder immediately beneath theprojector housing. The high voltage power supply and photometer circuitry are inthe case at the far right-hand side. (The small cylinder between the battery boxeson the left is a CO2 sensor. )

38

III. CALIBRATION OF THE NEL SCATTERING METER

Measurements made with the NEL scattering meter depend very

critically on calibration factors which include, among others, the

following: the accuracy with which the scattering volume is deter-

mined as a function (non-linear) of angle; the response (quasi-

logarithmic) of the photometer circuitry as a function of incident

irradiance; the measurement of the scattering angle; the stability

of the light output from the projector lamp; and the accuracy of the

determination of the total beam attenuation coefficient (alpha) both

during calibration and during in situ operation of the scattering meter.

The calibration technique used followed closely that outlined by

Tyler (1963). A plastic diffusing calibration plate is driven along

the axis of detection and across the collimated light beam. Flux

received at the multiplier phototube, with the plate at a distance x

into the scattering volume, is proportional to the cross-sectional

area defined by the projection of the incident beam on the calibration

plate. (Refer to Figurel0 for this and the following discussion. )

The element of radiant intensity scattered from an illuminated

element of area, dA, of the plate in the direction of the photo

detector is

dJ = N dA, (27)

where N is the inherent radiance of the calibration in the direction

of the detector. The irradiance incident on the calibration plate is

H = Ho e-cl rl, (28)

Figure 10. Volume calibration schematic: r1 and r = 48.3 cm. The photo-tube was normal to the calibration plat g.

40where Ho is the irradiance at the projector, c1 is the total beam

attenuation coefficient, and r/ is the distance from the projector to

the calibration plate. We define the transmittance, T(9), of the cali-

bration plate for a beam incident on the plate at angle Q as the ratio

of flux scattered into the direction of the photodetector, per unit area

of the plate, to the normal component of the incident irradiance,

T(9) = N.Q./ H cos Q, (29)

where$1.. is the solid angle defined by the entrance pupil of the photo-

detector and its distance (r fromfrom the calibration plate.

The total flux received at the detector with the calibration plate

at position x is the integral of the flux scattered from the illuminated

area,

-n-J(X) =f-adJ = T(Q)H0e-cl(r1+r2) cos Q A(x) (30)

where A(x) = 5dA is an illuminated area over which J is constant.

The recorder reading, K, for the output of the multiplier photo-

tube is a function of the flux received:

K = F J(x)]. (31)

The integral of the recorded flux as a function of x is related to the

s catte ring volume,

(32)V =SA(x) dx,

by the integral

SS1J(x) dx = T(Q) e-cl(r1 cosQ V = J F -1(K) dx, (33)

41

where F 1(K) is the flux that corresponds to the inverse function

of (31).

To determine the absolute transmittance T(Q) of the calibration

plate at some angle QI' a source diffusion plate of area Al is placed

in front of the source (Figure 11a). Let the radiance of the source

plate be N1. Then, since there is spherical spreading between the

source and calibration plates, the irradiance at r1 (i. e. , incident on

the calibration plate) is

H1 = (Ai Ni/r ) (34)

The area of the calibration plate seen by the photodetector is A2.

The radiance of the calibration plate is N2, and the irradiance at

the phototube is

H2 = (A2N2/r22) e-c1r2 (35)

The effective entrance pupil of the photodetector is r22 SL. Thus, the

flux received is

F 1(K2) = H2r22 11... = N2A2.11 e-c1r2, (36)

where K2 is the reading caused by this flux. From equations (29)

and (36) the transmittance at angle Q1 is given by

T(Q1

) = [F-1(K2)e clr2]/(A2H

1 cosQ 1). (37)

With the calibration plate removed and the photodetector at

r1, r1 = r2 (Figure lib). The beam of detection again limits the

view of the detector to area The ir a.-1._a_ ce at he Detector

42

r1

CALIBRATION PLATE

SOURCEPLATE

r 2

(a) r1 and r2

= 48.3 cm;SI.1 = 0.0022 sr.

Q9 0 A2

111

MPT

(b) r1= 48.3 cm.

Figure 11. Schematics for T(e) calibration.

is then

Hi = (A21\T; ri 2) e -c1

r 1,

43

(38)

while the flux received by the detector and producing a reading K1 is

2F -1 (K1) = ri _CL) = NrAza e -c1

r1. (39)

In Figure the solid angle subtended by the source plate at r1 is

SI-1

= A1

/ r1

. From equations (34), (37), and (39),

[F-1(K2)ecirza] /[ F-1(Kos,11 cosQl]. (40)

The transmittance T(Q) at any other angle is given by the ratio

T(o) /T(o1) = F(Q)cosycosQ,

where the relative flux at angle 9 is defined as

F(.0) = F-1(K1g)/F-1(K2)

and F 1 (K' ) is the flux measured at Q.

From equations (40) and (41) T(Q) can be determined:

T(o)[F-1(K2)ecir24 F(o) /[F 1)111cos0],

(41)

(42)

(43)

where [F- (K2)ecirza] 1(K1).0.1] gives the absolute transmittance

at zero degrees and F(9)/cosQ gives the relative value at 9.

When the scattering meter is placed in an unknown hydrosol, the

radiant intensity scattered at angle o from the volume V is given by

J = 1)(9)HoVe-c2r1, (44)

where ca is the beam attenuation coefficient (alpha) of the unknown

hydrosol. The flux received by the detector at angle Q is

..CLJ e-c21.2 = F-1(KQ) =..D.13(Q)HoVe-c2(1.1+1.

44

(45)

The scattering volume is that volume illuminated during calibration

and is determined by equation (33).

V = [ASF1(K)dx] /F(Q),

where A is the following constant:

(46)

A = La1F-1(Ki)]/[F-1(K2)SLHoe-clrl]. (47)

Thus, the scattering function is given by

(0) = [T1F-1(K0)F-1(K2)F(Q)eclr2V[T2 YF1(K)dxF1(KysLi], (48)

where the transmissivity Ti is given by Ti = e -c.(r1+r

2) (i=1,2).

The photodetector was calibrated on a photometer before or after

each series of measurements at sea. A quartz-iodine lamp (effect-

ively a point source) was placed at distances along the photometer

bench corresponding to optical density increments of 0.1. The

detector response was found to be quasi-logarithmic with a range of

9. 0 log units.

The scattering angle was determined by the voltage drop across a

1000-ohm Helipot having a linearity of 0. 15 percent. For the 1967

cruises the angle calibration was determined by placing a 900 beam

splitter at the center of rotation of the scattering meter and scanning

through a complete angle cycle (0°--).-170°--o-0°). The calibration

constant was 17. 2° (+ 0. 7 °) per rriV. During 1967 the calibration

45

was accomplished by direct measurement of the scattering angle as

a function of potentiometer output voltage.

During the volume calibration procedure, both the diffusing

calibration plate and the recorder were driven by synchronous

motors. The times at which the calibration plate entered and left

the light beam were recorded and used to calculate the center of

the scattering volume. The area under the curves was found by

numerical integration with increments ax = 0.165 cm. Integrations

varied by only + 0. 5% for center point changes of 0.5 cm. Figure 12,

a plot of the volume ratio V/A, shows the dependence of scattering

volume on angle of incidence.

With the Varian two-pen recorder (Model G-22) used during the

1966 cruises and during the volume calibration, the photodetector

output voltage could be measured to within +0.1 mV, giving an

uncertainty in flux at midrange of +5%. High values of flux could

possibly be in error by as much as 20%. Similar uncertainties were

associated with the 1967 measurements in which a Moseley 8-1/2 x 11

inch x-y plotter was used.

The dependence of the scattering volume on Q is obtained from

measurements of the integral of flux and the flux ratio F(Q). At the

fluxes used, the error in the ratio V/A was approximately 15% for

the range of 15o< Q < 65o and Q >115 °. There is a greater error

between 65° and 115° because of the large value of dT(Q)/dQ.

Changes in volume, however, are small in this region, and values

can be extrapolated. For angles less than about 15o, forward

scattering becomes an irnoorta.nt factor, and can increase the

uncertainty by an additional 106;0.

46

10 50 90 130 170e (d egrees)

Figure 12. Volume ratio by Tyler's procedure (1963).The solid line is a least-squares fit ofV1 (6) /A.

47

To obtain the best estimate of volume ratio from the scattered

values of V/A, the function

V1

BL2 +(L tan 6 [2D sin Q + (L tan cos Q / tan Q) (49)

sin Q sin2Q - tan2 cos Q

was fitted by the method of least squares. This gives the angular

dependence for a volume illuminated by a beam which diverges

horizontally by an angle PS (see Figure 13). Based on direct

measurements of the projector beam in distilled water, L was found

to be 1. 0 cm and D was found to be 2.69 cm. The constants B and

6 were varied to obtain the best fit. The values chosen for Figure 12

were B = 0.72 and pS = 6°.

The volume scattering function was then calculated from the best

fit, V1 /A. Error in the relative shape of the curve of the scattering

function is estimated to be + 10%, and there is an uncertainty in the

absolute value of about + 20%. Uncertainty in scattering angle,

which includes recording errors, is about + 1.5%.

The raw strip-chart or x-y plotter records of data runs were

digitized using the electro-mechanical digitizer at the Oregon State

University Computer Center. The digitized records were then

processed on the NEL CDC 1604 computer using the data reduction

program given in Appendix A.

The Brice-Phoenix data were digitized by hand and processed at

Oregon State on the OSU CDC 3300 using the program given in

Appendix B. No discussion of the Brice-Phoenix meter will be

given here, as the details of its operation and use have been given

48

SOURCE

9h-- 0 --..1

CENTER OF ROTATION

OETECTOR

Figure 13. Cross section of a divergingprojector beam.

49

at length by numerous writers [Spilhaus (1965), Beardsley (1966),

Morrison (1967), Pak (1970)]. The instrument used was the same

one used by Morrison (1967).

Examples of raw data from several NEL scattering meter runs

are shown in Figure 14. The major part of the noise seen is not

instrumental but due to large particles or motes suspended within

the scattering volume. It is seen that the distilled water and deep

offshore water are relatively free of such motes, while San Diego

Bay water and offshore surface water contain numerous large

particles. The NEL meter with its relatively large scattering

volume (2..13 cm3 at 90o) is comparatively less sensitive to motes

than is the Brice-Phoenix meter with its much smaller scattering

volume. Although single particle scattering from motes in the

1-1000r range is used in a number of commercially available

instruments to count and determine the size distributions of sus-

pended particles, no quantitative estimate of the numbers or size

distributions of the motes detected with the NEL meter is possible,

because with that instrument there is no way of ascertaining the

rate of fluid flow through the scattering volume.

50

4

...... . .....

.......

-77

Figure

C: : ... ... :

S CAT T SRING1..x.any-ples of rawruns.Bay water at the(c).

ANGLE TLTINEAR sTAT,E)data from several NEL scattk-rir 2 meter

water in laboraory tank ta), :3anNEL barge (b), and deep off-shore water

51

N. MEASUREMENT PROGRAM

A. INTRODUCTION

The program of measurements undertaken with the NEL scatter-

ing meter may be divided conveniently into five sections: namely,

laboratory measurements (made in a 750 gallon tank) of the scatter-

ing from commercially distilled water; laboratory measurements of

the scattering from various size distributions of polystyrene latex

and divinylbenzene copolymer spheres; laboratory measurements of

the scattering fromnear-shore samples of San Diego Bay water; in

situ measurements at a fixed (anchor) station in San Diego Bay; and,

finally, in situ measurements at drift stations in the Pacific Ocean

to the west of San Diego. The locations of the in situ measurements

are shown in Figures 15 and 16.

B. DISTILLED WATER

The calibration procedures outlined above were carried out in

commercially distilled water in a black painted rectangular tank

large enough (3 x 5 x 7 feet) to accommodate the entire scattering

meter when removed from the supporting frame used at sea. The

water was delivered by tank truck by a San Diego water company and

pumped directly into the freshly cleaned tank, which was kept covered

with a large sheet of black polyethylene to reduce contamination due

to the settling of atmospheric dust and to keep out unwanted light

during measurements. The polyethylene sheet was removed only

when transferring the scattering meter to or from the tank.

As particle-free water is notoriously difficult to prepare, it was

not expected that the observed volume scattering function for such

52

NEL BARGE29-30 JUN 67

30'

1YFU-45

019-20 JUL 66

0 21-22 JUL 66

117°15'W

Figure 15. Chart showing the locations of the ocean stations atwhich scattering measurements were made offSan Diego.

u.,IQ

4

CZ

z

15'

13r 00K z>

0OND= Z--4 0 I11

Z:5 XI >Z M '

117° 14' W

JETTY

--aCD

xirm

m StiF(),

v, zr 0> xiz --40 i

131

Figure 16. Chart showing locations of the NEL Barge and the near-shore station inSan Diego Bay.

54

water would approach either the theoretical values of Le Grand (1939)

or the carefully measured laboratory values of Morel (1966) for

water which had been doubly distilled under vacuum without boiling,

Shown in Figure 17 are values for two of our tank runs, somewhat

similar tank values measured by Tyler (1961), careful laboratory

measurements of Dawson and Hulbert (1937), and the theoretical

values of LeGrand (1939). The pronounced forward scattering

observed on 18 May 1967 indicates that on that day our water con-

tained rather more large scatterers than the water used by Tyler.

From Figure 1 it is seen that the water used on 21 September 1967

is somewhat more contaminated with particles of the order of magni-

tude of 0.5 microns and larger than was the water of 18 May. The

beam transmission measured with the Marine Advisers Model 2-Ca

alpha-meter on 18 May was 95%/m (c = . 051 m1) while that ona

21 September was 9$ %/m (c 072 m-1). For comparison, the

carefully measured laboratory measurements of Clarke and James

(1939) and of Hulburt (1945) at 525 nm each gave 96.1%/m.

C. SCATTERING FROM ARTIFICIAL SPHERES

The over-all performance of the NEL scattering meter was

checked by using it to measure the scattering from aqueous sus-

pensions of monodisperse polystyrene latex and polydisperse

divinylbenzene copolymer spheres manufactured by the Dow Chemical

Company of Midland, Michigan. The spheres were added in small

quantities (the maximum was 5 cm3 of a suspension containing 10%

solids) to the tank of approximately 700 gallons of distilled water.

The polystyrene spheres were 0.234r. , 0. 500p , and 1. 099r in

55

100

101

T.....1I L0 0

o.

10 .\A0%

o .W F %,0 .

\- N 1,.

0 0

Q....

_.

_

N\. .0co----...:,V0

-.........Q.

0

0

0

0

COMMERCIALLY DISTILLED WATER21 SEP 1967TRANSMISSIVITY = 93 PERCENT

COMMERCIALLY OISTILLED WATER18 MAY 19G7TRANSMISSIVITY = 95 PERCENT

O TYLER (1961)

DAWSON AND HULBERT (1937 )

164

THEORETICAL LeGrand (1939)(536.8 nm)

H

. 5. 5

0 ,

-51015

55 95 1350 (degrees)

Figure 17. Scattering functions for distilled water.

56dia meter, while the divinylbenzene spheres were 6-14f, 12 -35p ,

and 25-55e in range. Of the latter only the results for the 6-14

spheres are shown in Figures 18a tol8b. Fresh distilled water was

used for each run, and the spheres were allowed to remain in the

tank for at least one-half hour prior to making measurements, in

order to ensure that their spacial distribution be uniform. Just

before the addition of spheres to the distilled water the volume

scattering function of the water itself was measured. This observed

function was then subtracted from the scattering function observed

after the spheres were added in order to obtain the volume scatter-

ing functions for the spheres shown in Figures 18a to 18d. The

resulting uncertainty in the relative shapes of the particle scattering

curves is in the neighborhood of twenty percent.

Following Heller and Pugh (1957), the index of refraction for the

polystyrene latex spheres relative to water was taken to be m = 1.20,

while that for the divinylbenzene spheres was taken to be m = 1.19.

The green Wratten 61 filter used in the NEL scattering meter both

in the tank and at sea has a dominant wavelength of 533.8 nm. The

solid curves in Figure 18 were obtained by means of the Mie scatter-

ing program listed in Appendix III. The value of ka [see equations (20)

and (21)] was varied until the best fit was obtained to the observed

functions. Curves for the 6-14p- spheres were calculated using a

Gaussian distribution about a mean diameter of 7.72/... with a stan-

dard deviation of 2.37/A . These values were determined by Dow

Chemical and are based on measurements on 1887 particles with a

Zeiss Particle Size Analyzer using a linear step-width. All the

SCATTERING ANGLE IN DEGREES

10

.1W

57

12-

zWE-4

1-1 -3o l0

i-x-44

O 10-415 35

A. 2a =ka =

r=4

E-4

100

E-4

U-1

1

55 75 95 115 135

O.234 p; m = 1.2;1.808.

155

0-2

10-3

10 0 15 35 55 75 95 115 135

10-415 35 55 75 95 115 135 155

B. 2a = 0.500y; m = 1.19;ka = 4.120.

100

10-1

10-2

-4155 10 15 35 55 75 95 115 135 155

C. 2a = 1.099y; m = 1.2; D.ka = 9.400.

2a = 6 to 14,p Gaussiandistribution, m = 1.2.

Figure 18. Scattering functions measured for latex spheres.Solid lines __pp ca1cuca b Le f;ctted

lines are meauf, sctofing. Ordinates: relative scat-tering coefficient; abscissas: scattering angles in degrees.a = radius of spheres, m = relative refractive index, andk = wave number.

58

calculated curves take into account the transmission characteristics

of the Wratten 61 filter.

It was possible to obtain fairly good fits for the 0.5r , the 1. 099r,

and the 6-14r spheres. Sizes agreed quite well with those given

by Dow Chemical. The nominal 0. sr spheres when measured with

an electron microscope were found to be 0. 55t , compared to the

0. 51p obtained for the best fit of the Mie theoretical function to the

observed data.

Fits for the 0.234r spheres were not good: the measured curve

had increasing slope with decreasing angle, while the theoretical

curve indicates it should decrease with angle. A possible reason for

the poor fit could have been that some clustering of the spheres had

taken place, causing them to appear larger than normal and non-

spherical. Scattering measurements of the spheres made with the

Brice-Phoenix meter were in essential agreement with those for the

NEL meter, although the green mercury line (546.1 nm) used for the

Brice-Phoenix meter was somewhat longer than the dominant wave-

length of the Wratten 61 filter.

The results of the scattering measurements on artificial spheres

and their agreement with values calculated from Mie theory encouraged

confidence in the ability of the NEL scattering meter to measure the

relative shape of the volume scattering function.

D. LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS ON SAMPLES OF SAN DIEGOBAY WATER

In order to compare further the NEL and Brice-Phoenix meters,

the NEL laboratory tank was filled on 18 May 1967 with San Diego

59Bay water pumped from a depth of 2.5 feet at the station 100 feet

from shore shown in Figure 16. The volume scattering function

of the water in the tank was then measured with the NEL meter

(Figure 19) and the relative scattering function was measured with

the Brice-Phoenix meter for a small sample taken from the tank.

Figure 19 shows the probable uncertainty in p(0) for three angles

as measured with the NEL meter. In addition scattering from a

sample of water taken directly from the bay at the pump inlet was

measured with the Brice-Phoenix. The results of these observations

are shown in Figure 20. The solid line is for the NEL meter, while

the crosses and circles are for the Brice-Phoenix, the sample having

been taken directly from the bay and from the tank, respectively.

The relatively poorer agreement between the NEL meter data and

the Brice-Phoenix direct sample (crosses) than for the Brice-Phoenix

tank sample (circles) is probably due to alteration of the suspended

particles on passing through the pump and long hose and also to con-

taminants (artifacts) in the large tank. The agreement between the

relative scattering curves for the two tank samples is fairly good.

That the Brice-Phoenix curve (circles) is somewhat flatter than

that obtained with the NEL meter (heavy solid line) is probably due

to settling out of some of the larger particles in the Brice-Phoenix

scattering cuvette and to differences in scattering volumes between

the two meters.

E. MEASUREMENTS OF SCATTERING FROMSAN DIEGO BAY WATER AT THE NEL BARGE

A series of lowering,s of the NEL scattering meter was made on

the night of 29-30 June 1967 from the NEL Barge, located in San

60

103

15 55 95Scattering Angle (degrees)

135

Figure 19. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle for Sari Diego Bay water in NEL tank, 18 May1967. Vertical bars indicate probable uncertainties inthe absolute values offi(Q).

6 -=----- = _ -----

.---

-r-

7_-

SURFACE_==ANATE

al

_ :JD IEG . =BAYSANoo--- ER ..0 -22

1111EMMO = Li13111 r IiiNMMIN=IMIMMOIMPM. .MILIMo .

NrIm7

6

lanWIM

4

11.111WNIs11111Maitsbn.

'

el.

.SENNOMMinilinli Mme-,...x iffilffigigniff=amisis

-..01111MEMIIMMEMEISMENIMMIIII

._

,_

10 40 70 100

e (degrees)130

Figure e 20. Comparison between NEL and Brice-PhoenixscatterinL meters for can L.,iego Bay wa',er,18 May 1967

61

62Diego Bay in about twenty meters of water near the middle of the

ship channel and about 2.5 n mi from the entrance to the bay (see

Figure 16. Lowered with the scattering meter were the Marine

Advisers alpha-meter (c-meter) and a thermistor temperature probe.

Immediately following the completion of scattering measurements at

a given depth a Nansen bottle was lowered to collect water samples

for later salinity analysis and for immediate measurement of the

relative scattering coefficient with the Brice-Phoenix meter. A

summary of the data collected during the three scattering meter

casts made on the night of 29-30 June 1967 is given in Table 1, while

the observed absolute volume scattering functions are given graphi-

cally in Appendix D and in tabular form in Appendix E. The total

scattering coefficient, b, was calculated following Tyler (1961),

Kullenberg (1968), Morrison (1970), and Beardsley, et al. (1970) on

the basis of Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis that b = 113(Q), where Q lies in

the vicinity of 45°. As we shall show, the "constant" k is very prob-

ably not a constant for all water types but a parameter which varies

somewhat from water mass to water mass. For our San Diego Bay

runs the value k = 30 sr (Kullenberg, 1968; Morrison, 1967) appears

to be much too high. Indeed, in some cases c - ki3(45) < 0, if this

value for k is assumed. For this reason we choose the value k = 12 sr

(Tyler, 1961; Beardsley, et al., 1970) for our calculations of b and a

for San Diego Bay. The value k = 30 sr is, however, far more

realistic a value when applied to our ocean measurements of July

1966 and August 1967, the value k = 12 sr giving for some of those

data values of b/c well below the value for distilled water based on

NEL Barge - San Diego Bay, 29-30 June 1967 (32° 42'12"N X 117°13'51"W)

Cast Hour De p[m]

Temp

[ CiSa lin[700]

Sigma-t

Tran[%/m1

c[m ]

p(45){sr-l_rn-1

b=12p(45)[m-1]*

a=c-b[m-l]*Er-l_rri-li

(90)Z

45135

Q

(E))'min[deg]

Tide

29 June 1967

Al 2215 1 22.1 9.4 2.36 . 119 1.43 . 93 . 0127 16.1 131 .701A2 2255 3 18.7 33.872 24.26 9.3 2.37 .108 1.30 1.07 .0122 15.1 124 .719A3 2310 5 17.1 33.838 24.65 9. 7 2.33 . 0918 1.10 1.23 . 0102 14.75 130 . 732A4 2334 7 15.8 33.750 25.01 13.9 1.97 .0602 .722 1.25 .00608 15.5 131 .762AS 2352 9 14.2 33.722 25.18 18.0 1.71 .0490 .588 1.12 .00580 13.6 130 .783

30 June 1967

A6 0012 11 14.1 33. 702 25. 19 17.7 1.73 . 0468 . 562 1.17 . 00589 12.9 130 . 814A7 0035 13 14.0 33.696 25.20 16.8 1.78 . 0519 . 623 1.16 . 00611 12.2 129 . 847A8 0055 15 13.7 33.678 25.25 15.5 1.86 . 0583 . 700 1.16 . 00738 13.8 132 .881B1 0140 1 18.3 33,897 24.38 9. 8 2. 32 . 0415 . 498 1.82 . 00497 13.4 130 . 954B2 0150 3 17.8 33.873 24.48 9.2 2.39 .0859 1.03 1.36 .00987 15.7 127 .969B3 0214 5 16.0 33.881 24.91 9.8 2.32 .0673 .808 1.51 .00756 13.7 130 1.002B4 0232 7 14.5 33.719 25.11 15.7 1.85 . 0460 . 552 1.30 . 00523 13.0 118 1.018B5 0247 9 14.1 33.693 25.17 12.6 2.07 0626 751 1.32 . 00754 12.8 127 1.030B6 0312 11 13.6 33.679 25.27 13.4 2.01 .0586 .703 1.31 .00703 12.7 125 1.040B7 0336 13 13.2 33.674 25.35 13.0 2.04 . 0648 . 778 1.26 . 00875 12.6 130 1.032B8 0348 15 13.1 33.665 25.36 13.1 2.03 . 0694 . 833 1.20 . 00857 12.5 127 1.027C1 0420 1 18.3 33.880 24.36 13.0 2.04 .0457 .548 1.05 .00557 12.8 125 .995C2 0432 3 17.7 33.827 24.48 9.1 2.40 .0639 .767 1.42 .00799 12.0 124 .984C3 0442 5 14.8 33.745 25.07 10.6 2.24 .0732 .878 1.28 .00805 14.0 127 .963C4 0451 7 14.7 33.718 25.08 11.1 2.20 .0697 .836 1.25 .00801 13.0 128 .947 #

*See text p. 62. Table 1. Summary of data collected from the NEL barge locatedin San Diego Bay, 29-30 June 1967

64

the careful observations of Clarke and James (1939) for c and the

theoretical value calculated by Le Grand (1939) for b, i.e.,

(b/c)525 nm = 039. Thus, it is seen that, at best, the values for

b given in our tables are approximations. Ideally, b should be

determined by integration of equation(9). Such an integration is not

possible, however, for our data do not extend beyond 10° in the

forward direction. Extrapolation in the region 155°, Q 180° does

not present a problem, as the backward scattering is not pronounced,

but, as we have pointed out, /3 (Q) for 0 < Q 10° contributes to a very

large extent to b, and extrapolation of p(Q) in this region is not a

satisfactory solution. Measurements of p(Q) to at least G = 0. 1° are

needed. Unfortunately an instrument to make such small angle

observations was not available at the time we made our wide-angle

measurements.

Z1435 is the so-called dissymmetry ratio often used in physical

chemistry, Z1345 = (1(45)/ p(135). The fact that it can be calculated

from relative, rather than absolute, values of fl(Q) makes it a

practical means of characterizing the shape of the volume scattering

function for a given water sample, and, hence, the water itself.45Morel (1965) has found Z135 to vary from region to region and, in

general, to decrease with increasing depth and with distance from

shore, e. g., Z1345 is 11.40 at a depth of 50 m in the Mediterranean

and 2.25 at 2500 m in the Tyrrhenian Sea. His observations are

borne out, as we shall see, by our measurements.

As is indicated in Table 1 and in Figure 21 (a plot of tidal level

as a function of time) our San Diego Bay observations from the NEL

barge were made over a considerable portion of a tidal cycle.

65

I I I I I I I

16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8

29 JUN 67 30 JUN 67

Figure 21. Tidal level in San Diego Bay as a function of timeduring scattering meter lowerings A, B, and Cfrom NEL barge.

66

Figures 22a-22c show clearly the effect of the flooding tide. These

figures present various parameters (a, b, c, 0't' salinity, and

temperature) as functions of depth and suggest the presence of a

two-layered system: relatively warm, salty, turbid water is seen

to lie above somewhat colder, less saline, but denser and clearer

water, the interface between the lwo layers being at depths roughly

between 5 and 8 m. The upper layer is seen to decrease in thickness

as the colder bottom water progresses from the ocean into the bay

with the flooding tide.45The dissymmetry ratios observed (12. Zi35 < 16. 1) are some-

what higher than the highest value given by Morel (1965) (Z135 11.4),

but this is not surprising in view of the large values for beam attenu-

ation which we observed in the bay (1. 71< c < 2.36 m-1). The high

attenuation coefficients, in turn, reflect the fact that the bay is

narrow, shallow, confined, and somewhat polluted.

Figure 23 (plots of 0-t as a function of beam attenuation for the

three NEL barge runs) clearly shows the presence of the two layers

of water, one which is relatively more turbid and lies above about

3 m, and for which trt is less than about 24. 5, and the other, slightly

clearer, below about 8 m, and for which c't is greater than about

25. 1.

In addition to the basic scattering curves made for each depth and

for each lowering of the NEL scattering meter (see Appendix D) two

additional graphical means of presenting the data are employed for

both our San Diego Bay and offshore work. For the bay Figure 24

summarizes the scatterint7 data for cast A only, while the perspective

0

20

8 13 1833.4 33.6 33.823 24 250 1.0 2.0

23 °C34.0%.

26dt3.0 m-1 0

8 1333.4 33.623 24

I I

.12/3(45).1

29-30 JUN 67RUN A

(a)

1833.8252.0

23°C34.0 °/..26 ot4

ft)

10 10

0

15

(b)

833A23

13336241.0

1833.8252.0

23°C34.0°4.26 d,3.0 ret-1

(c)

Figure 22. Beam attenuation, absorption, and total scattering coefficients, cet, salinity, andtemperature as functions of depth for lowerings A(a), B(b), and C(c) at the NELBarge, 23-30 June 1967.

at25.4 ' I e613' I

11

25.2

25.0

24.8

24.6

24.4

Figure 23.

11

70-05

RUN C

5

RUN

NEL BARGE29-30 JUN 67

(depths in m)

1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4c (m-1 )

Water density (G') plotted as a function of beamtransmission (c.)tfor each of the three casts madeat the NEL barge in San Diego Ea-y, :19-30 June 1967.

68

10

10

1. 0-3

69

Ia0

8STATION DEPTH, m

$ ° 2St y e,it

1 0 1

2 0 3

3 v 5

4 7

5 0 9

6 11

7 0 13

8 a 15.* v fti ,7n

.{.

84 °O0a g c,e

i e : c , g

3 ° v7 6

ii!, vot a v F

ii° ,.,eI.:A va a.

6 9 A7 C0 C. V

087 0 !,8

i3i.., c

# A Avv v'oo 1 0 CI 0 0 eGyvv8 A vvo o,oV

Id AI A Cf a

C 'b.

A'1111:: a aa . &°:"4*. I la

O 0 9o 7 v

iif

15 35 55 75 95 115 135

Angle from Forward Beam (Q), deg.155

Figure 24. Scattering for various depths. Values were averagedover two scans. NEL barge, 29-30 June 1967.

70drawings in Figures 25 to 27 represent all the scattering data

collected on 29-30 June 1967. A distinctive feature of these curves

is the abrupt separation between those for depths of 5 m or less and

those for 7 m or more, a further indication of the layering present.

Little variation in overall shape from curve to curve is present,

although in these figures small, apparently regular,

variations are to be noted for angles between about 60 and 70 degrees

for runs B and C, and between about 130 and 150 degrees for runs A

and B. Such tiny "peaks" could be due to the presence of very large

numbers of some type of monodisperse or narrowly distributed (in

size) system of particles (a diatom bloom, for example) throughout

the water column and "superimposed" on the normal polydisperse

system.

As was pointed out above, a value of k = 12 sr was chosen to

satisfy Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis [b = k(45)] for the San Diego Bay

scattering data. In Figures 22a-22c it is seen that the absorption

coefficient is relatively constant below about 8 m. Close to the

surface it is observed to increase from run A to run B, and then

decrease to run C. The total scattering coefficient, b = c-a, is

rather larger above about 6 m in run A, while for runs B and C it

is fairly uniform throughout the water column, although for runs B

and C it is diminished in size near the surface compared with the

values found in run A.

The relative scattering data for San Diego Bay taken with the

Brice-Phoenix scattering meter for the Nansen samples collected

at each of the depths at which the NEL meter was used yielded values

71

30 JUNE 67

RUN A

2.0-3 i 1 1 I 1110 ho 7o loo 130 160

SCATTERING ANGLE (degrees)

3

5

ti

Figure 25. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatter-ing angle and depth for NEL barge lowering A of29-30 June 1967 (perspective drPwing).

72

10 40 70 100

SCATTERING ANGLE

Figure 26. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatter-ing angle and depth for NEL barge lowering B of29-30 June 1.96 :perspective: drawing).

73

Figure 27. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth for NEL barge lowering C of 29-30June 1967 (perspective drawing).

74

for Z430 [ =A40)/p(130)1 which were in every case well below the

corresponding ratios given by the NEL meter*. Indeed, the aver-

age40of the ratios Z130 /Z130 for some 17 runs is 2.14.

NEL B-PFigure 28 shows comparative relative scattering data for one of the

runs made at the NEL barge. The curve is typical of all 17 runs in

that that Brice-Phoenix results are consistently lower than those

obtained with the NEL meter in the forward, and higher in the back-

ward, direction, i.e. the curves are consistently flatter for the40

Brice-Phoenix. Furthermore, a plot of Z130 vs. Z 40 forNEL 130B-P

the San Diego Bay runs** does not give an even approximately smooth

curve: the points are badly scattered. The discrepancies between

the two meters for the bay runs are very probably due to two main

factors. One is the settling of larger particles out of the scattering

volume of the Brice-Phoenix meter after a sample had been placed

in the scattering cuvette and very possibly settling in the bottles to

which the water samples were transferred from the Nansen bottles

prior to scattering analysis. At each transfer of water the samples

were gently agitated to keep large particles in suspension but, at

the same time, to avoid introducing air bubbles. Samples, however,

were not stirred within the cuvette during measurementsas they

probably should have beenfor water having such low attenuation

lengths. The other factor is probably related to the very small

scattering volume used with the Brice-Phoenix meter, which leads

40*For purposes of co paring the data from the two meters Zi30 isused rather than Z 5

5because the Brice-Phoenix data were

taken only at discre_e angles separated by ten-degree intervalsbetween 30 and 130 degrees.

**Not presented here.

20

xEio880- 6

5L 403 3

2ci

a.6.5

75

1 1 1 1 1 I

,/,e//.

1

///

1

//

1

/

1 1 1 1 1

//

1 //

30 JUN 67S.D. BAYNEL BARGERUN: 13

1...a

...1

/.

-1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 I E.5.6 .8 1 2 3 4 56 810 20 30 50

P(e)relative (NEL meter)

Figure 28. Comparison of relative scattering measurements madewith the NEL and Brice-Phoenix scattering meters,San Diego Bay water, Run 1B, 30 June 1967.

76

to an output which tends to be very noisy at frequencies of the order

of . 01-1 Hz due to the presense of large particles (in effect, motes)

in the water. This, coupled with the fact that the Brice-Phoenix

measurements were made at discrete angles3is probably responsible

for much of the data scatter.

No comparis ons of the NEL and Brice-Phoenix meters were

possible for open ocean waters. An attempt was made to make

Nansen casts using the well-logging cable for the NOTS null-balance

transmissometer (see below) on the REXBURG cruises of 21-22 and

23-24 August 1967, but, because of poor wire angles and because

the cable tended to exude a gummy substance not unlike Cosmoline,

our messengers would not slide down to trip the Nansen bottles.

Quite probably settling would not have been a problem for offshore

waters as it was in San Diego Bay.

F. MEASUREMENTS IN COASTAL WATERS OFF SAN DIEGO

Trial runs in the coastal waters to the west of San Diego were

made with the NEL scattering meter from the YFU-45* late in the

summer of 1965 and early in 1966. Overnight cruises were made

out of San Diego on 19-20 and 21-22 July 1966. The locations of

these stations are shown in the chart in Figure 157 and summaries

of station data are given in Tables 2 and 3. Two additional cruises

were made in the same general region to the west of San Diego

aboard the USS REXBURG on 21-22 and 23-24 August 1967 (again

*The YFU-45 is a flat-bottomed boat designed originally as alanding craft but more recently used for cable laying and otherutility work.

YFU-45 - 31 °21.2'N x 117° 20.6'W - 19-20 July 1966

Flour Depth Temp[oc]

Trans[ % /m]

C[m-11

(45){sr-l_m-li

b=30/3(45)[m-liqm-li*

a=c-b fl(90)[sr-l-rn:1]

Z413")5

0poi?,[deg] d

p(45)rel9 0°

b/a* b/c*

19 July 1966

2110 SFC 19. 7

2140 25 13.31 53.9 .618 .00311 .0933 .525 .000445 9.89 126 6.99 .178 .151

2229 46 10.72 86.3 .147 .000396 .0119 .135 .0000898 3.84 100 4.41 .088 .081

2247 66 9.70 89.0 .117 .000237 .00711 .110 .0000748 2.63 103 3.17 .065 .061

2305 123 9.67 87.7 . 131 .000445 .0134 .118 . 000112 3.35 102 3.97 . 122 .114

2345 145 9. 58 90.6 . 099 . 000319 . 00957 . 089 . 0000849 3. 12 103 3. 75 , 107 . 097

20 July 1966

0013 183 9.24 86.5 .145 .000298 .00894 .136 .0000832 3.36 97 3.58 ..066 .062

0040 244 9. 02 86.2 . 149 . 000297 . 00891 . 140 . 0000769 3.37 100 3. 86 . 063 . 060

0113 305 8.23 89.0 .117 .000665 .0200 .097 .000198 2.98 100 3.36 .206 .171

*See text p. 62. Table 2. Summary of data collected from the YFU-45 in the coastalwaters off San Diego, 19-20 July 1966

YFU-45 - 21-22 July 1966 - 32° 17. 4'N x 117° 19. 4'W - Aveg. depth: 1230 M.

hour Depth[rn]

Temp[°C]

Trans[lo m]

Crrn_1]

(3(45)[sri_rninm_ii*im_ii*

b=30-/3(45) a=c-b p(90)

[sr-1-1-n-l]

z45135

(AOmin

[deg]

A(45)rel90°

b/a* b/c*

21 July 19662023 SFC 20. 78Z101 29 13. 89 67.9 .387 . 00636 . 191 .196 . 000679 11.7 115 9. 37 . 973 . 4932137 77 10.25 88. 1 .127 . 000699 . 0210 .106 . 000149 4. 01 109 4.68 .198 .1652207 132 9.85 90. 1 .104 . 00115 . 0345 .0695 . 000268 4. 13 109 4.29 .496 .3322232 183 9.53 90.2 .103 .000862 .0259 .0771 .000208 3.57 97 4.14 .335 .251', M5 220 9. 13 94. 1 .061 . 00134 . 0402 . 0208 . 000283 4. 30 106 4.75 1.93 .6592327 269 8. 64 93.5 .067 .000591 .0177 .0493 .000139 3.55 105 4.25 .360 .265

22 July 1966

0040 289 8. 66 93. 6 f 066 . 000997 . 0299 . 0360 000223 3. 96 103 4. 47 . 828 . 4530102 324 7. 85 93.4 1068 . 000702 . 0211 . 0469 000180 3.'31 106 3. 90 . 449 . 3100121 368 7.20 93. 1 , 071 . 000962 . 0289 .0421 000254 3.36 103 3.79 . 685 .4060142 439 6. 62 93. 5 067 . 000596 . 0179 . 0491 000188 2. 52 97 3. 17 . 364 . 2670205 503 6. 23 93.5 . 067 . 000648 . 0194 . 0476 000225 2.31 103 2. 8:: . 409 .2900222 552 5.80 93.5 ** 067 .000614 .0184 .0486 .000236 2.31 103 2.60 .379 .275

See text p. 62.Extrapolated values

Table 3. Summary of data collected from the YFU-45in the coastal waters off San Diego, 21-22 July 1966,

00

79

see Figure 15). Station data for these cruises are presented in

Tables 4 and 5.

It must be emphasized that the absolute volume scattering

function for an unknown hydrosol as measured with the NEL scatter-

ing meter depends on a simultaneous, or nearly simultaneous,

measurement of the total beam attenuation coefficient (c) in the

unknown hydrosol [see equation(48)]. The Marine Advisers alpha-

meter (c-meter) which we used to measure c during the sea runs of

July 1966 has a depth limitation of approximately 300 m. Thus,

prior to making the measurements below 300 m on 21-22 July 1966

we were forced to bring the instrument package to the surface and

remove the Marine Advisers meter. The deeper scattering measure-

ments were then made without simultaneous beam transmission

measurements. The absolute scattering functions for depths below

300 m are based on the assumption that, below that level, the

attenuation is an essentially constant function of depth. The deep

attenuation data obtained by Gilbert and Rue (1967) for the same

general ocean area with the NOTS null-balance transmissometer

(Hughes and Austin, 1965) tend to support this assumption as well as

do our own deep attenuation data taken during the following summer

on our 1967 REXBURG cruises with the same null-balance trans-

missometer. Thus, during the latter cruises there was no need to

extrapolate attenuation data, because c was measured to 1000 m.

The attenuation data taken on the REXBURG cruises of 21-22 and

23-24 August 1967 are given in Appendix G.

Graphs of the measured absolute volume scattering coefficient

as a function of scattering angle for our ocean cruises are given in

USS REXBURG - 21-22 August 1967 by (32° 31.5'N x 117° 31.9'W)

Hour Depth

[m]

Temp[°C]

TransVidmi

C

[m-1]

(45)

[srl-m1](45)

[m-1]*a= c-b[m-1]*

(90)-1[Sr -m ]

45'135

0/2,/fillin

[deg]

A45)rel900

b /a* b/c*

21 August 1967

(q)25 SFC 19. 171.335 9 16. 75 86.8 . 142 . 00185 . 055 . 087 . 00284 8.26 118 6. 50 . 642 , 391s'.353 23 14.34 90.2 103 . 00157 .047 . 056 .00232 7.83 118 6.75 .843 .457

22 August 1967

0009 43 13.96 86.9 . 140 . 00119 .036 . 104 . 00201 6. 12 112 5.90 .342 .2550025 61 12.20 86.0 . 151 . 000625 . 019 . 115 . 000176 110 3.55 .310 .Z360040 78 11.97 92.4 .0790 .000814 .024 .055 .000186 3.89 106 4.45 .447 .3091)059 101 11.51 93, 7 . 0651 . 000818 . 025 . 041 . 000167 4. 83 109 4.90 . 605 . 377)116 124 11.54 95. 1 . 0502 .000866 .026 .024 . 000175 5. 18 109 4.95 1.07 .5170132 146 11.24 93.7 .0651 .000822 .025 .040 .000166 4.91 106 4.95 .61 .380156 181 10.36 92.8 .0747 .000382 .011 . 063 .000122 2.50 100 3. 13 . 181 . 1530"222 220 9.90 91.9 0845 . 000745 . 022 . 062 . 000161 4.28 106 4. 63 .360 .260241 294 9.82('307 424 8.93 92. 3 . 0801 . 000412 . 012 . 068 . 000123 2. 60 101 3. 35 . 182 . 1540330 536 8. 02 92. 3 . 0801 . 000410 .012 . 068 . 000130 2.49 102 3. 15 . 181 . 1540352 660 7.40 91.8 . 0856 . 000377 .011 .074 . 000115 2.62 97 3.28 . 152 . 132

See textp. 62. Table 4. Summary of data collected from the USS REXBURG in the coastalwaters off San Diego, 21-22 August 1967

000

USS REXBURG - 23-24 August 1967 - (32° 31. 5'N x 117° 31. 9'W)

IIour Depth[m]

Temp[° C]

Trans[% /m]

Crm1J

(3(45)1 1,[sr 1-ml]

(45)r 1]''Im ]*

a=c-b-rm 1]

*

A(90)[sr-1-m1]

452135 OA(6)r 'r

[deg_

p(45)rel

90

b/a* b/c*

23 August 1967

2,330 SFC 20.23?350 5 19.7 89.6 . 110 .000787 .024 .086 .000138 5.40 109 5.70 .273 .215

24 Augtist 1967

0012 38 16.44 89. 0 . 117 . 00132 . 040 .077 . 000209 6.87 115 6. 30 . 511 .3380023 58 14.54 90.9 .0954 .000697 .021 .074 .000134 4.70 109 5.20 .281 .2190039 78 91.3 .0910 .000575 .017 .074 .000121 4.10 104 4.75 .233 .1900056 101 12.09 94.9 .0524 .000398 .012 .040 .000106 3.10 103 3.75 . 295 .2280110 121 11.22 95.1 .0502 . 000383 .011 .039 .000102 3.05 103 3.75 .297 .2290120 143 10.82 95. 1 .0502 .000367 .011 .039 .000102 2.67 103 3.60 .297 .2290132 163 10.26 95.2 .0492 . 000315 .0095 .040 . 000105 2.79 106 3.00 .248 .1920144 199 9.64 94.9 .0524 . 000337 . 0101 . 042 . 0000971 2. 57 103 3.47 .239 . 1930201 238 9. 38 94. 8 . 0534 . 000352 . 0106 . 043 . 0000977 2.28 103 3.60 .246 . 1980224 311 8. 52 94.9 . 0524 . 000256 . 00768 . 045 . 0000954 2. 18 97 2. 68 . 172 . 1460246 439 7. 330308 553 7. 09 94. 0 . 0619 .000260 . 00780 . 0541 . 0000999 1.98 103 2. 60 . 144 . 1260330 677 6. 531919 787 5. 36 92. 2 . 0812 . 000292 . 00876 .0724 . 000105 2. 14 97 2.78 . 121 . 108

See textp. 62. Table 5. Summary of data collected from the USS REXBURG in the coastalwaters off San Diego, 23-24 August 1967

CO

82

Appendix D, and the same data are given in tabular form in Appendix

E. To illustrate better the variation-of the observed scattering

functions with depth as well as angle perspective drawings, similar

to those prepared for the NEL barge measurements, are given in

Figures 29-31 for the off-shore cruises of 21-22 July 1966 and 21-22

and 23-24 August 1967. The observed scattering functions are seen

generally to decrease for a given scattering angle, to become flatter,

and to have decreasing angles of minimum scattering with increasing

depth. These trends are perhaps even more evident in Figures 32-35

in which the scattering functions for each depth (for a given cruise)

are superimposed. They indicate that the absolute number per unit

volume of water and the sizes of suspended particles tend to decrease

with increasing depth.

Some of the scattering curves appear to have some weak "structure"

associated with them. For example, at 324 and 503 m on 21-22 July

1966, in all the curves to 181 m (at about 65 degrees) for 21-22

August 1967, and at 311 m for 23-24 August 1967 Such structure is

probably an indication of the presence of an abundance of particles

having a characteristic, fairly narrowly spread, size distribution

which is superimposed upon the ordinary distribution in which

particles increase hyperbolically with decreasing size (Bader, 1970).

Unfortunately, none of these observed cases is so clear-cut as those

observed by Sasaki (1960). It is not surprising that the greatest

variability in beam attenuation was observed to be in the upper 150 m

or so, for it is this region which harbors the major source of

particulates, namely the standing crop of Dhvtoplankton and the

83

Figure 29. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and clepz:1-1 for YFU-4-5 cruise of 21-22 1966.

84

0

22 AUG 67

220

4.3j09

10 40 70 100 130 160SCATTERING ANGLE degrees)

I 42 5

61

535

Figure 30. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and deth for S'S REXBT2RG cruise of 21-22August 1967.

10

NES

24 AUG 6785

311

238

' 199163

143121

101 4'78

5833

t, 5to 140 70 100 130 160

SCATTERIN3 ANGLE (degrees

552

cr.)

787

Figure 31. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle for USS REXBURG cruise of 23-24 August 1967.

10

10 -3

10-4

.86

O

O

O

O

O

2 .

0

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

* 0e *

8 * OR 0o8°

00

A0 o 0

0

00 A p *.

0O 0

A

DEPTH, m

O 24.7

o 65.5

a 122.5

243.8

A 304.8

O

0 A CI

O .....°0 A Ao0 Az, o

fp' 8 O8O e 8 8 f'".o0

C

° 0 0 0 0 0 0 oe 0 0 e °

........ A>

15 35 55 75 95 115 135 155

Angle from Forward Beam (0), deg.

Figure 32. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth. YFU-45, 19-20 July 1966. (Valueswere averaged over two scans, )

10

10

rl

100

10

87

3

A

C oa

a

a

L

p

S

O

O

O

O

A 0,a

O oc

0 .00c=IAAOA°bg'a

° *0 8

DEPTH, m

29.3

76.8

a 182.9

289.0

552.3

o08Q a i 4

0 30 5 o ta

ISI

15 35 55 75 95 115 135 155

Angle from Forward Beam (0), deg.

Figure 33 . Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth, YFU-45, 21-22 July 1966..

88

10

104

DEPTH, m

o 23.6

o 124.5

O 219.5

A 535

a 661

0 a

00

a 0

0A

O

za 0r

0t

C 0 a

t

*r U

* ao 4 °

e '0

30a * aa,

c,000ac

g 90.0 a

26'Aa -°mSeWeeifilS4 8 .k" °* ° °0A A a A A o

* ; *. *

15 35 55 75 95 115 135 155

Angle from Forward Beam (8), deg.

Figure 34. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth, USS REXBURG, 21-22 August 1967.

10-2

1

10-4

89

0

0 o

0

0

0

0 0

0

0

00

0o

0 0a* o

a0

o aa 0 0

0

0 00a4 Ca I 0

0

i c0

0tc i g

p

DEPTH, m

38.1

0 77.7

° 162.8

237.7

737.4

°° ° cc coa co o o oocc,

c g* OA"

15 35 55 75 95 115 135

Angle from Forward Beam ( 8), deg.155

Figure 35. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth, USS REXBURG, 22-23 August 1967.

90various detrital materials associated with it and the various

phytoplankton grazers. Because the phytoplankton tends to be

patchy in its distribution, it is not surprising that the observed

optical properties of such near-surface waters are also patchy.

Note, for example, the great variations in beam transmission

measured with the null-balance transmissometer in the upper 200 m

within a brief four-day period (Appendix G). In deeper water there

is much less short-term optical variability because the particle

distributions present are much less susceptible to rapid changes

than they are near the surface. Small, fairly short-term, optical

changes nevertheless may occur in deeper water due to shifting of

the California current and its associated undercurrent.

One would expect, also, to observe marked changes in the

inherent optical properties within some types of sonic scattering

layers and within the clouds of "snow" commonly observed from the

submersible DEEPSTAR-4000 in the same ocean area off San Diego

during the summer of 1966. Although we did not detect the presence

of sonic scattering layers on our Gifft precision depth recorder

during our off-shore measurement program, such layers were

routinely observed by others in the same general ocean areas we

occupied. Barham, et al. (1966), for example, in an area 11.5 n mi

NW of our July 19-20, 1966 station, reported a heavy surface

scattering layer to 65 fm, which weakened from 65 to 110 fm, and

became very light from 110 to 150 fm. In addition, they found:

"A well-developed non-migratory layer was present between 150 and

200 fm. This situation was static from shortly after sunset on 19

July until early dawn on 20 July. "

91

Figures 36 and 37 show beam attenuation (c) and temperature (T)

as functions of depth for the two YFU-45 cruises and the two

REXBURG cruises. In addition, Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis is again

(as for the San Diego Bay water) assumed, i. e., b = kp(45), enabling

us to plot a = c-b as a function of depth. Here, however, it is

assumed k = 30 sr, which is in accord with values for k obtained

by Kullenberg (1968) and Morrison (1967) for offshore waters.

Because of the uncertainties associated with k it must be understood

that a and b as presented in our tables and in Figures 36 and 37 are

at best guesses: too much reliance should not be placed on them.

The figures do show the presence of fairly well-defined mixed

layers, which extend to about 75 meters and with which are associ-

ated well-defined beam transmission minima. Absorption (as well

as scattering) appears to contribute rather strongly to these minima

and is certainly not constant with depth. This can be seen also from

Figure 34 in which the beam attenuation coefficient (c) is plotted as

a function of 13(43). If Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis holds, then

b = k'/3(43) (where the constant is taken as k' to distinguish it from

k, which is used with 4(45)), and c = a + k'fi(43). If a = a(z) = constant,

then Figure 38 should yield a straight line of slope k'. In fact,

Figure 38 does not show such a linear relationship between c and

(5(43), and we must conclude a(z) constant with depth.

In Figures 39 and 40are plotted a number of different parameters

as functions of depth, including beam transmission, temperature,

dissymmetry ratio, p(90), and AA) for various angles between 10

and 55 degrees. At all these angles ,/3(9) is sensitive to changes in

100

200

L300

,100w

500

600

700

800

12 17 22 °C.4 .5 .6 m-1

a= c-

A kb.-300(45)

z

YFU-4519-20 JUL 66

(a)

E

0

2 7 12 17 22°C.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 rrt 1:

100

200

300

400

500

600 b = 30(3(45)

700

800

T

YFU-4521-22 JUL 66

I I I

(b)

Figure 36. Beam attenuation, absorption, and total scattering coefficientsand temperature as functions of depth. YFU-45, 19-20 July1966(a) and 21-22 July 1966 (b).

.046 14

.08 .12 .2162°n-1-C1

100

200

.s00

,100

11500

bDO

700

800

b= 303(45) REXBURG21-22 AUG 67

I.

(a)

Figure 37.

I I I

100

200

300

E

14000

500

600

700

800

6.04 .08

14.12

30p45)REXBURG23-24 AUG 67

22°C.16 m-li

(b)

Beam attenuation, absorption, and total scattering coefficientsand temperatures as functions of depth, REXBURG, 21-22 August1967(a) and 23-24 August 1967(b).

.16

U

.08

.040

94

I I I I I

a 21-22 AUG 6723-24 AUG 67

0 +

0 0 0

0

0

4. 4.

0

I I I

am.

.4 .8 1.2

p(430) (sr-l_km-1)1.6 2.0

Figure 38. Beam attenuation (c) plotted as a function offl(43°),USS REXBURG, 21-22 and 23-24 August 1967.

13(90) (sF1M-1) 0%Trans / m 85

10 490

fice) 100 161 io2 o3I 1111111 1 1 1111111 1 1 111111

2.10-495

95

3.10-4100

100

200

300

DEPTH (m )

400

500

600

700

8007345-15

Temp (°C)

n

01

2

2

43

648

510

612

7 8 9 1014 16 18 20

Figure 39. Beam transmission, temperature, dissvmetry ratio,

Zpth, USS .a..EXBuRG, 21-22 August 1967.(90), an-i/i t:-) nor vario7_,.s c..7,-,i011-3 of

-4p(go)(sr-l-mi0 10 2,10-4

%Trans/17185 90 9r

p(8) 10° 11)

0 I I 1111j Is 1 1 1 1 11

100

200

300

DEPTH (m)

400

500

600

700

800

Z45 0135

Temp(°C)

96

3,10-4110

103

TT

25° 90) 1 °10T kd'

23-24 AUG 67

4

3I I

75 6

I I

10 12 14

1 9 10

I I

16 18

Figure 40. Beam trar.-r_ratio,/9 (9,2:L .-)) for various an:41es, as functionsof depth, USS REXBURG, 21-22 August 1967.

97the particle content of the water, although it is more sensitive at

the smaller angles. Below 250 to 300 m depth (i.e., below the

the rmocline) forfor all angles is almost constant with depth,45although transmission is seen to decrease slightly. Z135 also pro-

vides a signature useful in describing the water masses present.

For August 1967 Z1345 varies from 8.26 to 5.40 near the surface to

about 2 at 787 m. Morel (1965) has found comparable near-surface

values in the English Channel (8. 60 at 40 m) and deep values in the

Mediterranean (4.45 and 2.95 at two 800 m stations) and Tyrrhenian45(2.25 at 2, 500 m). A plot of Z135 as a "function" of temperature is

given in Figure 41 (USS REXBURG data, 23-24 August 1967). Save

at the surface (5 m) Z1435 is seen to decrease in typical fashion.

almost monotonically with decreasing temperature. Figure 42 gives45plots of beam transmission (c) and 90) as "functions" of Z135' again

for the REXBURG cruise of 23-24 August 1967. Below about 100 m

the water is seen to be quite uniform as compared with the surface

layer.

The general decreasing trend of Q at ((;))

with increasingminimumdepth is shown in Figure 43. Larger particles (which scatter in the

forward direction) are seen to become less and less a factor with

increasing depth. For pure molecular scattering (d<:<., ), the

scattering is, of course, symmetric about 900 .

Our REXBURG data were used to test Morel's (1965) hypothesis

as to the invariance of the scattering coefficient due to particles.

Following his notation, and letting the volume scattering function

be designated r,,, the ass-un-intion. is that the observed scattering

20

18

16U0

98

t I

2 3 4

Z45135

5 6 7

Figure 41. Dissymetry ratio shown as a function of temperature,USS REXBURG, 23-24 August 1967.

99

45Figure 42. c-Z135 and c-fi (90) plots, USS REXBURG, 23-24 August1967.

200

400

a_w0

600

800

100

90I I I I 1

100 110

e (degrees) for a(e)r minimum120

Figure 43. Variation of Q at g(9) minimums with depth, USSREXBURG. 23-24 August 1967.

101

is the sum of two effects, one due to the water and ions (subscript

0), and the other due to the suspended particles (subscript p). Thus,

at 90° r90 = (r90)0 + (r90)p; and at 8, re= (r0

)0

+ (r )p . If the

scattering coefficient due to the particles is invariant, then

(r )p /(r90)p = constant = RA' which upon substitution gives

re = (re)0 + Re [r90 - (r90)0], the equation of a straight line of

slope R which passes through the point [(re)0, (r90)0] representative

of optically pure sea water.

To determine R(6) a series of plots of g(0) as a function of p(90)

was made (see Figure 44, which shows the plot for 6 = 70°). From

the slopes of the resulting straight lines R(8) was found as a function

of 8. R(e) as a function of 6 is given in Figure 45.. The agreement

with Morel's observations is seen to be very good, i.e., the particle

scattering in San Diego waters is seen to be almost identical to that

in French waters. This is not to say, however, that the absolute

volume scattering function has a universal distribution with depth,

merely that (3(6) relative tends toward a universal limit R(8).

Finally, in Figure 46 a comparison is made between a number of

waters measured with the NEL meter. Noteworthy is the observation

that the deep offshore water scatters less than the sample of

"distilled" water analyzed in the NEL tank (small dots).

102

164 10-2

Figure 44. Example of 7.:Ilot cf(2(P) as a function of (90) forQ = TO°, LSS G and EL barge data.

Figure 45.

40 70 100 130SCATTERING ANGLE (degrees)

Particle sca ttering coefficient R(9) as a function ofangle. Comparison of NEL data for June and August1967 (solid line) with Morel's (1965) observations(crosses). The uncertainties are those quoted byMorel.

103

10

10

104

104

7"0

OOe DISTILLED WATER IN TANK

0 0 SAN DIEGO BAY WATER

00 SAN DIEGO SHALLOW COASTAL WATER < 100 m

00

00

SAN DIEGO DEEP WATER > 300 m

0000

00000 0.00.

®0® ee00e0e0oeeeec

O

RD.

aIIes#

Elm 0

. mu0 ., 8191.,_ =S-mllommu

4*...A ......"4. . Vit+"*.+44

I

15 55 95 135Figure 46. Comparison of scattering functions measured with the

NEL scattering meter in various types of water.

105

V. SUMMARY

In this work we have for the first time made direct in situ

measurements in deep water of the absolute volume scattering

function A(C))] for scattering angles between 10 and 160 degrees

from the forward direction. The work has entailed substantial

modifications of the NEL scattering meter (nephelometer) described

by Tyler and Austin (1964), which has heretofore been unused.

Reported are results of beam attenuation and scattering measure-

ments for green light (Adominant = 533. 8 nm) in commercially dis-

tilled water, in various hydrosols containing polystyrene and

divinylbenzine latex spheres of known sizes, in San Diego harbor

water at eight selected depths between 1 and 15 m, and in off-shore

ocean waters west of San Diego, California, at numerous depths from

near the surface to more than 700 m. Data are reported for four

separate off-shore cruises made during July 1966 and August 1967.

The scattering data are presented graphically and in tabular form

and are interpreted in terms of temperature, beam attenuation, and,

for San Diego Bay, the tidal level and density structure of sea water.

Good agreement was found between scattering functions calculated

on the basis of Mie theory and laboratory tank observations with the

NEL meter. The observed scattering from 600-700 gallon batches of

commercially distilled water was in reasonable agreement with other

reported values for such easily contaminated large quantities of water.

Comparisons were made between measurements made with the

NEL scattering meter or:..erat-;:c., situ, on t_hi ri neasure-

ments made with a Brice-Phoenix- laboratory scattering meter on

106

simultaneously collected Nansen samples. The dissymmetry ratio45[Z135 = ((45)/ (3(135)] was consistently lower by an average factor

of more than two for the Brice-Phoenix as compared to the NEL

meter, for which the range was 12. 0 Z 16.1 for San Diego Bay

water. These observed differences may be attributed in part, at

least, to settling of larger particles from the turbid harbor water

(beam attenuation coefficient 2 m -1 ), both in the Nansen bottles

used to collect water samples and in the scattering cuvette.

In off-shore waters Z was--in the ocean region investigated--seen

generally to decrease between a maximum of 9. 37 near the surface

(29 m) to a minimum of 1. 98 at a relatively great depth (553 m).

The absolute volume scattering functions measured with the NEL

scattering meter are in reasonable agreement with other, less

direct, observations which have been reported.

Tentative calculations of the total scattering coefficient

[b = f fi(C)) d9.] were made on the basis of Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis1/

that b = k0(45), taking k = 30 sr. This value for k gives plausible

results for b and the absorption coefficient based on absolute values

of 0(45) for offshore waters. This value for the "constant" k appears,

however, to be too high for San Diego Bay water, for there at times

c - 30(45) 0, and k = 12 sr gives somewhat more reasonable

results.

Unfortunately, simultaneous scattering measurements were not

available in the near-forward range of angles, i.e., 0< (;) 100 ,

within which a major portion of the scattered light is directed, thus

making it impossible to carry out the integration of (3(8) to obtain b

directly.

107

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abramowitz, Milton; and Irene Stegun. 1964. Handbook of mathe-matical functions. Dover, New York. 1046 p.

Aufsess, Otto, 1904. Die Farbe der Seen. Anna len der Physik 13:678-711.

Bader, Henri. 1970. The hyperbolic distribution of particle sizes.Journal of Geophysical Research 75: 2822-2830.

Barham, E. G., I. E. Davies, and J. W. Wilton, 1966. Bio-acoustics.NEL Deep Submergence Log No. 2 for the period 3 July through3 September 1966, p. 15-26. U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory,San Diego, California.

Bauer, D., and A. Ivanoff. ,.965. Au sujet de la me sure du coefficientde diffusion de la lumiere par les eaux de mer pour des anglescompris entre 14 et 1°30'. Comptes Rendus de l'Acadmie desSciences 260: 631-634.

Bauer, D., and A. Morel. 1967. Etude aux petits, angles de l'indicatricede diffusion de la lumiere par les eaux de mer. Anna les deGeophysique 23: 109-123.

Beardsley, G. G., Jr. 1966. The polarization of the near asymptoticlight field in sea water. Ph. D. thesis. Cambridge, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. 119 numb. leaves.

Beardsley, George F., Jr., Ha song Pak and Kendall Carder. 1970.Light scattering and suspended particles in the easternequatorial Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research75: 2837-2845.

Born, M., and E. Wolf. 1959. Principles of optics. Pergamon, NewYork. 803 p.

Brice, B. A., M. Halwer, and R. Speiser. 1950. Photo-electriclight scattering photometer for determining high molecularweights. Journal of the Optical Society of America 40: 768-778.

Brown, 0. B., and H. R. Gordon. 1972. Tables of Mie scatteringfunctions for low index particles suspended in water. Universityof Miami Optical Physics Laboratory and Rosentiel School ofMarine and Atmospheric Science, Miami. MIAPH-OP-71-5,6 p. , plus table.

Burt, W. 1954. Specific scattering by uniform minerogenicsuspensions. Tellus 6: 229-231.

Cabannes, Jean. E:u.: -la is iGii la ,icre. 'oar les npleculesdes gaz transparents. ..11.1.13.-..ales de Physique 15: 5-152.

108

Clarke, George, and Harry James. 1939. Laboratory analysis of theselective absorption of light by sea water. Journal of theOptical Society of America 29: 43-55.

Dawson, L, H., and E. 0. Hulburt. 1937. The scattering of lightby water. Journal of the Optical Society of America 27: 199-201.

Dawson, L. H., and E. 0. Hulburt. 1941. Angular distribution oflight scattered in liquids. Journal of the Optical Society ofAmerica 31: 554-558.

Duntley, S. Q. 1963. Light in the sea. Journal of the OpticalSociety of America 53: 214-233.

Du Pr& E. F., and L. H. Dawson. 1961. Transmission of light inwater: An annotated bibliography. NRL Bibliography No. 20.U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C.

Einstein, A. 1910. Theorie der Opalesenz von homogene Fltissigkeitenund Flussigkeitsgemisdren in der Nahe des kritischen Austandes.Anna len der Physik 33: 1275-1298.

Gilbert, Gary D., and Richard 0. Rue. 1967. Light attenuationmeasurements off the coast of Baja California. U. S. NavalOrdnance Test Station, China Lake, California. NOTS TP4343. 72 p.

Gordon, H.R., and 0. B. Brown. 1971. Theoretical modeling oflight scattered by hydrosols Transactions, American Geo-physical Union 52: 245.

Heller, Wilfried, and Thomas Pugh, 1957. Experimental investigationson the effect of light scattering upon the refractive index ofcolloidal particles. Journal of Colloid Science 12: 294-307.

Hinzpeter, H. 1962. Messungen der Streufunktion und derPolarisation des Meerwassers. Kieler Meeresforschungen18: 36-41.

Hughes, Richard S., and Roswell Austin. 1965. Deep-sea lightattenuation measurements with a null-balance transmissometer.U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, California.NOTS TP 3748.

Hulburt, E. 0. 1945. Optics of distilled and natural water. Journalof the Optical Society of America 35: 698-705.

Ier lov, N. G. 1953. Particle distribution in the ocean. Reports ofthe Swedish Deep Sea Expedition 3: 73-97.

is rlov, N. G. - Ontica I n a siaren-lents in the 1.774. rthAtlantic. .:;:efilcielar.c.icln. Iran Oceanografiska InstitutetGOteborg 30: 1-40.

109

Jerlov, N. G. 1968. Optical Oceanography. Elsevier, Amsterdam.194 p.

Kozlyaninov, M. V. 1957. New instrument for measuring the opticalproperties of sea water. Trudy Inst. Okeanol., Akad. Nauk25: 134-142. [English translation: Office of Technical Services,U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. JPRS:2097-N, OTS: 60-11, 147, 24 December 1959.]

Kullenberg, G. 1966. Internal report. University of Copenhagen.Cited by Jerlov (1968).

Kullenberg, G. 1968. Scattering of light by Sargasso Sea water.Deep-Sea Research 15: 423-432.

Le Grand, Yves. 1939. La pe/netration de la lumiere dans la mer.Anna les de l'Institut Oceanographique 19: 393-436.

Mie, G. 1908. Beitrg.ge zur Optik trilber Medien, speziell kolloidalerMetallOsungen. Anna len der Physik 25: 377-445.

Morel, Andre. 1965. Interpretation des variations de la forme del'indicatrice de diffusion de la lumiere par les eaux de mer.Anna les de Geophysique 21: 281-284.

Morel, A. 1966. Etude expe'rimentale de la diffusion de la lumierepar l'eau, les solutions de chlorure de sodium et l'eau de meroptiquement pures. Journal de Chimie Physique 10: 1359-1366.

Morrison, Robert E. 1967. Studies on the optical properties of seawater at Argus Island in the North Atlantic Ocean and in LongIsland and Block Island Sounds. Ph. D. thesis. New York,New York University. 108 numb. leaves. (A summary of thiswork is given in the Journal of Geophysical Research 75: 612-628,January 20, 1970, under the title: Experimental studies on theoptical properties of sea water. )

Ochakovsky, Yu. E. 1966. On the comparison of measured andcalculated scattering indicatrices of sea water. Investigationsin Hydrooptics: Inst. Okeanol. Trudy 77: 124-130. [Englishtranslation: Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department ofCommerce, Washington, D. C. JPRS: Report 36(816): 98-105.]

Pak, Hasong. 1970. The Columbia River as a source of marine lightscattering particles. Ph. D. thesis. Corvallis, Oregon StateUniversity. 110 numb. leaves.

Preisendorfer, Rudolph W. 1965. Radiative transfer on discretespaces. Pergamon. New York. 462 p.

110

Raman, C. V. , and K. S. Rao. 1923. On the molecular scatteringof light in liquids and the determination of the Avogadro constant.Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 45: 623-640.

Ramanathan, K. R. 1923. On the colour of the sea. PhilosophicalMagazine and Journal of Science 46: 543-553.

Rayleigh, Lord. 1871. On the scattering of light by small particles.Philosophical Magazine 41: 447-454.

Reese, J. W., and R. L. Seeley. 1966. NEL Nephelometer:Modifications, sea test data. U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory,San Diego. Technical Memorandum TM-1020. 33 p.

Rozenberg, G. V., Yu, S. Lyubovtseva, Ye. A. Kadyshevich, and N.R. Amnuil, 1970. Measurement of the light scattering matrixof a hydrosol. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics6: 1255-1261. [English translation, pp. 747-750.]

Sasaki, Tadayoshi; N. Okami; G. Oshiba; and S. Watanabe. 1960.Angular distribution of scattered light in deep sea water.Records of Oceanographic Works in Japan 5: 1-10.

Sasaki, Tadayoshi; N. Okami; and S. Matsumura. 1968. Scatteringfunctions for deep sea water of the Kuroshio. La me r(Bulletin de la Societe franco -j aponaise d'oceanographie)6: 165-175.

Smoluchowski, M. 1908. Molekular-kinetische Theorie derOpaleszenz von Gasen'im kritischen Zustande, sowie einigerverwandter Erscheinungen. Annalen der Physik 25: 205-226.

Spilhaus, A. F. 1965. Observations of light scattering in sea water.Ph.D. thesis. Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.242 numb. leaves.

Tyler, J. E. 1961. Scattering properties of distilled and naturalwater. Limnology and Oceanography 6, 451-456.

Tyler, J. E. 1963. Design theory for a submersible scatteringmeter. Applied Optics 2: 245-248.

Tyler, J. E., and R. W. Austin. 1964. A scattering meter for deepwater. Applied Optics 3: 613-620.

Tyler, J. E., and R. W. Preisendorfer. 1962. Light In: The Sea(M. N. Hill, editor). Interscience, New York. Vol. 1:397-451.

Tyler, John E., and W. H. Richardson. 1958. Nephelometer for themeasurement of volume scattering function in situ. Journal ofthe Optical Society of America 48: 3:71-357.

111

Van de Hulst, H. C. 1957. Light scattering by small particles.Wiley, New York. 470 p.

Vranski, V. K., and P. K. Ma.rkov, 1947. Bibliography of thepublications on the colour, transparency and penetration ofdaylight into natural waters. Varna (Bulgaria) ChernomorskaBiologichna Stantsiia. Trudove No. 13: 37-66.

Zimm, Bruno H. 1948. Apparatus and methods for measurement andinterpretation of the angular variation of light scattering;preliminary results on polystyrene solutions. Journal ofChemical Physics 16: 1099-1116.

APPENDICES

PROGRAM SCAT FDIMENSION A(63, 51), B(100), D(100), DAT(100), LINE(101), N1(93), N2(63)

*, N3(63), N4(63), N5(63), N6(63)DO 2 J=1, 19READ 3, B(J), Ni(J), N2(J), N3(J), N4(J), N5(J), N6(J)

2 READ 4, (A(J, I), I=1, 51)3 FORMAT(1F5. 3. 6A8)4 FORMAT(E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X,

*E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X)DO 8 K=1, 19J=0DO 5 JI=10, 160, 3J=J+1ANG=. 0174533 *J1V=. 19608*(. 155/SINF(ANG)+. 041378*(2. 8306*SINF(ANG)+. 041378

**COSF(ANG)/TANF(ANG))/(SINF(ANG)**2-COSF(ANG)**2*. 011046)))V1=.05336/SINF(ANG)D(J)=A(K, J)*V/V1A(K, J)=26. 7548*A(K, J)/B(K)

5 D(J)=26. 7548*D(J)/B(K)B(K)=-1*LOGF(B(K)))PRINT 7, N1(K), N2(K), N3(K), N4(K), N5(K), N6(K), B(K)PRINT 402

402 FORMAT(1H , 38X, 33HSCATTERING CURVE USING COM VOLUME )

PRINT 403403 FORMAT(1H , 54X, 12HSIGMA(THETA) )

PRINT 404104 FORMAT(1H , 19X, 4H10-4, 16X, 4H10-3, 16X, 4H10-2, 16X, 4H10-1, 16X, 4H10-0)

DO 405 J=1, 101105 LINE(J)=1H.

PRINT 413, LINE413 FORMAT(1H , 18X, 101A1)

DO 406 J=1,101406 LINE(J)=1H

KI=0DO 589 K2=10,160,3KI=KI+1

589 DAT(KI)=0.0KI=0DO 600 K2=10,160,3KI=KI+1IF(1-105)600,8,588

588 A(K,KI)=D(KI)600 DAT(KI)=(4+.434294*LOGF(A(K,KI)))*20

J=0DO 411 JI=10,160,3J=J+1LINE(1)=LINE(21)=LINE(41)=LINE(61)=LINE(81)=LINE(101)=1HIIF(DAT(J) )408,408,503

503 IF(DAT(J)-100.5)504,408,408504 JI1=DAT(J)+1.3

LINE(JI1)=1HXDAT1=10**(DAT(J)/20-4.0)

511 PRINT 512,DAT1,JI,LINE512 FORMAT(1H ,2X,E10.4,2X,13,1X,101A1)

GO TO 410408 PRINT 407,JI,LINE

407 FORMAT(1H ,14X,I3,1X,101A1)410 LINE(JI1)=1H411 CONTINUE

DO 415 J=1,101415 LINE(J)=1H.

PRINT 413,LINE8 CONTINUE7 FORMAT(1H1,6A8,9H ALPHA = ,F5.3)

END

PROGRAM SCAT 4COMMON HEAD( 10), NF1(180), NF2(180), NF3(180), NF4(180), F1(4), F2(4), hi

3F3(4), F4(4), AS(180), CAS(180), P(180), BETA(180), LINE(101), R(4), 03CAL(4), TITLE(6) 7i

DO 110 L=1, 180 H

110 AS(L)=0. 0READ 103,(F1(I), I=1, 4)READ 103, (F2(I), I=1, 4) ti

,-1

READ 103, (F3(I), I=1, 4) o

READ 103, (F4(I), I=1, 4) ui trQ

103 FORMAT (4F6. 3) P

READ 105, (CAL(LAMDA), LAMDA=1, 4) ;a),`'

105 FORMAT (4E14. 7) -:,-. co

READ 107, (R(LAMDA),LAMDA=1, 4) 0cra ta.

107 FORMAT (4F6. 5)READ 1112, K1, K2, KDK, K3, K4, K5, K6 (Y) fc

1112 FORMATFORMAT (7(14, 1X)) CD CD

1010 READ 101, IP, LAMDA, POI, TIME, DATE, TITLE 01 fa,

101 FORMAT (I1,1X,P.,1X, I3, 1X, A4, lx, A8, lx, 6A8) su

IF (LAMDA) 500, 500, 501 td501 CONTINUE

IF (IP) 500, 500, 502 on

502 CONTINUEREAD 102, P(1), NF1(1), NFZ(1), NF3(1), NF4(1), (P(K), NF1(K), NF2(K), 0.

3NF3(K), NF4(K), K=K1, K3, KDK)102 FORMAT (9(1X, F3. 0, 411))

IF(KDK. EQ. 10) 610, 10211021 IF (KDK. EQ. 5)605, 500610 READ 104, (P( K), NF1(K), NF2(K), NF3(K), NF4(K), K= K4, K2, KDK))

GO TO 1015104 FORMAT (3(1X, F3. 0, 4I1))

605 READ 108, (P(K), NF1(K), NF2(K), NF3(K), NF4(K), K=K4, K5, KDK)READ 106, (P(K), NF1(K), NF2(K), NF3(K), NF4(K), K=K6, KZ, KDK)

108 FORMAT (9(1X, F3. 0, 411))106 FORMAT (4(1X, F3. 0, 4I1))

1015 PRINT 1020, IP, LAMDA, TIME, DATE, TITLE1020 FORMAT (1H1, lx, I1, lx, I1, A4, 1X, A8, lx, 7A8)

C LOG PLOT OF BETAPRINT 402

402 FORMAT(1H , 57X, 16HSCATTERING CURVE,!!)PRINT 403

403 FORMAT (1H , 59X, 11HBETA(THETA), /)PRINT 404

404 FORMAT(1H , 28X, 4H10-3, 16X, 4H10-2, 16X, 4H10-1, 16X, 4H10-0, 16X, 4H10+1,316X, 4H10+2)DO 405 J=1, 101

405 LINE(J)=1H.PRINT 413, LINE

413 FORMAT(1H , 30X, 101A1)DO 406 J=1, 101RI1=( P(1 )= POI)*F1( LAMDA )**NF1(1 )*F2( LAMDA )**NF2( 1 )*F3( LAMDA )**NF3(

31 )*1-4( LAMDA )**NF4(1 )DO 88 K=K1, K2, KDKBLUNDR =((3. 14159)/(180. ))*FLOAT(K)AS( K )=(( P(K )- POI) *F1(LAMDA)**NF1(K)*F2(LAMDA)**NF2(K)*

3 F3(LAMDA)**NF3(K)*F4(LAMDA)**NF4(K)*CAL(LAMDA)*SIN(BLUNDR))/(RI1)4 )

88 CONTINUEDO 89 K-5, 180, 5CAS(K) =0

89 CONTINUEDO 99 K=K1, K2, KDKL=-1*K+180

99 CAS(K)=AS(K)=2*R(LAMDA)*AS(L)406 LINE(J)=1H -

DO 411 K=5, 180, 5

LINE(1)=LINE(21)=LINE(41)=LINE(61)=LINE(81)=LINE(101)=1HIIF (CAS(K)) 408, 408, 504

504 IF (CAS(K). GT. 100. CR. CAS(K). LT, O. 001)505, 503505 WRITE(61, 92) CAS(K)92 FORMAT (E20.6)

GO TO 408503 ELM=((((ALOG( CAS(K)))/2. 30259)+3. )*20. +1. )

J=IFIX(ELM)LINE(J)=1HXPRINT 512, CAS(K), K, LINE

512 FORMAT(1H , 4X, E14. 4, 7X, I3, 2X, 101A1)GO TO 410

408 PRINT 407, K, LINE407 FORMAT(1H , 25X, I3, 2X, 101A1)410 LINE(J)=1H411 CONTINUE

DO 415 J=1, 101415 LINE(J)=1H.

PRINT 413, LINEPUNCH 336, IP, LAMDA, TIME, DATE, TITLE

336 FORMAT(I1, 1X, I1,1X, A4. 1X, A8, lx, 6A8)PUNCH 333, (K, LAMDA, IP, CAS(K), K=K1, K2, KDK)

333 FORMAT(3I4, E14. 4)GO TO 1010

500 END

PROGRAM MIETYPE DOUBLE SX, SY, CX, SX1, SY1, CX1, T, S, YA, Yl, A2, Al, B1, B2, D1, D2,

*Ail , AI2, ZA, SQR1, SQI1, SQR2, SQI2TYPE COMPLEX C, Cl, A, B, WA, Z1, Z2, WB n 0DIMENSION SX(200), SY(200), CX(200). SX1(200), SY1(200), CX1(200), w Pd

*T( 200), S(200), YA(200), Y1(200), A1(200), A2(200), B1(200), B2(200), n H*D1(200), AI1(200), AI2(200), ZA(200), C1(200), C(200), A(200), B(200),*WA(200), Z1(200), Z2(200), D2(200), WB(200), SQR1(200), SQR2(200),*SQI1(200), SQI2(200)DO 90 K =DO 85 M =

1,1,

25

cn

o0 01

X = M*2Y = X *( 1 +. l*K ) (i)

I = 0SX(1) = SINF(X)SX(2) = SINF(X)/X-COSF(X)SY(1)=SINF(Y) nSY(2)=SINF(Y)/Y-COSF(Y) t:J

CX(1)=COSF(X)CX(2)=COSF(X)/X+SINF(X) a, (I)

SX1(1)=COSF(X)SX1(2)=COSF(X)/X-SINF(X)/X**2+SINF(X) o (1).SY1(1)=COSF(Y)SY1(2)=COSF(Y)/Y-SINF(Y)/Y**2+SINF(Y) 1-d pl.

CX1(1)=- SINF(X)CD a)

CX1(2)=-SINF(X)/X-COSF(X)/X**2+COSF(X) 01 "C(1 )=SX(1)+(0. , +1. ycx(i)C(2 )=SX(2)+(0. , +1. pcX(2)C1(1)=SX1(1)+(0. , +1. )*CX1(1)C1(2)=SX1(2)+(0. , +1. )*CX1(2)A(2 )=(SY1(2 )*SX(2)-Y /X*SY(2 )*SX1(2 ))/(SY 1(2 )*C(2 )-Y /X*

*SY(2)*C1(2))B(2)=(Y/X*SY1(2)*SX(2)-SY(2)*SX1(2))/(Y/X*SY1(2)*C(2)-

*SY(2)*C1(2))10 I=I+1

SX(I+2)=(2*I+1)*SX(I+1)/X-SX(I)SY(I+2)=(2*I+1)*SY(I+1)/Y-SY(I)CX(I+2 )=(2*I+1)*CX(I+1)/X- CX(I)C(I+2)=SX(I+2)+(0. , +1 )*CX(I+2)SX1(I+2)=SX(I+1)-(I+1)*SX(I+2)/XSY1(I+2)=SY(I+1)-(I+1)*SY(I+2)/YCX1(I+2)=CX(I+1)-(I+1)*CX(I+2)/XC1(I1-2)=SX1(I+2)+(0. , +1)*CX1(I+2)A(I+2)=(SY1(I+2)*SX(I+2)-Y/X*SY(I+2)*Sx1(I+2))/(SY1(I+2)*C(I+2)

*-Y/X*SY(I+2)*C1(I+2))B(I+2)=(Y/X*SY1(I+2)*SX(I+2)-SY(I+2)*SX1(I+2))/(Y/X*SY1(I+2)

**c(I+2)-SY(I+2)*C1(I+2))IF(I-1, 5)12, 12, 170

12 JI = 5JI1 = 180/JI + 1DO 80 J=1, JilZ1(J)=0,Z2(J)=0,D1(1)=0,D2(1)=0,T(J) = COSF(JI*(J-1)*. 017453293)S(J) = (SINF(JI*(J-1)*. 017453293))**2YA(1)=1, 0YA(2)=3. *T(J)YA(3)=7. 5*T(J)**2-1, 5Y1(1)=0. 0Y1(2)=3. 0Y1(3)=15. 0*T(J)

140 N=014 N=N+1

YA(N+3)=T(J)*(2*N+5)/(N+2)*YA(N+2)-(N+3)/(N+2)*YA(N+1)Y1(N+3)=(2*N+5)*YA(N+2)+Y1(N+1)IF(N-1. 5)120, 120, 121

120 L=0121 L=L+1

WA(L)=(2*L+1)/(L*(L+1))*(A(L+1)*YA(L)+B(L+1)*(T(J)*YA(L)*-S(J)*Y1(L)))

WB(L)=(2*L+1)/(L*(L+1))*(B(L+1)*YA(L)+A(L+1)*(T(J)*YA(L)'c-S(J)*Y1(L)))Z1(J)- Z 1(J)+WA(L)Z2(J)=Z2(J)+WB(L)IF(J-1. 5)15, 15, 65

15 A1(L)=A(L+1)A2(L)=(0. , -1. )*A(L+1)B1(L)=B(L+1)B2(L)=(0. , -1. )44B(L+1)IF(L-1. 5)19, 19, 18

18 D1( L)= D1( L- 1) +ABSF(A1(L- 1)) +ABSF(B1(L -1))D2(L)=D2(L-1)+ ABSF(A2(L-1))+ABSF(B2(L-1))

19 IF(L-3. 5)70, 70, 2020 IF(D1(L)-D1(L-1)-. 0000001)25, 25, 7025 IF(D1(L-1)-D1(L-2)-. 0000001)30. 30. 7030 IF(D2(L)-D2(L-1)-. 0000001)35, 35. 7035 IF(D2(L-1)-D2(L-2)-. 0000001)75. 75. 7065 IF(L-1)170, 170, 7670 IF(L-8-1. 240C)73, 73, 7573 IF(L-I)170, 170, 10

170 IF(L-N-2)121, 121, 1475 PRINT 100, L76 SQR1(J) = Z1(J)

SQR1(J) = SQR1(J)*2SQI1(J) = (0.. +1. )*Z1(J)SQI1(J) = SQI1(J)**2 1-AI1(J) = SQR1(J) + SQI1(J) 1-

SQR2(J) = Z2(J)s1)

SQR2(J) = SQR2(J)**2SQI2(J) = (O. , +1)*Z2(J)SQI2(J) = SQI2(J)**2AI2(J) = SQR2(J) +SQI2(J)ZA(J)=AI1(J)+AI2(J)IF(J-1. 5)78, 78, 79

78 Z = Y /XPRINT 105, X, Z

79 J1 = (J-1)*JIPRINT 110, J1, AI1(.1), J1, AI2(J), J1, ZA(J)

80 CONTINUE85 CONTINUE90 CONTINUE

100 FORMAT(31H1 THE SERIES TERMINATED AFTER, 14, 10H TERMS,105 FORMAT(23H MIE FUNCTIONS ALPHA = . F6, 3, 5H M = , F6, 3)110 FORMAT(5H AI1(, 13, 3H)= . E15. 7, 6H AI2(, 13, 3H)= . E15. 7,

*4H ZA(, 13, 3H)= , E15. 7)END

1----

Graphsfunctions

APPENDIX

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130

1301

REXBURGz al 100 mc .0651 TT,

10 (90).000167

1

21

10 70 130

-r- _I_

t-t--

10 70 130 10 70e (degrees)

130

-t c _

22 AUG 67 ---:-.REXBURG

__

z= 1 8 1c = .±0747 =7--

.000122

J

--_-_--;--,-

--,, .f--- 4--

0115

killDM

1111I II

121=1101111111111171III lin 1 6"I I OM

-

tr ----.fi,11111

MEE

......m. 11141. ONO INOWIMMON.I.

_____2,-......----'"1-......-L.q. -1

t-,_ 1 t , t ' --'--

, 1 t . !-- . ---

1 if

X10

cD

70 130

---,--_ -,-- I-- 22 AUG 67;-- REXBURG

-,I

z 'a 1425_

m _c = 0 8 0 1.

, , .000123L

+

,.H

,1

-,

--,, - t

.

4 ' -*. -- --r

t----- -T---- 2,-- 1 rf -----

_T;----f- 4 _4____:-4-T-

.-- ...,.-,

_t _f_ ..__,.____f__

. 4f '

' - -

i 1

-10

10 70 130: T__

22 AUG 67REXBURGz 535 mc .0801

±-=,( 90 ) =.000130

1

-210

103

104

70 130 10 70 130

.77

m -----,

I-.._.,__.

.4_4- ..LI-

I

22 AUG 67'REXBURGZ = 661c = .0856

A(90)0000115

-. _ _

------17:77

;

II

----]-t-- i :

-1---,1

,

IL i_-- -i

1

IMEMMOIMMIIMMIM1.11MINM211

IMM =MEM .

-T

-1.-.--r-'-:

.---,/

r-f--- i-,---I

-,--f

.-----,

' i--r--

rr-- i - --t -I

_ _._ _

-1_ I

, ,,

70 130ilINONSIS SISPOSSY OSSISSU insOSISM OS. OOOO evot sse ..1/

.111.1........y.,._

-.- 23 AUG 67f -------79 r., REXBURG

11-t , z 38 m

11 ......,S1.11410.11M0111.1.10.0. c .117----,

L fi (90) seL._, r L

-.00O209

.

a : i --.;-..-.-11111111.1. ..........."r '

V-....1_11:71/

- ..

1. -

;-

00.11.414SSONI S.W.SIMOS SS

. -

ONO WIMMAISSWSSaMs Via ammo . ,,,._._.

,- -i

1

_ -r

8

0

-210

103

-410

132--, --1

67 ---....T-

-

-11

1----1-----7-4 23. AUGRExBuR, G

= -!-- z - 5 m_ __.,, . . _ _ _

...

.....=aa. C la .110-

'g(90) =

. .000787..,- .

. : = ,

- ...-

.----

i

1.-.

, /1 '..,_:_____.-f- ..--.--..--

7 . ., 1._.

- -: ,

t

Ng --- . .rf =0.-.

-.... .

111.1.11116

-----

'.1

-----.r--

r . .

--1

10

18

0

-210

10

10

70 1301---

,

-, f-

24 AUG 67 -_-.:_..REXBURGz = 58 m

.--

C mg .0954-,,

.000134 ITT

--+

4i

1I_

,----

-t- 7--- I ----1--

r t- -1---, .

\.

7

.. +-

T-

I

.

.

:

.H\ -4-- ----j"----4- ,-- .-.

----

s7."--.--..--...-.-,----

-: -7-7-1

:

.

10 70 130 10e (cecres

70 130

=N.11111

t-

0001111=I=

1111111111111=I

214. AUG 67REXBURGz 78 mC .0910

( 90 ).000121

11111111111IMMO 1011=IIINiMMI.MIL'110111111111=111 111111111111=11 Ma:=1=1=1 1111211:1111

11MO MOM.1111!

1-=

104M W..= is141=111111

70 130-

. i- 1-7-7,--.-- F67

=

I

H

r -21.t AUG,-

!-- REXBURG' z =121m

.0502--I-- 4.-- /3( 90)

,.

-1-.4

.000102,

. I

i !

-'

.--- +_.__-:_,---.-7-71-

_t__

.a-

-10 70 130

-210

1331-- t- hr

_,__.,-,

--= estim=nramt 24 AUG 67 ---.7i-

REXBURG ----

i =z= 101m -EA---1

---- --in-------,= ^ = *052 4'

.000106 _1

Immuressomirsomutn."'"""IIMICEM1173811=111 U.:

4EIMEMANIMUlati Zr "' -1

r

... .. VI Sad .0,---.4-'

eaMil

i --1--=----_-r

10

18

0

-210

103

104

70 130---

-

! 1-

-i

-,24REXBURGz

fi(90)

---d

AUG 67 -----1

= 143 ra_

- 40502 -7i _...4'

000102. --

7''- -

.

4-----

4 -_ _.

477'. ,

, ."----.-!.

-:-FIT-.7------t----"rP"-Tfr-- F.---TE-=-r---.- 1

,

,

.

4

10 70 130

't------I-- ' 1 L----.

24 AUGREXBURGz = 163c = .0492

fl(90).000105

I-

:=-67

m

-=

--- 1-7.7_ _t___ ,-II=11

1-

, -A

.1_-1

IMMIMIlleis

----'=MIMEWii 1111111111111111!

4- =ir ---,-1

MEE= t-

-1

70 130

10

-210

10

104

134-.,

,

-1- r-

24 AUG 67REXBURGz = 199 mc = .0524 ..

73( 90) =00000971'

i,_

i_ r--i--- f-

ff,

----4,-Fi' ' ---4"-- _ ____

!

.I4

_I.

1

====_ MIlik _ M

_-

_ _

ir

, tt

1

1 t--

--"------7------1-E,

.

1 -4_ .

4__ iL I--

4

l

10 70 130

10

IM

70 130 10 70 130

4____ ___

2)4REXBURGz ...

c ..fi(90)

.

__.t. --,AUG 67

552 m.0619

=0000999'7

---

7'

t1

--,-1

__ ---'t

,

. -I I-

, t--t- --'-, -

._4

, .

-7- I

1- _

i .

._ :H

-210

103

104

135

==.=AUG 67

REXBURGz = 787 mc = .0812 _

g(90) = ,.000105

ass -.24,----T-

-4-:_,,--

F-_ ._ _

i- -h--- -I i-1 f _

. I_ -_

'--- 1_f' . 1-:

.

- 7_44

;

-1

. -._

, 4i '-' --, I : --:-.T1

I I

...........e4.'''r'"

-1"1

_ _ _4=7_f_liiiit i

L71-r--"____

-4--

-

427

-t -I--

10 70 130 10 70e (degrees)

130

136

APPENDIX E

Tables of absolute volume scattering functionsmeasured with the NEL scattering meter

137NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: yFU-45

Date: 19 Jul 1966

Hour: 2140

Run:

Lat: 32° 16.2'N

Long: 117°19.9"ff

Depth: 25M

t = 13.31°C

T = 53.9(%/m)

= .618

452135 = 9.89

p(90) =. 000445(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees )

p(e)(sr-m)

-1/3(e)

RELATIVE

10 88 .0004641 1.042

13 91 .0004360 .9789

16 94 .0004140 .9294

19 .02294 51.52 97 .0003928 .8820

22 .01747 39.23 100 .0003700 .8307

25 .01309 29.38 103 .0003457 .7762

28 .009853 22.12 106 .0003261 .7322

31 .007853 17.63 109 .0003129 .7026

34 .006032 13.54 112 .0003106 .6973

37 .005259 11.81 115 .0003144 .7059

40 .004160 9.341 118 .0003136 .7041

43 .003503 7.865 121 .0003092 .6942

46 .002919 6.555 124 .0003065 .6882

49 .002460 5.524 127 .0003070 .6894

52 .002081 4.673 130 .0003124 .7015

55 .001774 3.984 1 133 0003104 .6968

58 .001478 3.319 136 .0003171 .7119

61 .001224 2.747 139 .0003194 .7170

64 .001044 2.344 142 .0003233 .7258

67 .000936 2.102 145 .0003230 .7251

70 .0008365 1.878 148 .0003307 .7426

73 .007642 1.716 151 .0003440 .7724

76 .0006766 1.519 154

79 .0006158 1.383 157

82 .09U557- 1.252 160

85 .00C3026 1.128

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU -45 Lat: 32° 16.2'N T = 86. 3( % /m)

Date: 19 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.9'1ff Wd= .147

Hour: 2229 Depth: 46M 45Z135 = 3.843

Run: t = 10.72°C

p(90)= .0000898(sr

138

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (9)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1 RELATVIE

10 .01918 213.5 88 00009057 1.008

13 .01304 145.2I

91 00008945 .9959

16. .006326 70.42 94 0000893 .9949

19 .00442 49.26 I 97 0000872 .971

22 .00310 34.54 100 0000856 .953

25 .00254 28.37 I 103 0000872 .971

28 .00184 20.46 106 0000870 .969

31 .00138 15.35 I 109 0000884 .984

34 .000975 10.85 I 112 0000896 .997

37 .000798 8.88 I 115 0000915 1.019

40 .000446 4.97 I 118 0000923 1.028

43 .000440 4.90 121 0000928 1.034

46 .000375 4.17 124 0000950 1.058

49 .000320 3.56 i 127 0000991 1.103

52 .000283 3.15 130 0001012 1.127

55 .000245 2.73 133 0001019 1.135

58 .000209 2.33 136 0001038 1.155

61 .000192 2.14 139 0001092 1.215

64 .000172 1.91 142 0001076 1.198

67 .000154 1.71 I 145 0001131 1.259

70 .000134 1.49 I 148 0001184 1.318

73 .000117 1.30 151 0001219 1.357

76 .000108 1.20 154

79 .000102 1.14 I 157

82 .000100 1.11 160

..0000958 i

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: 111FU-45

Date: 19 Jul 1966

Hour:2247

Run:

Lat: 32° 16.2'N T = 89. 0(% /m)

Long: 117° 19. 9'W (Y-' = .117

Depth: 66M 45Z135 = 2.63

t = 9. 70°Cp(90) = . 0000748(sr

1-m-1)

139

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE (3(e)

(degrees)(sr-m)

-1(e)

RELATIVE

10 .008372 111.9 88 .00007466 .9981

13 .005273 70.49 91 .00007486 1.001

16 .003554 47.51 94 .00007335 .9806

19 .002552 34.12 97 .00007165 .9579

22 .001837 24.56 100 .00007138 .9542

25 .001323 17.69 103 .00007170 .9585

28 .001069 14.29 106 .00007307 .9769

31 .0008422 11.26 109 .00007472 .9990

34 .0006839 9.144 112 .00007537 1.008

37 .0004789 6.402 115 .00007594 1.015

40 .0003183 4.255 118 .00007628 1.020

43 .0002627 3.512 121 .00007787 1.041

46 .0002240 2.994 124 .00008161 1.091

49 .0001956 2.615 127 00008234 1.101

52 .0001689 2.259 130 100008599 1.150

55 .0001557 2.081 133 100008956 1.197

58 .0001357 1.814 136 .00009030 1.207

61 .0001238 1.655 139 .9000928241_2241 ___

00009999 1.28364 .0001135 1.518 1

142

67 .0001037 1.386 145 00009729 1.30170 .0.0009475 1.267 148 ,0001008 1.34873 .00009002 1.204 1

151 0001035 1.38376 1.00008491 1.135 154

79 .00008083 1.081 157

82 .00007775 1.039 160

83 .00007603. 1.016

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45

Date:19 Jul 1966Hour: 2305

Run:

140

Lat : 32° 16.2'N T = 87.7(Vm)Long: 117° 19.9'W C't = .131Depth: 123M 45Z135 = 3.35t = 9. 67°C

p(90)=.000112(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

0(e)(sr-m)

-1(3(e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

0(e)RELATIVE

10 .01318 118.2 88 .0001135 1.018

13 .006711 60.19 91 .0001105 .9910

16 .003586 32.17 94 .0001088 .9759

19 .002562 22.98 97 .0001065 .9555

22 .001992 17.87 100 .0001047 .9392

25 .001488 13.34 103 .0001045 .9370

28 .001107 9.931 10G .0001068 .9580

31 .0009294 8.335 109 .0001096 .9833

34 .0008069 7.237 . 112 .0001116 1.001

37 .0006775 6.076 115 .0001141 1.023

40 .0005803 5.204 118 .0001168 1.047

43 .0004906 4.400 121 .0001211 1.086

46 .0004192 3.759 124 .0001241 1.113

49 .0003599 3.228 127 .0001258 1.128

52 .0003088 2.769 130 .0001274 1.142

55 .0002798 2.510 133 .0001300 1.166

58 .0002501 2.243 136 .0001334 1.196

61 .0002249 2.017 139 .0001362 1.221

64 .0001919 1.721 142 .0001420 1.274

67 .0001746 1.566 145 .0001469 1.318

70 .0001624 1.457 148 .0001550 1.390

73 .0001495 1.341 151 .0001588 1.424

76 .0001385 1.242 154 .0001654 1.484

79 .0001304 1.170 157

82 .0001250 1.121 11

85

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 32° 16.2'N

Date: 19 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.9'W

Hour: 2345 Depth: 145M

Run: t = 9.58°C

141

T =90.6(%/rn)

04.= .099

7 45= 3.12

p(90) =. 0000849(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)

(sr-m)1

0 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

10 (G)

RELATIVE

10 .01072 126.2 88 .0000863 1.017

13 .004282 50.44 91 .0000842 .991

16 .003037 35.78 94 .0000839 .988

19 .002006 23.63 97 .0000822 .969

22 .001396 16.44 100 .0000813 .957

25 .001019 12.00 103 .0000806 .950

28 .0008454 9.958 103 .0000810 .954

31 .0006830 8.045 109 .0000817 .963

34 .0005587 6.581 112 .0000836 .984

37 .0004715 5.554 115 .0000840 .990

40 .000411 4.840 118 .0000865 1.018

43 .000353 4.154 121 .0000872 1.027

46 .000301 3.551 124 .0000908 1.069

49 .000250 2.943 127 .0000935 1.101

52 .0002204 2.596 130 .0000967 1.139

55 .0002117 2.493 133 .0001013 1.193

58 .0001851 2.181 136 .0001027 1.209

61 .0001650 1.943 139 .0001039 1.224

64 .0001445 1.702 142 .0001082 1.275

67 .0001274 1.501 145 .0001098 1.293

70 .0001173 1.382 148 .0001128 1.329

73 .0001097 1.292 151 .0001178 1.387

76 .00009940 1.171 1 154

79 .00009486 1.117 157

82 .00009412_

1.109 i_

6 D CJC,-1.390 1. 0;8

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 320 16.21N T = 86. 5(%/m)

Date:20 Jul 1966 Long: 117°19.911ff 06= .145

Hour: 0013

Run:

Depth: 183M

t = 9.24°C

142

m 454135 = 3.36

(3(90) = . 0000832( s r-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

0 ( e)(sr-m)

-1/3(e)

RELATIVE

10 88 .00008495 1.021

13 .00557 66.92 91 .00008234 .9895

16 .00350 42.07 94 .00008034 .966

19 .00120 24.01 97 .00007823 .940

22 .001337 16.06 100 .0000794 .954

25 .000957 11.50 103 .0000790 .950

28 .000746 8.969 106 .0000794 .954

31 .000619 7.442 109 .0000800 .962

34 .000503 6.039 112 .0000811 .975

37 .000418 5.022 115 .0000810 .973

40 .000378 4.538 118 .0000819 .984

43 .000333 4.006 121 .0000833 1.000

46 .000280 3.368 124 .0000842 1.012

49 .000241 2.893 127 .0000849 1.020

52 .000220 2.646 130 .0000858 1.031

55 .000192 2.307 133 .0000875 1.052

58 .000175 2.103 136 .0000892 1.072

61 .000157 1.890 139 .0000913 1.097

64 .000139 1.665 142 .0000915 1.100

67 .000124 1.493 145 0000966 1.161

70 .000115 1.385 148 0001001 1.203

73 .000106 I 1.276 151 0001007 1.210

76 .000101 1.215 154 10001015 1.220

79 .0000953 1.145 157

-, - /- t1 /- ,, l -eN

85

.

.0000889

Ship:Date:Hour:

Run:

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

YFU-4520 Jul 19660043

Lat: 31° 21.2' N

Long: 117° 20.6'W

Depth: 244M

t = 9. 02 °C

T = .862

04.=

45135

.149

3.37

143

p(90) =.0000769(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

10 88 .0000794 1.03

13 .00510 66.5 91 .0000756 .984

16 .00285 37.1 94 .0000736 .957

19 .00179 23.3 97 .0000732 .952

22 .00119 15.5 100 .0000730 .949

25 .00106 13.8I

103 .0000744 .967

28 106 .0000752 .978

31 .000560 7.28 I109 .0000771 1.00

34 .000462 6.01 I 112 .0000774 1.01

37 .000418 5.44 115 .0000783 1.02

40 .000387 5.04 118 .0000795 1.03

43 .000334 4.34 121 .0000819 1.06

46 .000279 3.63 124 .0000827 1.08

49 .000231 3.00 127 .0000835 1.09

52 .000207 2.70 130 .0000859 1.12

55 .000191 2.48 133 .0000858 1.12

58 .000166 2.16 136 .0000895 1.16

61 .000155 2.01 139 .0000934 1.22

64 .000132 1.72 142 .0000956 1.24

67 .000118 1.54 t 145 .0000979 1.27

70 .000109 1.42 148 .000103 1.34

73 .000102 1.33 151 .000105 11.37

11.4076 .0000993 1.29 154 .000108

79 .0000902 1.17 L 157

82 .0000352 1.11 i 'CO

i.000C,334; 1.09

Ship:

Date:

Hour:

Run:

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

YFU-45

20 Jul 1966

0115

Lat :31°21.2v N

Long: 117°20.61 W

Depth: 305M

t = 8.23°C

144

T = .890

°6= .117

45135 = 2.98

p(90) =.000198(sr-l-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

OM(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)(Ye)

(sr-m)1

a(e)RELATIVE

10 88 .000198 .9995

13 .00542 27.4 91 .000198 1.0002

16 .00418 21.1 94 .000196 .989

19 .00327 16.5 97 .000191 .968

22 .00268 13.5 100 .000188 .952

25 .00211 10.6 103 .000189 .955

28 .00170 8.62 106 .000189 .955

31 .00144 7.29 109 .000198 .999

34 .00123 6.24 112 .000200 1.011

37 .00108 5.46 115 .000203 1.028

40 .000935 4.73 118 .000209 1.0643 .000742 3.75 121 .000207 1.0546 .000627 3.17 124 .000210 1.0649 .000582 2.94 127 .000223 1.13

52 .000505 2.55 130 .000227 1.15

55 .000465 2.35 133 .000223 1.13

58 .000406 2.05 136 .000223 1.13

61 .000362 1.83 139 .000230 1.16

64 .000325 1.65 142 .000238 1.21

67 .000362 1.83 145 .000239 1.21

70 .000299 1.51 148 .000241 1.22

73 .000273 1.38 151 .000255 1.29

76 .000250 1.27 154 .000262 11.32

79 .000234 1.18 157

82 .0C::14 1.03 -,--_,__

145NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45

Date: 21 Jul 1966

Hour: 2103

Run:

Lat:32o17.4'N

Long: 117°19.4V

Depth: 29.4M

t = 13.89°C

T = 67.9(Vrn)

CL = .387

45Z135 = 11.7

p(90) =.000679(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

0(0)

(sr-m)1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

1 LAT(ED)

REIVE

10 .4340 639.4 88 .0006943 1.023

13 .2086 307.3 91 .0006711 .9887

16 .1233 181.6 94 .0006374 .9390

19 .08885 130.9 97 .0005748 .8468

22 .05317 78.33 100 .0005628 .8291

25 .04233 62.36 103 .0005399 .7954

28 .02948 43.43 106 .0005235 .7713

31 .02153 31.72 109 .0006071 .8944

34 .01479 21.79 -112 .0005021 .7396

37 .01119 16.48 115 .0004950 .7292

40 .009188 13:54 118 .0004975 .7329

43 .007271 10.71 121 .0005110 .7528

46 .005899 8.690 124 .0005312 .7825

49 .004187 6.168 127 .0005195 .7653

52 .003406 5.018 130 .0005305 .7815

55 .002878 4.240 133 .0005401 .7957

58 .002376 3.500 136 .0005447 .8024

61 .002037 3.001 139 .0005472 .8062

64 .001847 2.721 142 .0005640 .8309

67 .001520 2.239 145 .0006007 .8849

70 .001364 2.009 148 .0006220 .9163

73 .001183 1.743 151 .0006362 .9373

76 .001065 1.569 154 .0006511 .9593

79 I. 0009530 1.404 157

i82 .0008222,

1.211 1_

85 ;.0007530 1.109 1

146NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 32° 17. 4'N T = 88. 1(Jm)

Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long: 117° 19.4'1ff 06 = .127

Hour: 2113 Depth: 76.8M 452135 = 4.01

Run: t = 10.25°Cp(90) =. 000149(sr

1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)-1

(sr-m)

(3 (8)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees )

p(e)-1

(sr-m)

0(8)RELATIVE

10 .02573 172.2 88 .0001561 1.045

13 .02035 136.2 91 .0001461 .9779

16 .01224 81.95 94 .0001448 .9693

19 .009032 60.46 97 .0001435 .9606

22 .005528 37.00 100 .0001437 .9618

25 .003327 22.27 103 .0001442 .9653

28 .002297 15.38 106 .0001452 .9719

31 .001697 11.36 109 .0001430 .9569

34 .001296 8.677 112 .0001446 .9678

37 .001091 7.303 115 .0001470 .9839

40 .0009284 6.218 118 .0001489 .9970

43 .0007610 5.094 121 .0001538 1.029

46 .0006683 4.474 124 .0001588 1.063

49 .0005541 3.709 127 .0001608 1.077

52 .0004706 3.150 130 .0001653 1.106

55 .0004299 2.877 133 .0001710 1.144

58 .0003861 2.584 136 .0001765 1.181

61 .0003225 2.158 139 .0001843 1.234

64 .0002783 1.863 142 .0001865 1.248

67 .0002494 1.670 145 .0001864 1.248

70 .0002244 1.502 148 .0001894 1.268

73 .0002196 1.470 151 .0001935 1.295

76 .0001975 1.322 is-_,_ a .00019851 1.329

79 .0001784 1.195 157 .0002051 1.373

82 .00-1168') 1.120 , r n_,..._

83 1.0001657 1 1 -+,7:1

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: .YFU -45 Lat: 32° 17.4'N T = 90.1 ( % /m)

Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.4V 114%= .104

Hour: 2207 Depth: 131.7M 45Z135

= 4.13Run: t = 9.85°C

(3(90) =. 000268(sr-1 -m- 1)

147

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

1(3 ( e )

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

1(3 (e)

RELATIVE

10 .04172 155.6 88 .0002733 1.019

13 .02272 84.76 91 .0002655 .9903

16 .01588 59.22 94 .0002556 .9534

19 .01060 39.54 97 .0002450 .9137

22 .007284 27.17 100 .0002434 .9079

25 .005273 19.67 103 .0002427 .9054

28 .003994 14.90 106 .0002389 .8912

31 .002989 11.15 109 .0002368 .8831

34 .002162 8.066 112 .0002391 .8918

37 .001995 7.440 115 .0002408 .8981

40 .001650 6.156 118 .0002423 .9037

43 .001281 4.778 121 .0002420 .9026

46 .001064 4.044 124 .0002503 .9338

49 .0009349 3.487 127 .0002592 .9668

52 .0008505 3.172 , 130 .0002658 .991355 .0007122 2.656 133 .0002743 1.023

58 .0006743 2.515 136 .0002802 1.045

61 .0006067 2.263 139 .0002940 1.097

64 .0005812 2.168 142 .0003084 1.150

67 .0005076 1.893 145 .0003165 1.181

70 .0004354 1.624 148 .0003267 1.219

73 .0003967 1.480 151 .00033571 1.252

76 .0003661 1.366 154 .00033821 1.261

79 .0003349 1.249 157

82 .0003053 1.139 160 _I33

I .0002 o3 1.083

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45 Lat:32°17.4'N

Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.4'1ff

Hour: 2232 Depth: 182.9M

Run: t = 9. 53°C

T = 90. 2(%/m)

= .10345

2135 = 3.57

148

p(90) = . 000208(sr1-rn-

1)

ANGLE(degrees)

0(e)(sr_m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

10 .02586 124.0 88 .0002160 1.036

13 .01436 68.88 91 .0002048 .9823

16 .009846 47.22 94 .0002031 .9740

19 .006901 33.10 97 P.0001975 .9470

22 .005073 24.33 100 .0001995 .9570

25 .003715 17.82 103 .0002031 .9742

28 .002915 13.98 106 .0002047 .9818

31 .002084 9.997 109 .0001994 .9563

34 .001772 8.501 112 .0002005 .9617

37 .001494 7.168 115 .0002049 .9826

40 .001174 5.632 118 .0002111 1.013

43 .0009619 4.614 121 .0002148 1.030

46 .0008126 3.897 124 .0002236 1.072

49 .0006775 3.250 127 .0002278 1.092

52 .0005922 2.840 130 .0002296 1.101

55 .0005372 2.576 133 .0002359 1.132

58 .0004814 2.309 136 .0002445 1.173

61 .0004281 2.053 139 .0002481 1.190

64 .0003726 1.787 142 .0002549 1.222

67 .0003555 1.705 145 .0002707 1.298

70 .0003289 1 1.577 148 .0002718 1.303

73 .0003010 1.444 151 .0002782 1.334

76 .0002770 1.329 154 .0002797 1.342

79 .0002592 1.243 157 .0002861 1.372

,-).'..),. .0002433 1 1.167 I

160 .0002915 1.398

1.0002232

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

.Ship : YFU -45 Lat: 32° 17. 4'N T = 94.1(%drn)

Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long: 117°19.4V 06= 0.061

Hour: 2305 Depth: 219.5M 45Z135 = 4.30

Run: t = 9.13°C

149

p(90) =.000283(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

0 (e)RELATIVE

10 .03138 110.8 88 .0002894 1.022

13 .01826 64.51 91 .0002799 .9887

16 .01274 45.01 94 .0002740 .9677

19 .008794 31.06 97 .0002699 .9533

22 .006761 23.88 100 .0002671 .943425 .005165 18.24 103 .0002654 .937428 .003945 13.94 106 .0002643 .9337

31 .003372 11.91 109 .0002655 .9378

34 .002532 8.945 112 .0002678 .946137 .002091 7.385 115 .0002694 .9518

40 .001675 5.918 118 .0002738 .9673

43 .001515 5.352 121 .0002783 .9829

46 .001259 4.447 124 .0002833 1.001

49 .001082 3.822 1 127 .0002922 1.032

52 .0009112 3.219 130 .0003017 1.06655 .0007922 2.798 133 .0003081 1.088

58 .0006842 2.417 136 .0003152 1.113

61 .0006193 2.187 139 .0003311 1.170

64 .0005374 1.898 142 .0003311 1.170

67 .0004908 1.734 145 .0003375 1.192

70 .0004536 1.602 148 .0003541 1.251

73 .0004119 1.455 151 .0003715 1.312

76 .0003682 1.301 154 .0003813 1.347

79 .0003516 1.242 157 .0003900 1.377

82 .0003250 1.1-18 i --

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45

Date: 21 Jul 1966

Hour: 2327

Run:

Lot:32°17.4'N

Long:117°19.4"ff

Depth: 268.9M

t = 8.64°C

T = 93.5 (% /m)

= 0.066

452135 = 3.55

150

r 1-rxi 1)p(90) = . 000139(s

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 ( e )

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

10 .01662 120.0 88 .0001416 1.022

13 .009890 71.41 91 .0001370 .9892

16 .005823 42.05 94 .0001353 .9772

19 .004271 30.84 97 .0001345 .9711

22 .003209 23.17 100 .0001339 .9666

25 .002481 17.92 103 .0001326 .9572

28 .001880 13.57 106 .0001321 .9539

31 .001514 10.93 109 .0001367 .9870

34 .001186 8.565 112 .0001371 .9896

37 .0009693 6.998 115 .0001379 .9959

40 .0008537 6.164 118 .0001420 1.025

43 .0006656 4.806 121 .0001459 1.05346 .0005505 3.974 124 .0001455 1.05149 .0004847 3.500 127 .0001485 1.07252 .0004130 2.982 130 .0001546 1.11655 .0003649 2.635 133 .0001601 1.15658 .0003170 2.289 136 .0001690 1.22061 .0002841 2.051 139 .0001713 1.23764 .0002612 1.886 142 .0001772 1.28067 .0002290 1.653 145 .0001845 1.33270 .0002145 1.549 148 .0001862 1.34473 .0001947 1.406 151 .0001881 1.35876 .0001796 1.297 154 .0001896 1.369

79 .0001694 1.223 157

32 .0001605 1.159 160

.001518- 1.096

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 32° 17.4'N T = 93. 6(%/m)

Date: 21 Jul 1967 Long: 117°19.4MT w..= .066

Hour: 0040 Depth: 289M 45Z135

= 3.96Run: t = 8.66°C

151

p(90) =.000223(sr-l-m4)

ANGLE(degrees)

3(e)(sr-m)

1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)0 ( e )

(sr-m)1

/3(e)RELATIVE

10 .02070 92.83 88 .0002264 1.015

13 .01330 59.63 91 .0002213 .9924

16 .01147 51.45 94 .0002126 .9531

19 .007523 33.74 97 .0002084 .9347

22 .005326 23.88 100 .0002092 .9381

25 .003920 17.58 103 .0002000 .8970

28 .002885 12.94 106 .0002026 .9084

31 .002224 9.973 109 .0002012 .9022

34 .001757 7.879 112 .0002068 .9272

37 .001428 6.401 115 .0002154 .9661

40 .001104 4.951 118 .0002160 .9684

43 4.662 121 .0002228 .9989

46 .0009750 4.372 124 .0002235 1.002

49 .0008250 3.700 127 .0002324 1.042

52 .0007009 3.143 130 .0002353 1.055

55 .0005872 2.633 133 .0002453 1.100

58 .0005071 2.274 136 .0002550 1.143

61 .0004565 2.047 139 .0002678 1.201

64 .0004051 1.817 142 .0002803 1.257

67 .0003684 1.652 145 .0002918 1.308

70 .0003225 1.446 148 .0003015 1.352

73 .0003050 1.368 151 .0002978 1.336

76 .0002799 1.255 154 .0003209 1.439

79 .0002692 1.207 157

82 .0002642 _L-1 _,,-,-. C...D 160

-85 .0002460 1_3

Ship:

Date:

152NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

YFU -45

21 Jul

Lat: 32° 17.4'N

1966 Long:117° 19.4'W

T =

06 =

93.4(%/m)

0.068

Hour: 0102 Depth: 324M 45=

Run: t = 7.85°C2135

3.90

p(90) =. 000180(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3(e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(e)RELATIVE

10 .01871 103.9 88 .0001775 .9861

13 .01131 62.83 91 .0001812 1.007

16 .007064 39.25 94 .0001856 1.031

19 .005040 28.00 97 .0001851 1.028

22 .003464 19.26 100 .0001807 1.004

25 .002593 14.40 103 .0001671 .9284

28 .002038 11.32 106 .0001624 .9024

31 .001600 8.890 109 .0001670 .9276

34 .001325 7.361. 112 .0001789 .9939

37 .001111 6.171 115 .0001803 1.002

40 .0009369 5.205 118 .0001810 1.006

43 .0007778 4.321 121 .0001883 1.046

46 .0006644 3.691 124 .0001953 1.085

49 .0005761 3.201 127 .0002047 1.137

52 .0005167 2.871 130 .0002210 1.228

55 .0004575 2.542 133 .0002153 1.196

58 .0003850 2.139 136 .0002102 1.168

61 .0003681 2.045 139 .0002221 1.234

64 .0003114 1.730 142 .0002169 1.205

67 .0002721 1.512 145 .0002236 1.242

70 .0002511 1.395 148 .0002479 1.377

73 .0002306 1.281 151 .0002486 1.381

76 .0002264 1.258 154 .0002478 1.377

79 .0002091 1.162 157

82 .0001915 1.032- 160___

85 1.0001912- 1,c -z-

Ship:

Date:

Hour:

Run:

153NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

YFU-45

21 Jul

0121

1966

Lat:32° 17.4'N

Long: 117°19.4'1ff

Depth: 368M

t = 7.20°C

T =

°' =

m 454, 135

93. 1( % /m)

0.071

= 3.36

pow = . 000254(sr

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

((30)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1o(e)

RELATIVE

10 .02013 79.36 88 .0002618 1.032

13 .01319 51.98 91 .0002497 .9844

16 .008369 32.99 94 .0002436 .9600

19 .005823 22.95 97 .0002438 .9611

22 .004419 17.42 100 .0002374 .9359

25 .003525 13.89 103 .0002333 .9194

28 .002883 11.36 106 .0002376 .9366

31 .002092 8.246 109 .0002396 .9443

34 .001710 6.739 112 .0002403 .9472

37 .001417 5.587 115 .0002476 .9760

40 .001185 4.671 118 .0002535 .9992

43 .001047 4.128 121 .0002602 1.026

46 .0009094 3.585 124 .0002609 1.029

49 .0007791 3.071 127 .0002678 1.055

52 .0006890 2.716 130 .0002789 1.099

55 .0006055 2.387 133 .0002838 1.118

58 .0005186 2.044 136 .0002850 1.123

61 .0004648 1.832 139 .0002992 1.180

64 .0004251 1.676 142 .0003208 1.264

67 .0003861 1.522 145 .0003216 1.268

70 .0003492 1.376 148 .0003151 1.242

73 .0003324 1.310 151 .0003269 1.289

76 .0003081 1.214 154 .0003365 1.327

79 .0002917 1.150 157

82 .0002339 1.119 160 i

85 .00,..,z/1_ ...0

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45 Lat:32° 17.42N T = 93.5( % /m)

Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.4V W.,= .067

Hour: 0142 Depth: 439M 45Z135

= 2.52Run: t = 6.62°C

154

p(90) 000188(s r-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

0(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)(e)-m)

-1(3(e)

RELATIVE

10 .01007 53.64 88 .0001883 1.003

13 .007846 41.80 91 .0001874 .9984

16 .005592 29.79 94 .0001834 .9771

19 .003899 20.77 97 .0001791 .9543

22 .002790 14.86 100 .0001791 .9542

25 .002195 11.70 103 .0001857 .9894

28 .001593 8.485 106 .0001830 .9750

31 .001310 6.978 109 .0001881 1.002

34 .001146 6.105 112 .0001903 1.014

37 .0009486 5.054 115 -.0001973 1.051

40 .0007523 4.008 118 .0002030 1.082

43 .0006523 3.475 121 .0002080 1.108

46 .0005667 3.019 124 .0002111 1.125

49 .0004791 2.553 127 .0002159 1.150

52 130 .0002256 1.202

55 .0004145 2.209 133 .0002335 1.244

58 .0003722 1.983 136 .0002381 1.268

61 .0003158 1.682 139 .0002461 1.311

64 .0002970 1.583 142 .0002526 1.346

67 .0002793 1.488 145 .0002635 1.404

70 .0002613 1.392 148 .0002735 1.457

73 .0002475 1.319 151 .0002794 1.489

76 .0002283 1.217 154 .0002894 1.542

79 .0002142 1.141 157

82 .0002045 1.U9.3 160

85 .000159 1.0 -

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 32°17.4'N T = 93.5(%/m)

Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.4'W OL = 0.067

Hour: 0205 Depth: 503M 45Z135 = 2,31Run : t = 6.23 °C

&(90) =.000225(sr

155

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(e)RELATIVE

10 .01075 47.87 88 .0002442 .9989

13 .007174 31.96 91 .0002147 .9563

16 .005539 24.67 94 .0002132 .9496

19 .004255 18.95 97 .0002167 .9651

22 .002941 13.10 100 .0002193 .9767

25 .002257 10.05 103 .0002136 .9515

28 .001744 7.766 106 .0002185 .9732

31 .001379 6.142 109 .0002210 .9843

34 .001196 5.328 _ 112 .0002295 1.022

37 .001000 4.456 115 .0002312 1.030

40 .0008362 3'.725 118 .0002364 1.053

43 .0007271 3.239 121 .0002477 1.103

46 .0006089 2.712 124 .0002525 1.125

49 .0005284 2.354 127 .0002578 1.148

52 .0004688 2.088 130 .0002664 1.187

55 .0004143 1.845 133 .0002708 1.206

58 .0003735 1.664 136 .0002850 1.269

61 .0003410 1.519 139 .0002877 1.281

64 .0003227 1.437 142 .0002933 1.307

67 .0003024 1.347 145 .0002983 1.329

70 .0002899 1.291 148 .0003051 1.359

73 .0002788 1.242 151 .0003195 1.423

76 .0002739 1.220 154

79 .0002627 1.170 157

82 .000246D 1.100 160

85 .03:-._:,J3 1.027

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: YFU-45 Lat : 32° 17.4'N T = 93.5(%/m)Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long :117° 19.4'W OG = 0.067Hour: 0222 Depth: 552M 45Z135 = 2.31Run: t = 5.80°C

156

p(90) =. 000236(sr -1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

13(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVE

10 .01469 62.29 88 .0002389 1.013

13 .008466 38.79 91 .0002344 .9936

16 .005615 23.80 94 .0002371 1.005

19 .003902 16.54 97 .0002339 .9917

22 .002994 12.69 100 .0002304 .9765

25 .002471 10.48 103 .0002291 .9713

28 .001857 7.872 106 .0002286 .9690

31 .001529 6.480 109 .0002321 .9838

34 .001274 5.230 112 .0002333 .9892

37 .0009787 4.149 115 .0002396 1.016

40 .0008202 3.477 118 .0002466 1.045

43 .0007055 2.991 121 .0002538 1.076

46 .0006365 2.6y3 124 .0002594 1.100

49 .0005901 2.502 127 .0002626 1.113

52 .0005282 2.239 130 .0002707 1.148

55 .0004805 2.037 133 .0002785 1.181

58 .0004336 1.838 136 .0002880 1.221

61 .0003839 1.627 139 .0Q02962 1.256

64 .0003646 1.546 142 .0003065 1.299

67 .0003413 1.447 145 .0003198 1.356

70 .0003109 1.318 148 .0003216 1.363

73 .0003008 1.275 151 .0003232 1.370

76 .0002889 1.225 154 .0003272 1.387

79 .0002702 1.146 157 .0003382 1.434

82 .0002586 1.096 160

85 .30 2323 1.G0J

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET 157

Ship: NEL Tank T = .125

Date: 18 May 1967 06= 2.079

Hour: " 4541135 13-5

Run: 0: p214,55160: p25,56 p(90) = .004653

ANGLE(degrees)

'3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3(e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

10 1.669 358.7 88 .004933 1.060

13 1.021 219.5 91 .004598 .9882

16 .5991 128.8 94 .004235 .9101

19 .4394 94.44 97 .003992 .8580

22 .2966 63.75 100 .003791 .8148

25 .2084 44.79 103 .003519 .7564

28 .1490 32.02 106 .003240 .6964

31 .1179 25.35 109 .003155 .6781

34 .08688 18.67 112 .003094 .6649

37 .06952' 14.94 115 .003010 .6469

40 .05587 12.01 118 .002931 .6299

43 .04346 9.340 121 .002822 .6064

46 .03473 7.464 124 .002767 .5948

49 .02625 5.641 127 .002733 .5873

52 .02050 4.406 130 .002754 .5920

55 .01835 3.944 133 .002775 .5963

58 .01633 3.509 136 .002769 .5952

61 .01459 3.135 139 .002782 .5979

64 .01253 2.693 142 .002751 .5912

67 .01029 2.211 145 .002764 .5940

70 .008431 1.812 148 .002790 .5996

73 .007654 1.645 151 .002856 .6138

76 .006961 1.496 154 .002853 .6131

7g .006323 1.359 157 .002894 .6219

82 .005004 1.2691 160

85 I 1 1 .7, 5

158NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

9. 4(%/m)

2.364

Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T =

Date: 29 Jun 1967 Long:117° 13' 51"NV OL =

Hour: 2246 Depth: 1M 45Z1 35

Run: IA t = 22. 1 °Cp(90)

9.788 == 16.1.6059

= 0127(sr- -m)

-1

ANGLE(degrees)

0(9)

(sr-m)-1

(9)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(9)RELATIVE

10 88 .01337 1.054

13 3.744 295.2 91 .01233 .9724

16 2.326 183.4 94 .01144 .9019

19 1.386 109.3 97 .01057 .8335

22 .9404 74.16 100 .009812 .7738

25 .6968 54.95 103 .009156 .7221

28 .5408 42.65 106 .008601 .6783

31 .3980 31.39 109 .008202 .6468

34 .2993 23.61 . 112 .007867 .6204

37 .2282 18.00 115 .007615 .6005

40 .1815 14.31 118 .007417 .5850

43 .1452 11.450 121 .007202 .5680

46 .1136 8.957 124 .007128 .5622

49 .08615 6.794 127 .007083 .5586

52 .06674 5.264 130 .006995 .5517

55 .05431 4.283 133 .006968 .5495

58 .04725 3.726 136 .008041 .6342

61 .04076 3.214 139 .008408 .6631

64 .03457 2.727 142 .008578 .6765

67 .02968 2.341 145 .008633 .6808

70 .02600 2.050 148 .008528 .6725

73 .02269 1.789 151 .008839 .6971

76 .01911 1.507 154 .009349 .7373

79 .01659 1.308 157

82 .01547 1.220 160

J3 ..2_,,t4_,_ 1.,.37

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12"N T = 9. 3( % /m)

Date: 29 Jun 1967 Long:117°13151"W (X, = 2.364

Hour: 2257 Depth: 3M

Run: 2A t = 18.7°C

159

45135

=9.229 = 15.1.6109

(1913) =.0122(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr -m) -1

(e)RELATIVE

10 4.748 390.8 88 .01278 1.052

13 3.260 268.3 91 .01184 .9745

16 1.808 148.8 94 .01064 .8759

19 1.253 103.2 97 .009837 .8096

22 .8599 70.77 100 .009062 .7458

25 .6067 49.93 103 .008642 .7113

28 .4515 37.16 106 .008401 .6915

31 .3558 29.29" 109 .008202 .6750

34 .2684 22.09 112 .007982 .6569

37 .2036 16.76 115 .007736 .6367

40 .1633 13.44 118 .007479 .6156

43 .1286 10.59 121 .007321 .6026

46 .1039 8.549 124 .007236 .5956

49 .07718 6.352 127 .007264 .5978

52 .05830 4.799 130 .007275 .5988

55 .05042 4.150 133 .007326 .6029

58 .04473 3.682 136 .007470 .6148

61 .03914 3.222 139 .007800 .6420

64 .03339 2.748 142 .008076 .6647

67 .02795 2.301 145 .008206 .6754

70 .02271 1.869 148 .008346 .6869

73 .02068 1.702 151 .008404 .6917

76 .01866 1.536 154 1 .008619 .7094

79 .01626 1.338 157 I .008906 .7330

3 .01363

.

1.126

NEL SCATTERIZTG METER DATA SHEET

9.7(%/m)

2.333

Ship:

Date:

Hour:

Run:

NEL Barge

29 Jun 1967

2315

3A

Lat : 32° 42' 12" N T =

Long:117° 13151"VI06 =

Depth: 5M 45135

t = 17. 1 °C

(90)

160

9.276 - 14.75.6282

= .0102 ( s r-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 ( e )

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1(e)

RELATIVE

10 4.771 466.3 88 .01111 1.086

13 2.946 288.0 91 .009789 .9569

16 1.694 165.6 94 .008927 .8726

19 1.157 113.1 97 .008083 .7901

22 .7537 73.67 100 .007771 .7596

25 .5573 54.48 103 .007335 .7170

28 .4204 41.10 106 .007046 .6887

31 .3201 31.29 109 .006752 .6600

34 .2318 22.66 112 .006752 .6600

37 .1789 17.49 115 .006472 .6327

40 .1388 13.57 118 .006390 .6246

43 .1111 10.86 121 .006284 .6143

46 .08679 8.484 124 .006078 .5941

49 .06839 6.686 127 .006106 .5968

52 .05500 5.376 130 .005950 .5816

55 .04431 4.331 133 .006050 .5914

58 .03909 3.821 136 .006615 .6466

61 .03254 3.181 139 .007193 .7031

64 .02849 2.785 142 .007344 .717967 .02477 2.421 145 .007546 .737670 .02096 2.049 148 .007812 .7636

73 .01839 1.798 151 .008041 .7860

76 .01564 1.529 154 .008170 .7986

79 .01356 1.325 157 .008991 .8789

82 .01324 1.29 1. 160

83 .c.1.208 1.1 j, H

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T = 13.9(%/m)

Date: 29 Jun 1967 Long:117° 13' 51"Iff OL = 1.966

Hour: 2340

Run: 4A

161

Depth: 7M 45 10.041=

t = 15.8°C15.5Z

135=

.6495

p(90) =.00608(sr-1-m.-4)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)-1

(sr-m)

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1 IEREgTV

10 3.335 548.2 88 .006417 1.055

13 2.008 343.1 91 .005917 .9726

16 1.174 192.9 94 .005541 .9108

19 .8023 131.9 97 .005248 .8625

22 .5220 85.80 100 .004936 .8113

25 .3825 62.87 103 .004642 .7630

28 .2892 47.53 106 .004288 .7048

31 .2113 34.74 109 .004217 .6932

34 .1415 23.26 112 .004136 .6799

37 .1093 17.96 115 .004096 .6732

40 .08606 14.14 118 .003989 .6557

43 .07069 11.620 121 .003873 .6367

46 .05628 9.251 124 .003746 .6158

49 .04476 7.356 127 .003609 .5931

52 .03585 5.892 130 .003599 .5916

55 .02857 4.696 133 .003594 .5908

58 .02349 3.861 136 .004130 .6789

61 .01953 3.210 139 .004417 .7260

64 .01641 2.697 142 .004457 .7326

67 .01397 2.296 145 .004439 .7295

70 .01249 2.053 148 .004610 .7577

73 .01128 1.855 151 .004945 .8128

76 .009876 1.623 154 .005216 .8573

79 .008679 1.427 1 157

82 .002037 1.321,

160

e_ . 546 1.240 ;t

162

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12"N T = 18.0(%/m)

Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13' 51 "W AL = 1.704

Hour: 0004 Depth: 9M.6268

45 8.543 = 13.6135

Run: 5A t = 14.2°C(9 O) = .00580(sr4-m4)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

10 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)1

0 (e)RELATIVE

10 2.473 426.8 88 .006183 1.067

13 1.552 267.9 91 .005601 .9664

16 .8761 151.2 94 .005459 .9420

19 .5954 102.7 97 .004876 .8414

22 .4126 71.20 100 .004624 .7979

25 .2891 49.89 103 .004302 .7423

28 .2216 38.23 106 .004107 .7087

31 .1668 28.78 109 .003915 .6755

34 .1225 21.14 112 .003701 .6387

37 .09339 16.12 115 .003540 .6109

40 .07234 12:48 118 .003572 .6163

43 .05798 10.01 121 .003580 .6178

46 .04525 7.809 124 .003598 .6209

49 .03800 6.557 127 .003466 .5981

52 .03055 5.272 130 .003394 .5854

55 .02493 4.302 133 .003406 .5877

58 .02077 3.584 136 .003746 .6464

61 .01766 3.048 139 .003967 .6846

64 .01545 2.666 I 142 .004019 .6935

67 .01293 2.231 145 .004044 .6978

70 .01078 1.861 I 148 .004146 .7155

73 .009936 1.715 I 151 .004406 .7603

76 .008642 1.491 154 .004596 .7932

79 .007601 1.312 157 .0049911 .8612

_C--,=% 1 ',')r

35 .006642 1.146I!

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat :32° 42' 12" N T = 17.7 (%/nn)

Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13151"106= 1.732

Hour: 0018

Run: 6A

Depth: 11M

t = 14.1°C

163

45 8.088 -2135 = 12.9

.6269

p(9 0) =. 0058 9(sr

ANGLE(degrees)

j3(e)(sr-m)

1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

10 2.057 349.2 88 .006220 1.056

13 1.328 225.4 91 .005727 .9722

16 .8094 137.4 94 .005239 .8892

19 .5115 86.83 97 .004784 .8122

22 .3517 59.70 100 .004466 .7581

25 .2657 45.10 103 .004316 .7326

28 .2034 34.53 106 .004097 .6954

31 .1578 26.78 109 .003955 .6714

34 .1154 19.60 112 .003856 .6545

37 .09030 15.33 115 .003743 .6354

40 .06922 11.75 118 .003681 .6248

43 .05498 9.332 121 .003678 .6244

46 .04398 7.466 124 .003615 .6137

49 .03312 5.622 127 .003608 .6124

52 .02685 4.558 130 .003567 .6055

55 .02307 3.916 133 .003581 .6079

58 .01987 3.373 136 .003749 .6364

61 .01777 3.016 139 .003847 .6531

64 .01528 2.593 142 .003923 .6659

67 .01279 2.171 145 .004136 .7022

70 .01045 1.773 148 .004383 .7441

73 .009704 1.647 151 .004591 .7794

76 .008849 1.502 154 .004758 .8078

79 .007860 1.334 157 .004937 .8381

82 .007225 1.226 1160

:::., .(,,u.)7.,_-_ 1.13..

164NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat:32° 42' 12"N T =

Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long:117°13'51"W Wd=

Hour: 0046

Run: 7A

Depth: 13M

t = 14.0°C

16. 8(%/m)

Z45 8.641

= 12.2135 .7072

p(90) = . 00611(sr-1-rri1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)(3(e)

(sr-m)-1

/3 (e)RELATIVE

10 2.444 400.1 88 .006399 1.048

13 1.485 243.2 91 .005963 .9763

16 .9459 154.9 94 .005542 .9072

19 .6628 108.5 97 .005179 .8479

22 .4350 71.21 100 .004835 .7916

25 .3188 52.19 103 .004571 .7483

28 .2408 39.43 106 .004312 .7059

31 .1846 30.23 109 .004174 .6834

34 .1340 21.94 _ 112 .004159 .6809

37 .1033 16.92 115 .004065 .6655

40 .07881. 12'.90 118 .004023 .6586

43 .06147 10.060 121 .003906 .6394

46 .04844 7.931 124 .003778 .6185

49 .04164 6.818 127 .003696 .6052

52 .03463 5.670 130 .003663 .5997

55 .02761 4.521 133 .003927 .6429

58 .02261 3.701 136 .004516 .7394

61 .01849 3.027 139 .004725 .7735

64 .01635 2.677 142 .004592 .7518

67 .01465 2.398 145 .004587 .7510

70 .01324 2.168 148 .004849 .7938

73 .01179 1.930 151 .005147 .8426

76 .01014 1.660 154 .005472 .8960

79 .008578 1.404 157

92 .007803 1.277

83 .007128 1.167

NEL SCATTERING IETER DATA SHEET

Ship : NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T = 15.5(%/m)

Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long:117°1v 51"mroe.= 1.858

Hour: 0101

Run: BA

165

Depth: 15M 45 8.286Z135

= 13.8t = 13.7°C

.6009

p(90) =. 00738( sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

/3(9)

(sr-m)1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

10 2.895 392.5 88 .007807 1.058

13 1.902 257.9 91 .007161 .9709

16 1.245 168.8 94 .006651 .9018

19 .7170 97.20 97 .006161 .8352

22 .4757 64.49 100 .005913 .8016

25 .3433 46.54 103 .005596 .7587

28 .2594 35.16 106 .005206 .7059

31 .1990 26.98 109 .004940 .6698

34 .14E17 19.89 112 .004771 .6468

37 .1161 15.74 115 .004661 .6319

40 .09023 12.23 118 .004542 .6157

43 .07133 9.671 121 .004542 .6077

46 .05601 7.593 124 .004401 .5967

49 .04633 6.281 127 .004307 .5839

52 .03940 5.342 130 .004131 .5600

55 .03272 4.435 133 .004068 .5515

58 .02694 3.653 136 .004615 .6256

61 .02228 3.021 139 .004867 .6598

64 .01906 2.585 142 .005046 .6841

67 .01676 2.272 145 .005147 .6978

70 .01489 2.019 148 .005289 .7171

73 .01323 1.794 151 .005372 .7282

76 .01133 1.537 15-1 .005450 .7388

79 .009674 1.312 157 .006009 .8147

82 .009041 __.-

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat :32° 42' 12" N T = 9.8(%/m)

Date : 30 Jun 1967 Long : 117° 13' 51"W = 2.313Hour : 0142 Depth: 1M

Run: 1B t = 18.3°C

166

45 8.769 _-135 .6547 13.4

(3(90) =.00497(sr

-1-rn-

1)

ANGLE(degrees)

13(e)(sr-m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

0(e)-1

(sr-m)

(e)LARE TIVE

10 2.556 513.8 88 .005298 1.065

13 1.523 306.2 91 .004812 .9674

16 1.027 206.4 94 .004438 .8923

19 .5954 119.7 97 .004188 .8420

22 .4166 83.75 100 .004030 .8103

25 .3031 60.94 103 .003931 .7903

28 .2145 43.13 106 .003834 .7708

31 .1560 31.36 109 .003728 .7494

34 .1201 24.13 112 .003655 .7348

37 .09211 18.52 115 .003532 .7100

40 .06798 13.52 118 .003430 .6895

43 .05161 10.380 121 .003302 .6638

46 .03961 7.963 124 .003193 .6420

49 .03185 6.404 127 .003119 .6270

52 .02582 5.191 130 .003092 .6217

55 .02149 4.320 133 .003099 .623158 .01810 3.639 136 .003335 .6705

61 .01559 3.134 139 .003648 .7334

64 .01368 2.751 142 .003870 .7780

67 .01194 2.401 145 .003920 .7881

70 .01031 2.073 148 .003978 .7998

73 .008986 1.807 151 .004017 .8076

76 .007275 1.463 151 .004065 .8173

79 .006404 1.287 157

82 .006106 1.227 t

, c -,

a..::3757: 1.137

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat : 32° 42' 12" N T = 9.2(70/m)

Date : 30 Jun 1967 Long : 117° 13' 51"W aL = 2.386

Hour: 0152 Depth : 3M 45 9.719Z135 - .6188

Run: 2B t = 17. 8°C

167

= 15.7

p(90) =.00987(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

13(e)(sr-m)

1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE p(0)

(degrees)(sr-m)

1(3 (e)

RELATIVE

10 3.143 318.5 88 .01073 1.087

13 2.906 294.5 91 .009436 .9563

16 1.939 196.5 94 1 .008826 .8945

19 1.171 118.7 97 I .008328 .8440

22 .7259 73.57 100 .007986 .8094

25 .5268 53.39 103 .007665 .7768

28 .4070 41.26 106 .007257 .7355

31 .3144 .31.86 109 .006908 .7001

34 .2329 23.61 -112 .006532 .6620

37 .1820 18.45 115 .006252 .6337

40 .1473 14.93 118 .006151 .6234

43 .1140 11.550 121 .006014 .6095

46 .08686 8.803 124 .005911 .5990

49 .06126 6.209 127 .005890 .5969

52 .04919 4.986 130 .005977 .6058

55 .04307 4.365 133 .006016 .6097

58 .03765 3.816 136 .006151 .6234

61 .03333 3.378 139 .006227 .6311

64 .02752 2.789 142 .006484 .6571

67 .02321 2.352 145 .006743 .6834

70 .01964 1.991 148 .006991 .7085

73 .01850 1.875 151 .007197 .7294

76 .01685 1.708 154 .007252 .7350

79 .01457 1.476 157

82 .01286_

- 33 .01174

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge

Date: 30 Jun 1967

Hour: 0223

Run: 3B

Lat : 32° 42' 12" N T = 9. 7(%/m)

Long : 117° 13' 51"W OL = 2.313

Depth: sm

t = 17.1°C

168

45Z

8.713= 13.7

135 .6381

p(90) =. 0102(si1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)-1

(sr-m)

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1/3(e)

RELATIVE

10 2.640 349.1 88 .007936 1.049

13 1.425 188.4 91 .007376 .9753

16 .9688 128.1 94 .007073 .9353

19 .6372 84.25 97 .006509 .8607

22 .4739 62.65 100 .006197 .819425 .3471 45.89 103 .005761 .7618

28 .2717 35.92 106 .005610 .7418

31 .2101 27.78 109 .005284 .6987

34 .1699 22.46 112 .005110 .6757

37 .1302 17.22 115 .004991 .6599

40 .09872 13.05 118 .004867 .6435

43 .07972 10.540 121 .004862 .6429

46 .05899 7.800 124 .004826 .6381

49 .04004 5.294 127 .004844 .6405

52 .03150 4.165 130 .004771 .6308

55 .03001 3.968 133 .004798 .6344

58 .02754 3.642 136 .004839 .6399

61 .02573 3.403 139 .004812 .6362

64 .02061 2.725 142 .004954 .6550

67 .01734 2.293 145 .004922 .6508

70 .01332 1.761 1148 .004995 .6605

73 .01276 1.687 151 .004991 .6599

76 .01211 1.601 154 .005106 .6751

79 .01069 1.414 157 .005362 .7090

22 .009638 1.274 160

.00.2014 i 1.192

NEL SCATTERING .1ETER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat :32° 42' 12" N T = 15. 7(%/m)

Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13' 51"W CV, = 1.845

Hour : 0235

Run: 4B

Depth: 7M

t =14.5°C

169

45 9.036135

=.6933

13.0

p(9 0) =. 00523( sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)pc A )

(sr-m)-1

o(e)RELATIVE

10 2.675 511.9 88 .005592 1.070

13 1.807 345.8 91 .005041 .9648

16 1.052 201.3 94 .004720 .9034

19 .5619 107.5 97 .004430 .8478

22 .4132 79.07 100 .004179 .7999

25 .3183 60.91 103 .003932 .7525

28 .2398 45.89 106 .003750 .7178

31 .1780 .34.06 109 .003556 .6806

34 .1285 24.59 112 .003396 .6499

37 .09679 18.52 115 .003262 .6244

40 .07385 14.13 118 .003182 .6090

43 .05624 10.760 121 .003219 .6161

46 .04271 8.174 124 .003323 .6361

49 .03409 6.524 127 .003321 .6356

52 .02926 5.600 130 .003273 .6264

55 .02600 4.977 133 .003333 .6379

58 .02153 4.121 136 .003767 .7210

61 .01728 3.307 139 .003998 .7652

64 .01456 2.786 142 .004099 .7844

67 .01259 2.409 145 .004182 .8004

70 .01125 2.153 148 .004262 .8158

73 .01000 1.914 151 .004382 .8387

76 .008573 1.641 154 .004522 .8655

79 .007294 1.396

1.279

157

16082 .006633

-35 .006229 1 1.192

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat:32° 42' 12"N T = 12. 6( % /m)

Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13' 51"W-06= 2.071

Hour: 0249 Depth: 9M

Run: 5B t = 14.1°C

170

45 8.471 = 12.8"135 .6640

(3(90) =.00754(si. 11171)

ANGLE(degree

s)

(3(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1_0(e)

RELATIVE

10 3.490 462.8 88 .008064 1.069

13 2.412 319.8 91 .007280 .9654

16 1.404 186.2 94 .006500 .8620

19 .7977 105.8 97 .005725 .759222 .5798 76.89 100 .005560 .737325 .4250 56.36 103 .005358 .710528 .3211 42.58 106 .005188 .688031 .2403 31.87 109 .004963 .658234 .1772 23.50 112 .004839 .6418

37 .1349 17.89 115 .004729 .6272

40 .1022 13.55 118 .004656 .617443 .07670 10.170 121 .004592 .608946 .05748 7.622 124 .004541 .602249 .04519 5.993 127 .004507 .597752 .03783 5.017 130 .004548 .603155 .03322 4.405 133 .004711 .6247

58 .02961 3.927 136 .005156 .6837

61 .02549 3.380 139 .005211 .6910

64 .02088 2.769 142 .005257 .6971

67 .01722 2.283 145 .005289 .7014

70 .01488 1.973 148 .005624 .7458

73 .01319 1.749 151 .005963 .7908

76 .01153 1.529 154 .006142 .8145

79 .01018 1.350 157

82 .009537 1.771 1=0

85 _173

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T = 13.4(%/m)

Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long:117° 13' 51"W 06 = 2.010

Hour : 0314

Run: 6B

Depth: 11M

t = 13.6°C

171

45 8 2152135 12.7

.6445

p(90) =.00703(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

pe)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees )

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

_0(e)RELATIVE

10 2.656 367.1 88 .007642 1.056

13 1.573 217.5 91 .007030 .9718

16 1.000 138.3 94 .006491 .8973

19 .6798 93.98 97 .006131 .8475

22 .4761 65.82 100 .005748 .7945

25 .3474 48.02 103 .005280 .7299

28 .2622 36.24 106 .005005 .6918

31 .2008 27.76 109 .004922 .6804

34 .1489 20.58 . 112 .004826 .6671

37 .1179 16.30 115 .004718 .6522

40 .09014 12.46 118 .004565 .6311

43 .06952 9.610 121 .004488 .6204

46 .05438 7.517 124 .004399 .6081

49 .04201 5.808 127 .004422 .6113

52 .03270 4.520 130 .004459 .6164

55 .02894 4.001 133 .004556 .6297

58 .02588 3.577 136 .004716 .6519

61 .02305 3.187 139 .004856 .6713

64 .01970 2.724 142 .004962 .6859

67 .01639 2.266 145 .005181 .7162

70 .01349 1.864 148 .005337 .7378

73 .01238 1.711 151 .005500 .7603

76 .01128 1.560 154 .005635 .7790

79 .009739 1.346 157

82 .008860 1.225 160

85 .008323 ; 1.151

Ship:

Date:

Hour:

Run:

NEL SCATTERING nETER DATA SHEET 172

12.6

1 -1-m )

NEL Barge

30 Jun 1967

0334

7B

Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T

Long:117° 13' 51 "W =

Depth: 13Mz135

45

t = 13.2°Cp(90)

13. 0(% /m)

2.040

7.622 -.603

=.00875(sr

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)-1

(sr -m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

e(e)'

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

10 2.9528 337.7 88 .009481 1.0842

13 1.563 178.7 91 .008374 .9576

16 .9867 112.8 94 .00776 .888

19 .6693 76.53 97 .00743 .849

22 .4781 54.67 100 .00715 .817

25 .3716 42.49 103 .00662 .7567

28 .2705 30.93 106 .00647 .740

31 .2063 23.59 109 .00622 .711

34 .1528 17.48 112 .00610 .697

37 .1234 14.12 115 .00596 .681

40 .1029 11.76 118 .00576 .659

43 .0792 9.051 121 .00559 .639

46 .06041 6.908 124 .00545 .623

49 .04723 5.402 127 .00529 .605

52 .03573 4.085 130 .00517 .591

55 .02918 3.336 133 .00520 .595

58 .02867 3.278 136 .00531 .607

61 .02581 2.952 139 .00549 .627

64 .02239 2.5608 142 .00564 .645

67 .01865 2.1325 145 .00570

70 .01566 1.7908 148 .00583 .667

73 .01458 1.6675 151 .00596 .681

76 .01319 1.5086 14 .00609 .696

79 .01172 1.3405 157 .00656 .750

82 .01103 1.2615 1[.2.2

85 .01023 1.1b7

173NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat:32° 42' 12"N T = 13.1(%/m)

Date: 30 Jun 196.7 Long:117°13' 51"W 06 = 2.033

Hour: 0351 Depth: 15M 45 8.0289 =

Run: 8BZ135

t = 13.1°C12.5

.640

(90) =00857(sr

-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

/3(e) /3(e)

(sr-m)-1 tRELATIVE

10 2.9628 345.80 88 .008858 1.0338

13 1.7530 204.60 91 .008424 .9832

16 1.1408 133.15 94 .00794 .927

19 .7454 87.000 97 .00730 .852

22 .5112 59.668 100 .00689 .804

25 .3847 44.903 103 .00649 .758

28 .2914 34.015 106 .00619 .722

31 .2240 .26.140 109 .00593 .692

34 .1652 19.284 112 .00573 .668

37 .1275 14.886 115 .00555 .648

40 .1018 11.885 118 .00550 .642

43 .08087 9.4388 121 .00543 .634

46 .06275 7.3240 124 .00540 .630

49 .04850 5.6603 127 .00525 .612

52 .03706 4.326 130 .00536 .625

55 .03209 3.7450 133 .00536 .626

58 .02868 3.3472 136 .00554 .647

61 .02631 3.0704 139 .00565 .659

64 .02269 2.6480 142 .00594 .694

67 .01920 2.2408 145 .00623 .728

70 .01585 1.8500 148 .00636 .742

73 .01447 1.6894 151 .00638 .744

76 .01308 1.5269 I 154 .00642 .749

79 .01170 1.3652-

157 .00661 .772

82 .01069 1.2472 160

-35 .009692 ).1")-13

174NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12"N T =13. 0( % /m)

Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long:117° 13' 51"V/06 = 2.040

Hour: 0421 Depth: 1MZ

45-

8.500 = 12.8Run: 1C t =18.3°C

135 .6628

(90) = .00557(si - )

ANGLE(degrees)

/3(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees )

(3(e)

(sr-m)-1 REgT7VE

10 .9451 400.56 88 .002466 1.0453

13 .5722 242.53 91 .002306 .9774

16 .3494 148.10 94 .002098 .8893

19 .2326 98.581 97 .001983 .8403

22 .1733 73.428 100 .001859 .7880

25 .1189 50.413 103 .001808 .7663

28 .08817 37.370 106 .001733 .7343

31 .06791 28.782 109 .001653 .7007

34 .05066 21.470 112 .001613 .6838

37 .03850 16.317 115 .001568 .6648

40 .02947 12.490 118 .001555 .6590

43 .02320 9.8347 121 .001501 .6362

46 .01848 7.8333 124 .001477 .6261

49 .01413 5.9881 127 .01485 .6294

52 .01078 4.5706 130 .001482 .6281

55 .009521 4.0352 133 .001508 .6392

58 .008643 3.6633 136 .001592 .6746

61 .007558 3.2034 139 .001640 .6951

64 .006325 2.6806 142 .001672 .7088

67 .005231 2.2170 145 .001665 .7055

70 .004587 1.9439 148 .001716 .7273

73 .004238 1.7961 151 .001828 .7747

76 .003656 1.5494 15a .001836 .7781

79 .003141 1.3308 157

82 .002913 1.235 160

83 .002616 1.637

175NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat:32° 42' 12"N T = 9. 1( % /m)

Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13' 51"WOG = 2.408

Hour: 0430 Depth: 3M 45 8.257Z135 .687

12.0

Run: 2C t = 17.7°C

P(9o) = .00799(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1/3(e)

RELATIVE

10 2.889 361.7 88 .0083968 1.0513

13 1.693 211.9 91 .0077821 .9743

16 1.0548 132.1. 94 .00745 .932

19 .6356 79.57 97 .00687 .860

22 .4779 59.84 100 .00652 .817

25 .3553 44.49 103 .00619 .776

28 .2730 34.18 106 .00581 .728

31 .2081 26.05 109 .00555 .695

34 .1620 20.29 - 112 .00544 .682

37 .1315 16.47 115 .00525 .657

40 .09929 12.43 118 .00537 .673

43 .07798 9.764 121 .00536 .671

46 .06004 7.518 124 .00526 .658

49 .04543 5.688 I

127 .00538 .673

52 .03474 4.350 130 .00537 .672

55 .03144 3.937 133 .00534 .668

58 .02850 3.568 136 .00556 .696

61 .02539 3.179 139 .00556 .696

64 .02201 2.756 142 .00578 .724

67 .01845 2.310 145 .00591 .740

70 .01453 1.820 148 .00607 .760

73 .01353 1.694 151 .00614. .769

76 .01227 1.537 154 .00626 .784

79 .01088 1.3617. 157

82 .01006 ] _.=J _ ..

83 .009160; 1.147

Ship:

Date:

Hour:

Run:

NEL SCATTERING ETER DATA SHEET

NEL Barge

30 Jun 1967

0440

3C

Lat :32° 42' 12" N T = 10.6 (70/m)

Long: 117° 13' 51"Wclea = 2.244

Depth: 5M

t = 14.8°C

176

45 9.110 =14.0Z .651135

(3(90) =.00805(sr -na 1)

-

ANGLE(degrees)

/3(e)

(sr-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

10 2.890 359.0 88 .008610 1.069

13 1.669 207.3 91 .007771 .965

16 1.161 144.2 94 .00722 .897

19 .723 89.79 97 .00675 .839

22 .501 62.24 100 .00653 .811

25 .372 46.20 103 .00628 .781

28 .285 35.43 106 .00600 .746

31 .226 28.09 109 .00579 .720

34 .174 21.65 . 112 .00579 .720

37 .139 17.22 115 .00575 .714

40 .108 13.45 118 .00544 .676

43 .0875 10.870 121 .00535 .665

46 .0663 8.230 124 .00515 .640

49 .0488 6.067 127 .00493 .613

52 .0385 4.778 130 .00501 .622

55 .0333 4.136 133 .00529 .657

58 .0294 3.653 136 .00521 .648

61 .0262 3.259 139 .00552 .686

64 .0220 2.730 142 .00572 .710

67 .0177 2.202 145 .00572 .710

70 .0148 1.834 148 .00595 .739

73 .0137 1.706 151 .00616 .765

76 .0127 1.577 154 1.00646 .802

79 .0110 1.365 157

82 .0102 1.273 irn

35

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: NEL Barge Lat : 32° 42' 12" N T = 11.1 (% /m)

Date : 30 Jun 1967 Long : 117° 13' 51'1104 = 2.202

Hour: 0449

Run: 4C

177

Depth: 7M 45 8.696Z135 13.0

t = 14.7°C .670

p(90) =.00801(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

0(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 ( e )

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

/3(e)RELATIVE

10 3.424 427.5 88 .008358 1.044

13 1.986 248.0 91 .007835 .978

16 1.215 151.7 94 .00720 .899

19 .7773 97.05 97 .00695 .868

22 .5555 69.36 100 .00656 .819

25 .4117 51.41 103 .00607 .757

28 .3056 38.16 106 .00606 .757

31 .2331 29.11 109 .00567 .707

34 .1840 22.98 112 .00552 .689

37 .1402 17.51 115 .00529 .661

40 .1051 13.12 118 .00536 .669

43 .08201 10.240 121 .00524 .654

46 .0635 7.923 124 .00503 .629

49 .0488 6.087 127 .00485 .605

52 .0373 4.658 130 .00486 .607

55 .0330 4.117 133 .00510 .637

58 .0291 3.635 136 .00549 .686

61 .0262 3.267 139 .00548 .684

64 .0227 2.840 142 .00565 .705

67 .0197 2.456 145 .00562 .702

70 .0163 2.034 148 .00563 .703

73 .0142 1.774 151 .00589 .736

76 .0129 1.613 154 .00617 .770

79 .0111 1.391 157

82 .00979 1.223 lr-0

85 .00903 1.127

Ship:

Date:

Hour:

Run:

178NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

USS Rexburg

21 Aug 1967

2335

Lat:32°31.5'N

Long:117°31.9'1ff

Depth: 9.15M

t = 16.75°C

T =

W,=

452135

p(90)

.868

.142

6.628.26=

.801

=. 00284(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

/3(0)

(sr-m)-1

13 (0)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

a (e)

RELATIVE

10 .1013 365.5 88 .0002912 1.025

13 .0529 186.1 91 .0002806 .988

16 .0327 115.2 94 .000262 .922

19 .0244 85.9 97 .000245 .863

22 .0153 54.0 100 .000241 .849

25 .0117 41.1 103 .000230 .809

28 .00854 30.05 106 .000219 .770

31 .00682 24.0 109 .000215 .756

34 .00495 17.4 112 .000213 .749

37 .00377 13.3 115 .000212 .744

40 .002866 10.09 118 .000211 .743

43 .00217 7.65 121 .000215 .757

46 124 .000212 .748

49 .00130 4.57 127 .000214 .753

52 .001054 3.71 130 .000215 .755

55 .000919 3.23 133 .000218 .768

58 .000820 2.89 136 .000233 .820

61 .000741 2.61 139 .000240 .844

64 .000657 2.31 142 .000241 .850

67 .000552 1.94 145 .000248 .873

70 .000455 1.60 148 .000255 .897

73 .000435 1.53 151 .000259 .912

76 .000411 1.45 154 .000263 .927

79 .000352 1.24 157 .000270 .950

82 .000335 1.18 160

85 .0u i4 1.10

Ship:

Date:

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET 179

USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31.5'N

21 Aug 1967 Long: 117°31.9V

T =

06=

.902

.103

Hour: 2350 Depth: 23.6M 45 6.95

Run: t = 14.34°C135 .888= 7.83

p(9O) = . 00232(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)-1

(sr -m)-1

(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)

(sr-m)-1

/3 ( e )

RELATIVE

10 .0679 292. 88 .0002422 1.042

13 91 .0002275 .979

16 .0414 178. 94 .0002169 .933

19 .0264 114. 97 .0002086 .897

22 .0175 75.5 100 .0002020 .869

25 .0121 52.3 103 .0002013 .866

28 .00838 36.1 106 .0001955 .841

31 .00599 25.8 109 .0001921 .827

34 .00426 18.3 112 .0001902 .818

37 .00320 13.8 115 .0001881 .809

40 .00243 10.44 118 .0001873 .806

43 .00188 8.07 121 .0001870 .805

46 .00148 6.39 124 .0001869 .804

49 .00119 5.12 127 .0001914 .824

52 .000964 4.15 130 .0001941 .835

55 .000860 3.70 133 .0001964 .845

58 .000759 3.27 136 .0002115 .910

61 .000691 2.97 139 .0002194 .944

64 .000600 2.58 142 .0002214 .953

67 .000505 2.17 145 .0002219 .955

70 .000415 1.79 148 .0002230 .960

73 .000382 1.64 151 .0002300 .990

76 .000335 1.44 154 .0002339 1.007

79 .000300 1.29 157 .0002388 1.027

82 .000282 1.21 160

85 .000203 1.13

180

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31. 5) N T = .869

Date: 22 Aug 1971 Long: 117°31.9'W 06= .140

Hour: 0009

Run:

Depth: 42.7M

t = 13.96°C

452135 = 6.12

pow = .00201(sr-1 -m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)-1

(sr-m)

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)1

/3(e)RELATIVE

10 .05931 294.7 88 .0002064 1.026

13 91 .0001987 .987

16 .03197 158.8 94 .0001933 .960

19 .01935 96.15 97 .0001907 .948

22 .01231 61.15 100 .0001865 .926

25 .008183 40.66 103 .0001793 .891

28 .005292 26.29 106 .0001760 .874

31 .004048 20.11 109 .0001745 .867

34 .002943 14.62 112 .0001746 .867

37 .002221 11.03 115 .0001748 .868

40 .001686 8.38 118 .0001822 .906

43 .001342 6.67 121 .0001824 .906

46 .001120 5.58 124 .0001791 .890

49 .0009380 4.66 127 .0001803 .896

52 .0007139 3.55 130 .0001830 .909

55 .0006590 3.27 133 .0001882 .935

58 .0005980 2.97 136 .0001991 .989

61 .0005311 2.64 139 .0002066 1.026

64 .0004558 2.26 142 .0002092 1.040

67 .0003866 1.92 145 .0002143 1.065

70 .0003193 1.59 148 .0002214 1.100

73 .0002880 1.43 151 .0002268 1.127

76 .0002750 1.37 154 .0002273 1.129

79 .0002456 1.22 157 .0002286 1.136

82 .0002309 .i. ....,

1.

.li. q 160

85 .0002203 1.0)

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: usS Rexburg

Date: 22 Aug 1967

Hour: 0016

Run:

Lat: 32°31.51N T =

Long:117°31.9"ff 014,=

Depth: 61.0M Z 45t = 12.20°C

135

.860

.151

=

181

pow .000176(sr-i _rn-i)

ANGLE(degrees)(degrees)

/3(9)-1

(sr -m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(9)

(sr-m)-1

(9)

RELATIVE

10 .02167 123.1 88 .0001802 1.025

13 .01194 67.92 91 .0001735 .987

16 .008136 46.30 94 .0001680 .956

19 .005520 31.41 97 .0001659 .944

22 .003737 21.26 100 .0001678 .955

25 .002637 15.01 103 .0001653 .941

28 .002117 12.05 106 .0001629 .927

31 .001611 9.17 109 .0001626 .925

34 .001216 6.92 112 .0001625 .925

37 .001022 5.81 115 .0001660 .945

40 .0008344 4.75 118

43 .0006794 3.87 121

46 .0005292 3.01 124

49 .0004335 2.47 127

52 .0004098 2.33 130

55 .0003961 2.25 133

58 .0003775 2.15 136

61 .0003323 1.89 139

64 .0002825 1.61 142

67 .0002351 1.34 145

70 .0002282 1.30 148

73 .0002177 1.24 151

76 .0002029 1.15 154

79 .0001919 1.09 157

82 .0001851 1.05 160

85 .0001812

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32°31.5'N

Date: 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117 31. 9'

Hour: 0035 Depth:77.7m

Run: t = 11.97°C

182

T = .924

06= .0790

452135 = 3.89

(3(90) =. 000186(sr1 -m-

ANGLE(degrees)

OM(sr-m)

-1(3(9)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)(3(e)

(sr-m)-1

(9)RELATIVE

10 .04460 243.6 88 .0001886 1.030

13 .02142 117.0 91 .0001803 .985

16 .01721 94.00 94 .0001775 .970

19 .01049 57.28 97 .0001737 .949

22 .006789 37.08 100 .0001738 .949

25 .004721 25.79 103 .0001702 .930

28 .003253 17.77 106 .0001677 .916

31 .002497 13.64 109 .0001694 .925

34 .001937 10.58 112 .0001729 .944

37 .001463 7.992 115 .0001762 .962

40 .001081 5.903 118 .0001807 .987

43 .0009270 5.064 121 .0001820 .994

46 .0007727 4.221 124 .0001824 .997

49 .0006367 3.478 127 .0001903 1.040

52 .0005227 2.855 130 .0001927 1.053

55 .0004743 2.591 133 .0001988 1.086

58 .0004236 2.314 136 .0002181 1.191

61 .0003964 2.166 139 .0002350 1.284

64 .0003534 1.930 142 .0002388 1.304

67 .0003107 1.697 145 .0002441 1.334

70 .0002589 1.414k

148 .0002514 1.373

73 .0002500 1.366 151 .0002625 1.434

76 .0002313 1.263 154 .0002669 1.458

79 .0002121 1.159 157 .0002713 1.482

82 .00020-±3 1.119 160

85 .0001983 1.033

183NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship:

Date:

USS Rexburg Lat: 32°31.5'N

22 Aug 1967 Long: 11731.9'W

T =

C4 =

.937

.0651

Hour: 0050 Depth: 100.5M 45

Run: t = 11.51°CZ135 = 4.83

p(90)=. 000167(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1o(e)

RELATIVE

10 .03036 182.1 88 .0001708 1.024

13 .01818 109.0 91 .0001647 .988

16 .01140 68.36 94 .0001584 .950

19 .007070 42.41 97 .0001516 .909

22 .005133 30.79 100 .0001509 .905

25 .003625 21.74 103 .0001486 .892

28 .002700 16.19 106 .0001464 .878

31 .002193 13.15 109 .0001454 .872

34 .001661 9.961 112 .0001489 .893

37 .001366 8.191 115 .0001498 .898

40 .001138 6.826 118 .0001550 .930

43 .0009168 5.499 121 .0001564 .938

46 .0007750 4.648 124

49 .0006020 3.611 127 .0001568 .940

52 .0004704 2.821 130 .0001604 .962

55 .0004343 2.605 133 .0001636 .981

58 .0003929 2.356 136 .0001733 1.040

61 .0003732 2.238 139 .0001819 1.091

64 .0003230 1.937 142 .0001856 1.11367 .0002780 1.668 145 .0001905 1.14370 .0002404 1.442 148 .0001945 1.16773 .0002324 1.394 151 .0001973 1.18476 .0002159 1.295 154 .0002017 1.21079 .0001919 1.151 157 .0002014 1.208

82 .0001823 1.093 160

85 1.0001804 1.082

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship : USS Rexburg Lat : 32° 31.5'N T = .951

Date : 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.9'W 04 = .0502

Hour: 0111 Depth: 124.5M Z 45 = 5.18Run: t = 11.54°C

135

184

p(90) = 00017 5(s r

-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (9)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1 LA

a (0)RE TIVE

10 .03097 176.9 88 .0001792 1.024

13 .01900 108.5 91 .0001730 .988

16 .01189 67.89 94 .0001712 .978

19 .008241 47.07 97 .0001651 .943

22 .005637 32.20 100 .0001599 .913

25 .003823 21.84 103 .0001559 .891

28 .002857 16.32 106 .0001528 .873

31 .002377 13.58 109 .0001533 .875

34 .001836 10.49 112 .0001533 .876

37 .001477 8.435 115 .0001539 .879

40 .001211 6.919 118 .0001584 .905

43 .001016 5.802 121 .0001589 .907

46 .0008250 4.712 124 .0001575 .900

49 .0006423 3.669 127 .0001599 .913

52 .0005324 3.041 130 .0001615 .922

55 .0004808 2.746 133 .0001635 .934

58 .0004462 2.549 136 .0001755 1.003

61 .0003994 2.282 139 .0001832 1.046

64 .0003490 1.993 142 .0001865 1.065

67 .0002959 1.690 145 .0001880 1.074

70 .0002544 1.453 148 .0001942 1.109

73 .0002444 1.396 151 .0002003 1.144

76 .0002256 1.289 154 .0002011 1.148

79 .0002060 1.176 157 .0002001 1.143

82 .0001986 1.135 160 .0002002 1.144

85 .001881 1.073

185NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg

Date: 22 Aug 1967

Hour: 0131

Run:

Lat: 32° 31.5'N

Long: 117 31.9'W

Depth: 146.1M

t = 11.24°C

T = .937

0L= .0651

45Z135 = 4.91

_p(9O) 000166(sr 1-m )

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-10 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1

0(e)RELATIVE

10 .02421 146.1 88 .0001726 1.042

13 .01565 94.45 91 .0001622 .979

16 .009746 58.83 94 .0001594 .962

19 .006543 39.50 97 .0001526 .921

22 .004435 26.77 100 .0001518 .916

25 .003633 21.93 103 .0001474 .890

28 .002495 15.06 106 .0001439 .869

31 .002190 13.22 109 .0001481 .894

34 .001726 10.42 112 .0001481 .894

37 .001370 8.272 115 .0001482 .895

40 .001146 6.920 118 .0001517 .915

43 .0009498 5.733 121 .0001547 .934

46 .0007884 4.759 124 .0001573 .949

49 .0006136 3.704 127 .0001572 .949

52 .0004977 3.004 130 .0001575 .951

55 .0004481 2.705 133 .0001660 1.000

58 .0003955 2.388 136 .0001743 1.052

61 .0003626 2.189 139 .0001821 1.099

64 .0003209 1.937 142 .0001848 1.116

67 .0002766 1.669 145 .0001906 1.151

70 .0002445 1.476 148 .0001960' 1.183

73 .0002304 1.391 151 .0001998 1.206

76 .0002123 1.282 154 .0002058 1.242

79 .0001912 1.154 157 .0002060 1.243

82 .0001869 1.128 160 .0002075 1.252

85 .00013u4 1.u33

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31.5'N T = .928

Date: 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117°31.9'W 04, = .0747

Hour : 0153 Depth : 181. OM 45Z135 = 2.50

Run: t = 10. 36 °C

186

p(9O) =. 000122(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees

)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1(E30)

RELATIVE

10 .01079 88.29 88 .0001229 1.0005

13 .006121 50.08 91 .0001219 .997

16 .004338 35.49. 94 .0001195 .9775

19 .003066 25.08 97

22 .002236 18.29 100 .0001173 .959

25 .001626 13.31 103 .0001178 .964

28 .001246 10.20 106 .0001185 .970

31 .0009750 7.977 109 .0001215 .994

34 .0007716 6.312 . 112 .0001261 1.032

37 .0006468 5.292 115 .0001278 1.046

40 .0005192 4.247 118 .0001318 1.079

43 .0004410 3.608 121 .0001359 1.111

46 .0003601 2.946 124 .0001364 1.116

49 .0003121 2.553 127 .0001403 1.148

52 .0002617 2.141 130 .0001445 1.182

55 .0002565 2.099 133 .0001486 1.216

58 .0002476 2.206 136 .0001581 1.293

61 .0002225 1.820 139 .0001702 1.392

64 .0001885 1.542 142 .0001757 1.437

67 .0001805 1.477 145 .0001800 1.473

70 .0001700 1.390 148 .0001834 1.501

73 .0001591 1.301 151 .0001918 1.569

76 .0001452 1.188 154 .0001986 1.624

79 .0001361 1.113 157 .0001992 1.630

82 .0001317 1.077 160 .0002014 1.648

85 .0001278 1.046

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg Lat:32°31.5'N T = .919

Date : 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.91W 040 = .0845

Hour: 0215

Run:

Depth: 219.5M 45Z135 = 4.28

(3(90) =.000161(sr-i-ncl)t = 9.90 °C

.187

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)-1 3

(6)

RELATIVE

10 .02389 148.0 88 .0001674 1.037

13 .01450 89.86 91 .0001584 .981

16 .009380 58.12 94 .0001524 .944

19 .006635 41.11 97 .0001490 .923

22 .004676 28.97 100 .0001474 .913

25 .003284 20.35 103 .0001452 .900

28 .002443 15.14 106 . 1438 .891

31 .001984 12.29 109 .0001464 .907

34 .001564 9.690 112 .0001473 .913

37 .001293 8.013 115 .0001507 .934

40 .001083 6.713 118 .0001534 .950

43 .0008834 5.473 121 .0001546 .958

46 .0007074 4.383 124 .0001556 .964

49 .0005798 3.592 127 .0001587 .983

52 .0004718 2.923 130 .0001647 1.020

55 .0004360 2.701 133 .0001697 1.051

58 .0003856 2.389 136 .0001837 1.138

61 .0003585 2.221 139 .0001965 1.218

64 .0003285 2.036 142 .0002042 1.265

67 .0002842 1.761 145 .0002076 1.286

70 .0002457 1.522 148 .0002121 1.314

73 .0002299 1.425 151 .0002171 1.345

76 .0002134 1.322 154 .0002258 1.399

79 .0001889 1.171 157 .0002286 1.416

82 .0001818 1.127 160 .0002293 1.421

85 .00017431 1.080

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: uSS Rexburg Lat: 32°31.5'N T = .923

Date: 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117°31.9flff 06= .0801

Hour: 0304 Depth: 425M 45Z135 = 2.60

Run: t = 8.93°C

188

pow. 000123(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)p(e)

(sr-m)1

/3(e)RELATIVE

10 .01119 91.16 88 .0001259 1.026

13 .006341 51.65 91 .0001212 .987

16 .004127 33.62 94 .0001184 .964

19 .002866 23.34 97 .0001183 .964

22 .002037 16.59 100 .0001183 .964

25 .001670 13.60 103 .0001183 .964

28 .001219 9.927 106 .0001200 .977

31 .0009398 7.655 109 .0001220 .994

34 .0007827 6.375 112 .0001244 1.013

37 .0006913 5.631 115 .0001276 1.040

40 .0005667 4.616 118 .0001371 1.117

43 .0004272 3.480 121 .0001381 1.125

46 .0004056 3.304 124 .0001379 1.123

49 .0003460 2.818 127 .0001456 1.186

52 .0002864 2.333 130 .0001465 1.194

55 .0002798 2.279 133 .0001502 1.223

58 .0002616 2.131 136 .0001627 1.326

61 .0002256 1.838 139 .0001701 1.386

64 .0002064 1.681 142 .0001766 1.439

67 .0001954 1.592 145 .0001821 1.483

70 .0001676 1.365 148 .0001880 1.531

73 .0001625 1.324 151 .0001980 1.612

76 .0001587 1.293 154 .0001996 1.626

79 .0001419 1.156 157 .0002048 1.668

82 .0001372 1.118 160

85 .0001313 .Co

Ship:

Date:

Hour:

Run:

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

USS Rexburg

22 Aug 1967

0326

Lat: 32° 31. 5'N

Long: 117o31. 9'W

Depth: 535M

t = 8. 02°C

189

T = .92306 = .080145

135= 2.49

p(90) . 000130(s r-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)(3(e)

(sr-m)-1

(e)RELATIVE

10 .01052 80.68 88 .0001336 1.025

13 .005977 45.83 91 .0001288 .988

16 94 .0001270 .974

19 .002996 22.98 97 .0001249 .958

22 .002188 16.78 100 .0001289 .988

25 .001631 12.51 103 .0001254 .962

28 .001178 9.035 106 .0001251 .959

31 .0009640 7.392 109 .0001250 .958

34 .0007489 5.743 112 .0001267 .972

37 .0006548 5.022 115 .0001315 1.00940 .0005420 4.156 118 .0001419 1.08843 .0004624 3.546 121 .0001435,

.0001439

1.101

1.10446 .0003780 2.898 124

49 .0003228 2.476 127 .0001479 1.134

52 .0002954 2.265 130 .0001518 1.164

55 .0002724 2.089 133 .0001548 1.187

58 .0002371 1.818 136 .0001676 1.286

61 .0002321 1.780 139 .0001773 1.360

64 .0002200 1.687 142 .0001829 1.403

67 .0001957 1.501 145 .0001876 1.439

70 .0001783 1.367 148 .0001927 1.47873 .0001728 1.325 151 .0001991 1.527

76 .0001648 1.264 154 .0002030 1.557

79 .0001436 1.147 157 .0002091 1.603

82 .0001436 1.101 160 .0002101 1.612

85 .00-'1416 I 1.086

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31. 5'N T = .918

Date: 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117°31.911ff 06= .0856

Hour: 0350 Depth: 661M 45Z135 = 2.62

Run: t = 7.40°C

190

p(9 0) = 0 0015(s r-1 -rn-1 )

ANGLE(degrees)

13(e)-1

(sr -m)-1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

0(e)RELATIVE

10 .007539 65.52 88 .0001172 1.019

13 .004895 42.54 91 .0001140 .991

16 .003347 29.09 94 .0001134 .986

19 .002213 19.23 97 .0001112 .966

22 .001740 15.12 100 .0001129 .981

25 .001287 11.19 103 .0001137 .988

28 .0009793 8.510 106 .0001134 .985

31 .0008464 7.356 109 .0001146 .996

34 .0006473 5.625 . 112 .0001187 1.031

37 .0005416 4.707 115 .0001209 1.051

40 .0004543 3.948 118 .0001265 1.099

43 .0004308 3.744 121 .0001289 1.120

46 .0003600 3.129 124 .0001289 1.12049 .0002935 2.551 127 .0001331 1.157

52 .0002678 2.328 130 .0001369 1.189

55 .0002528 2.197 133 .0001405 1.221

58 .0002374 2.063 136 .0001495 1.299

61 .0002087 1.813 139 .0001591 1.382

64 .0001949 1.694 142 .0001604 1.394

67 .0001758 1.528 145 .0001651 1.435

70 .0001562 1.358 148 .0001718 1.493

73 .0001484 1.289 151 .0001769 1.538

76 .0001430 1.242 154 .0001807 1.570

79 .0001326 1.152 157 .0001803 1.567

82 .0001273 1.106 160

85 .001,1-i 1., r6

NEL SCATTERING METER-DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg

Date:

Hour:

Run:

23 Aug 1967

2353

Lat: 32° 31.5'N T = .896

Long: 117° 31.9'W 04, = .1098

Depth: 4.57M

t = 19.7°C

452135 = 5.40

191

p(90) =. 000138(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

0(e)(sr-m)

1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE'(degrees

)

p(e)(sr-m)

1

(3(e)RELATIVE

10 .070435 509.3 88 .0001449 1.048

13 .03164 228.8 91 .0001350 .9761

16 .01931 139.6 94 .0001286 .9296

19 .01205 87.15 97 .0001234 .8923

22 .008404 60.77 100 .0001210 .8748

25 .005807 41.99 103 .0001181 .8537

28 .003898 28.18 106 .0001187 .8582

31 .002825 20.42 109 .0001184 .8561

34 .002113 15.28 112 .0001230 .8896

37 .001595 11.53 115 .0001262 .9125

40 .001226 8.866 118 .0001240 .8967

43 .0009512 6.878 121 .0001297 .9376

46 .0007444 5.383 124 .0001276 .9228

49 .0006224 4.500 127 .0001331 .9624

52 .0005375 3.886 130 .0001344 .9719

55 .0004440 3.210 133 .0001388 1.004

58 .0003776 2.730 136 .0001566 1.133

61 .0003367 2.435 139 .0001704 1.232

64 .0003020 2.184 142 .0001766 1.277

67 .0002613 1.889 145 .0001806 1.306

70 .0002332 1.686 148 .0001865 1.349

73 .0002118 1.532 151 .0001994 1.442

76 .0001924 1.391 154 .0002025! 1.465

79 .0001661 1.201 157 .0002121 1.534

82 .0001576 1.139 160

85 .0'v3153 i 1.113

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship : USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31. 5'N

Date: 24 Aug 196.7 Long:117°31.9'W

Hour: 0012 Depth: 38M

Run: t = 16.44°C

T = .89

AL= .117

452135 = 6.87

192

p(90) = .000209(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m)

-1(3(e)

RELATIVEANGLE

(degrees)(3(0)

(sr-m)-1

/3(0)RELATIVE

10 .0642 307. 88 .000222 1.062

13 .0389 186. 91 .000202 .967

16 .0253 121. 94 .000191 .914

19 .0163 78.0 97 .000181 .866

22 .0117 56.0 100 .000178 .852

25 .00849 40.6 103 .000177 .847

28 .00592 28.3 106 .000174 .833

31 .00427 20.4 109 .000171 .818

34 .00330 15.8 112 .000168 .804

37 .00260 12.4 115 .000167 .799

40 .00199 9.52 118 .000172 .823

43 .00155 7.42 121 .000173 .828

46 .00123 5.89 124 .000174 .833

49 .000936 4.48 127 .000173 .828

52 .000734 3.51 130 .000178 .852

55 .000651 3.11 133 .000186 .890

58 .000583 2.79 136 .000199 .952

61 .000541 2.59 139 .000206 .986

64 .000463 2.22 142 .000214 1.024

67 .000401 1.92 145 .000217 1.038

70 .000346 1.66 148 .000221 1.057

73 .000334 1.60 151 .000228 1.091

76 .000301 1.44 154 .000234 11.120

79 .000269 1.29 157 .000238 1.139

82 .000247 1.18 160 .000245 1.172

35 I .0.0024-0

Ship:

Date:

Hour:

Run:

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

USS Rexburg

24 Aug 1967

0022

Lat: 32° 31.5'N

Long : 117° 31.9'W

Depth: 57.6Mt = 14. 54°C

T = .909

OL = .095445

=2135 4.70

193

p(90) = .000134( s r-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)-1

(sr-m)

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees )

p(e)(sr-m)

10 (e)

RELATIVE

10 .04990 373.2 88 .0001380 1.032

13 .02395 179.2 91 .0001316 .9843

16 .01310 98.01 94 .0001268 .9486

19 .008545 63.91 97 .0001222 .9138

22 .005736 42.90 100 .0001214 .9080

25 .003555 26.59 103 .0001197 .8951

28 .002651 19.83 106 .0001185 .8860

31 .002016 15.08 109 .0001175 .8790

34 .001627 12.17 . 112 .0001186 .8868

37 .001235 9.239 115 .0001219 .9118

40 .001015 7.594 118 .0001253 .9312

43 .0008090 6.051 121 .0001282 .9591

46 .0006537 4.889 124 .0001274 .9528

49 .0005095 3.811 127 .0001345 1.006

52 .0004046 3.026 130 .0001384 1.035

55 .0003629 2.714 133 .0001429 1.069

58 .0003329 2.490 136 .0001535 1.148

61 .0003019 2.258 139 .0001625 1.216

64 .0002668 1.996 142 .0001679 1.256

67 .0002266 1.695 145 .0001724 1.289

70 .0001931 1.445 148 .0001746 1.306

73 .0001841 1.377 151 .0001815 1.358

76 .0001725 1.290 154 .0001893 1.416

79 .0001572 1.176 157

82 .00014721 1.101 160

85 .0001439 1.076

Ship: USS Rexburg

194NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Lat: 32°31.5'N T = .913

Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long:117° 31.9'W 06= .0910

Hour: 0039 Depth: 77.7M 45

Run: t =2135 = 4.10

p(90) =. 000121(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)

(sr-m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1(3 (e)

RELATIVE

10 .04190 346.6 88 .0001258 1.041

13 .02107 174.3 91 .0001185 .9801

16 .01227 101.5 94 .0001149 .9508

19 .007400 61.21 97 .0001138 .9411

22 .005049 41.77 100 .0001093 .9044

25 .003100 25.64 103 .0001066 .8821

28 .002286 18.90 106 .0001072 .8869

31 .001809 14.97 109 .0001080 .8937

34 .001199 9.914 112 .0001096 .9066

37 .001051 8.693 115 .0001105 .9139

40 .0008489 7.021 118 .0001117 .9239

43 .0006705 5.546 121 .0001154 .9544

46 .0005370 4.442 124 .0001163 .9621

49 .0004683 3.873 127 .0001196 .9889

52 .0003934 3.254 130 .0001258 1.041

55 .0003342 2.764 133 .0001320 1.091

58 .0002972 2.459 136 .0001468 1.214

61 .0002567 2.123 139 .0001579 1.306

64 .0002299 1.902 142 .0001648 1.363

67 .0002061 1.704 145 .0001715 1.418

70 .0001908 1.578 148 .0001759 1.4547

73 .0001809 1.496 151 .0001858 1.537

76 .0001612 1.334 154 .0001892 1.565

79 .0001496 1.238 157

82 .0001399 1.157 160

85 .001)1292 1.069

Ship:Date:

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET 195

USS Rexburg24 Aug 1967

Lat : 32° 31.5'NLong: 117° 31.9'W

T =OL =

.949

.0524Hour: 0056 Depth: 100. 6M

°C

452135 = 3.10

Run: t = 12. 09p(90) = 000106( sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

13(e)-1(sr -m) -1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m) -1

a(e)RELATIVE

10 . 01472 138.7 88 . 0001068 1.00713 .008306 78.29 91 .0001057 .996216 .005492 51.77 94 .0001051 .990919 . 003902 36.78 97 . 0001015 9563

22 . 002650 24.98 100 . 0001015 . 9564

25 . 001714 16.15 103 . 0001011 . 9524

28 . 001311 12.35 106 . 0001011 . 9533

31 . 001076 10.14 109 . 0001029 . 9703

34 . 0008052 7.589 112 . 0001050 . 9895

37 . 0006632 6.251 115 . 0001065 1.00440 . 0005485 5.170 118 . 0001100 1.03743 . 0004495 4.237 121 . 0001118 1.05446 . 0003806 3.588 124 . 0001114 1.04949 . 0003126 2.947 127 . 0001144 1.07852 . 0002745 2.588 130 . 0001191 1.12255 . 0002499 2.355 133 . 0001230 1.15958 . 0002285 2.153 136 . 0001336 1.26061 . 0002178 2.053 139 . 0001412 1.33164 . 0001949 1.837 142 . 0001435 1.35367 . 0001666 1.570 145 . 0001454 1.37070 . 0001468 1.384 148 . 0001492 1.40673 . 0001401 1.321 151 . 0001536 1.448

76 . 0001349 1.271 154 . 0001608 1.515

79 . 0001144 1.079 157 . 0001619 1.560

82 . 0001171 1.103 16085 . 00u1153 1.087

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship : USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31.5'N T = .951

Date : 24 Aug 1967 Long : 117° 31.9'W = . 0502

Hour : 0106

Run:Depth : 120.7Mt = 10. 8°C

452135 = 3.05

p(90)

196

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m) -1

0 (e)RELATIVE

10 . 01257 122.7 88 . 0001037 1.01313 .007324 71.52 91 .0001018 .994116 .005132 50.12. 94 .0001017 .993619 .003168 30.94 97 .0000997 .9734

. 22 . 002260 22.07 100 . 0000969 .946025 . 001647 16.09 103 . 0000946 . 9237

28 . 001237 12.08 106 . 00009592 . 9367

31 . 0009839 9.608 109 . 00009664 . 943834 . 0007775 7.593 112 . 00009899 . 9666

37 . 0006473 6.322 115 . 0001018 . 9946

40 . 0005009 4.892 118 . 0001061 1.03643 . 0004340 4.238 121 . 0001055 1.03146 . 0003690 3.603 124 . 0001103 1.07849 . 0003136 3.063 127 . 0001121 1.09452 . 0002727 2.663 130 . 0001128 1.10155 . 0002470 2.412 133 . 0001175 1.14758 . 0002233 2.180 136 . 0001332 1.30161 . 0001971 1.925 139 . 0001464 1.43064 . 0001793 1.751 142 . 0001513 1.47867 . 0001610 1.572 145 . 0001540 1.50470 . 0001488 1.453 148 . 0001588 1.551

73 . 0001433 1. 399 151 . 0001676 1.636

76 . 0001252 1.223 154 . 0001704 1.664

79 . 0001131 1.105 157 . 0001715 1.675

82 . 0001127 1.101 16085 . ODu1 uo3 I. ,i5 ,

NEL SCATTERING METER. DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg

Date: 24 Aug 1967

Hour : 0119

Run:

Lat : 32° 31.5'N T = .951Long: 117° 31.9'W (X, = . 0502

Depth : 142.6Mt = 10.82°C

197

452135 = 2.67

p(") =. 000102 ( s r-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)-1(sr -m) -1

(3(6)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m) -1

0(e)RELATIVE

10 . 009601 94.25 88 . 0001020 1.001

13 . 005861 57.54 91 . 0001018 . 9993

16 . 003980 39.07 94 . 0001007 .988919 .002663 26.15 97 .00009968 .978522 . 002249 22.08 100 .00009870 . 9694

25 . 001692 16.61 103 . 0000973 . 956

28 . 001230 12.07 106 . 0000989 . 970

31 . 001033 10.14 109 . 0001006 . 988

34 . 0007489 7.352 112 . 0001010 . 992

37 . 0006029 5.919 115 . 0001008 . 989

40 . 0005014 4.922 118 . 0001061 1.04243 . 0004053 3.978 121 . 0001108 1.08746 . 0003527 3.462 124 . 0001144 1.12349 . 0003131 3.074 127 . 0001190 1.16852 . 0002798 2.746 130 . 0001221 1.19955 . 0002469 2.424 133 . 0001267 1.24458 . 0002178 2.138 136 . 0001442 1.41661 . 0001920 1.885 139 . 0001568 1.53964 . 0001828 1.794 142 . 0001618 1.58867 . 0001628 1.599 145 . 0001647 1.61670 . 0001567 1.538 148 . 0001689 1.65873 . 0001482 1.455 151 . 0001761 1.72976 . 0001330 1.306 154 . 0001837 1.80479 . 0001150 1.129 157 . 0001925 1.89082 . 0001120 1.100 160

85 .O il J79 1.._5

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32°31.5'N T = .952

Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31. 9'W (X, = . 0492

Hour: 0129 Depth: 162.8M 45Z135 = 2.79Run: t = 10.26°C

198

p(90) _.000105( s r-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m) -1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m) -1

(e)RELATIVE

10 . 01245 118.7 88 .. 0001090 1.038813 . 007162 68.25 91 .0001029 .980616 . 004522 43.10 94 0001006 .958719 .003165 30.16 97 . 0001006 .958622 . 002247 21.41 100 . 0001007 .959625 . 001733 16.52 103 . 0001002 . 955228 . 001302 12.40 106 . 00009876 . 941231 .0008877 8.459 109 .0001016 .967934 . 0007733 7.369 112 . 0001030 . 981637 . 0006380 6.080 115 . 0001049 . 999240 . 0005424 5.169 118 . 0001060 1.01143 . 0004336 4. 13Z 121 . 0001120 1.06746 .0003527 3.361 124 .0001142 1.08949 . 0003091 2.946 127 . 0001189 1.13352 . 0002723 2.595 130 .0001207 1.15055 . 0002411 2.298 133 . 0001265 1.20658 . 0002200 2.097 136 0001408 1.34261 . 0001917 1.826 139 , 0001531 1.45964 . 0001671 1.593 142 . 0001598 1.52367 . 0001647 1.569 145 . 0001608 1.53270 . 0001461 1.392 148 . 0001646 1.56873 . 0001332 1.270 151 . 0001738 1.65676 . 0001257 1.198 154 , 0001814 1.72979 . 0001168 1.113 157 .0001840 1.753

82 . 0001140 1.086 16085 . 00,211:4 1. ,_,--L

Ship:Date:Hour:Run:

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET 199

USS Rexburg24 Aug 19670134

Lat: 32° 31.5'NLong: 117° 31.9'WDepth: 199.3Mt = 9.64°C

T ==

45Z135

p(90)

. 949

. 0524

= 2.57

= 0000971( sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

13(e)( s r-m ) 1

(3(0)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

0(e)(sr-m) 1

(e)RELATIVE

10 . 008680 89.42 88 . 00009886 1.018

13 .004890 50.38 91 . 00009620 .9909

16 . 0003250 33.49 94 . 00009711 1.000

19 . 002200 22.67 97 . 00009703 . 9995

. 22 . 001580 16.27 100 . 00009618 . 9907

25 .001294 13.33 103 .00009477 .976228 . 001082 11.14 106 .00009610 .9900

31 . 0008422 8.675 109 . 00009784 1.008

34 . 0006548 6.745_ 112 . 0001012 1.04337 . 0005168 5.324 115 . 0001020 1.051

40 . 0004441 4.574 118 . 0001022 1.05243 . 0003774 3.888 121 . 0001045 1.07746 . 0003170 3.266 124 . 0001080 1.11249 . 0002648 2.728 127 . 0001123 1.15752 . 0002355 2.425 130 . 0001165 1.20055 . 0002095 2.158 133 . 0001204 1.24058 . 0001929 1.988 136 . 0001365 1.40661 . 0001718 1.770 139 . 0001485 1.52964 . 0001514 1.560 142 . 0001499 1.54467 . 0001479 1.524 145 . 0001508 1.55470 . 0001314 1.353 148 . 0001574 1.62 173 . 0001273 1.311 151 . 0001637 1.68776 . 0001147 1.181 154 . 0001697 1.74879 . 0001046 1.077 157

82 . 0001031 1.062 160-85 . 00u1021

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg Lat : 32° 31.5'N T = . 948

Date : 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.9'W aL = . 0534

Hour: 0158 Depth : 237.7M 45 2.28Run: t = 9.36°C 135

200

p(90) =. 0000977(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

13(e)(sr_m)-1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m)

-1(3(e)LARE TIVE

10 .005996 61.35 88 .00009758 .998513 .003684 37.70 91 .00009780 1.000716 . 002458 25.15 94 . 00009798 1.00319 . 001841 18.84 97 . 00009767 . 999422 . 001385 14.17 100 . 00009770 . 999725 . 001051 10.75 103 . 00009624 . 9848

28 . 0008280 8.472 106 . 00009725 ..9951

31 . 0007057 7.221 109 . 0001005 1.02834 . 0005639 5.770 112 . 0001019 1.04337 . 0004930 5.044 115 . 0001049 1.07340 . 0003842 3.931 118 . 0001089 1.11543 . 0003239 3.315 121 . 0001127 1.153

46 . 0002853 2.919 124 . 0001135 1.161

49 . 0002426 2.482 127 . 0001187 1.214

52 . 0002081 2.130 130 . 0001213 1.241

55 . 0001955 2.000 133 . 0001251 1.28058 . 0001820 1.863 136 0001338 1.36961 . 0001690 1.729 139 , 0001414 1.44764 . 0001554 1.591 142 0001452 1.48667 . 0001414 1.447 145 p 0001471 1.50670 . 0001281 1.311 148 0001517 1.55373 . 0001230 1.259 151 . 0001583 1.62076 . 0001155 1.182 154 0001754 1.79579 . 0001074 1.099 157 0001968 2.01382 . 0001022 1.046 16085 . 0001017 1.041

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg Lat : 32° 31. 5'N T . 949

Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.9'W Oes . 0524

Hour: 0218 Depth: 310.9N1 45

Run: t = 8.52°C 135

201

p(90) =. 0000954( sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m) -1

(3(e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)(sr-m) -1

(e)RELATIVE

10 . 004605 48.25 88 . 00009966 1. 044

13 . 002826 29. 61 91 . 00009332 . 9779

16 . 001892 19. 83. 94 . 00009046 . 9480

19 . 001469 15. 39 97 . 0000878 . 9198

22 . 001077 11.29 100 . 0000887 . 9297

25 . 0008072 8. 459 103 . 0000901 . 9446

28 . 0006447 6. 755 106 . 00009249 .969231 . 0005327 5. 582 109 . 00009310 . 9756

34 . 0004346 4. 554 112 . 00009432 . 9884

37 .0004209 4.411 115 .00009801 1.027

40 .0003508 3.676 118 .0001032 1.081

43 . 0002869 3. 006 121 . 0001072 1. 123

46 . 0002454 2. 571 124 . 0001054 1. 104

49 .0001969 2. 063 127 .0001083 1. 135

52 . 0001664 1. 744 130 . 0001144 1. 199

55 . 0001672 1. 752 133 . 0001165 1. 22058 . 0001616 1. 694 136 . 0001205 1. 26361 . 0001577 1. 652 139 . 0001229 1. 28864 . 0001448 1. 517 142 . 0001252 1. 31267 . 0001246 1. 305 145 . 0001261 1. 322

70 . 0001079 1. 130 148 . 0001302 1.365

73 . 0001077 1. 128 151 . 0001338 1. 402

76 .0001057 1. 107 154 . 0001352 1. 417

79 . 0001014 1. 062 157 . 0001368 1. 434

82 . 00009703 1. 017 16085 .000,i)531 .9967

NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg

Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31,9'W OG = . 0619

Hour: 0306

Run:

Lat: 32° 31.5'N T = .940

Depth: 552.3M

t = 7.09°C45

2135 = 1.98

202

p(9lo)..0000999(sr-i-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)( sr-m) 1

(3(8)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(A)( sr-m) 1

0 (e)RELATIVE

10 .006322 63.32 88 . 00010000 1.00213 . 003468 34.73 91 . 00009977 . 9992

16 .002458 24.62 94 .00009972 .998819 . 001687 16.90 97 . 00009872 . 9887

. 22 . 001224 12.26 100 . 00009926 . 9942

25 .0009691 9.706 103 . 00009780 . 9795

28 . 0007498 7.509 106 .0000998, . 9997

31 . 0006156 6.166 109 0001011 1.012

34 .0005066 5.074 112 . 0001025 1.026

37 . 0004107 4.113 115 . 0001060 1.0612

40 .0003344 3.349 118 . 0001112 1.113

43 .0002893 Z. 897 121 . 0001112 1.114

46 .0002513 2.517 124 . 0001120 1.122

49 . 0002172 2.175 127 . 0001159 1.160

52 . 0001901 1.904 130 . 0001206 1.208

55 . 0001805 1.807 133 .0001265 1.267

58 .0001682 1.684 136 . 0001364 1.36761 . 0001602 1.604 139 . 0001429 1.43164 . 0001499 1.501 142 . 0001485 1.48767 . 0001371 1.373 145 . 0001531 1.53370 .0001256 1.258 148 . 0001586 1.58973 . 0001127 1.129 151 . 0001649 1.65276 . 0001137 1.138 154 . 0001710 1.71279 . 0001068 1.070 157 . 0001768 1. 771

82 . 0001033 1. 035 160

- 85 . 0001007 1.:10

203NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET

Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31.5' N

Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.9'W

Hour: 1921 Depth: 787.7N1Run: t = 5-36°C

T = .922O,= .0812

452135 = 2. 14

p(90) =. 000105(sr-1-m-1)

ANGLE(degrees)

(3(e)(sr-m) -1

(3 (e)RELATIVE

ANGLE(degrees)

p(e)( sr-m) -1

0(e)RELATIVE

10 .00716 68.0 88 .000106 1.00613 .00442 42.0 91 .000105 .99716 . 00261 24.8 94 . 000103 . 97819 . 00190 18.0. 97 . 000102 . 96822 .00145 13.6 100 .000103 . 97825 .00103 9.78 103 .000103 .97828 .000789 7.49 106 .000103 .97831 .000684 6.49 109 .000107 1.01634 . 000541 5.14 112 . 000108 1,02537 .000440 4.18 115 .000110 1.04440 .000367 3.48 118 .000114 1.08243 .000317 3.01 121 . 000117 1.11146 .000288 2.73 124 .000118 1.12049 .000243 2.31 127 .000122 1.15852 . 000216 2.05 130 . 000126 1.19655 . 000205 1.95 133 . 000132 1.2558 .000191 1. 81 136 . 000142 1.3561 .000177 1.68 139 . 000151 1.4364 . 000160 1.52 142 . 000156 1.4867 . 000145 1.38 145 . 000158 1.5070 . 000128 1.22 148 . 000163 1.5573 . 000124 1.18 151 . 000168 1.5976 . 000118 1.12 154 . 000172 1.6379 . 000112 1.063 157 ,000176 1.6782 . 000110 1. 044 160 . 000177 1.6885 . 00,139

2 04

APPENDIX F

Tables of relative volume scattering functionsmeasured with the Brice-Phoenix scattering meter

205

BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET (2. Hg546.1)

NEL TANK

90

Angle(degrees)

Date : 18 May 67Hour : 1415Run:

Date : 18 May 67Hour : 1415Run:

Date :Hour :Run:

30 26. 5628 24. 5259

35 17. 1006

40 10. 7189 10. 1456

45 6. 7969

50 4. 2824 4. 8645

55 3. 3250

60 2. 3878 2. 8148

65 1. 9324

70 1. 6677 1. 7662

75 1. 4046

80 1. 2245 1. 2600

85 1. 0848

90 1. 0000 1. 0000

95 . 9243100 . 9302 . 8628105 .9637110 . 9406 . 8323

115 . 9041

120 .8907 .6955

125 . 8342

130 . 8870 . 6427

206

BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET ()L= Ha-546.1)

Ship: NEL Barge

M91/(90)

Angle(degrees)

3035404550556065707580859095

100105110115120125130

Date:29 Jun 67Hour:2250Run: S-01A

Date:29 Jun 67Hour:2315Run: S-02A

20.139

7.880

3.841

2.234

1.544

1.174

1.0000

.8956

.8169

.7672

.7240

18.779

7.231

3.516

1.926

1.411

1.102

1.0000

.7999

.7445

.6874

.6217

Date: 29 Jun 67Hour: 2325Run: S-03A

15.424

5.952

2.886

1.698

1.335

1.148

1.0000

.9483

.8798

.8232

.7849

Angle(degrees)

Date:29 Jun 67Hour:2345Run: S-04A

Date: 30 Jun 67Hour: 0005Run: S-05A

3035404550556065707580859095

100105110115120

. 125130

23.398 15.7108

6.575 6.6846

3.254 3.1721

2.165 2.0587

1.443 1.5209

1.163 1.2049

1.0000 1.0000

.9310 .9081

.8145 .8163

.7230 .7646

.7178

Date: 30 Jun 67Hour: 0036Run: S-06A

17.2997

7.1884

3.2882

1.9787

1.4152

1.1441

1.0000

.9373

.8714

.8260

.7426

207

BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET (X.= Hcr-546.1)

Ship: NEL Barge

e 90

Angle(degrees)

Date: 30 Jun 67Hour:Run: S-07A

Date: 30 Jun 67Hour:Run: S-08A

Date: 30 Jun 67Hour: 0217Run: S-1B

30 14.985 15.5548 19.54223540 6.1859 6.1690 7.73924550 3.0034 3.1659 3.66705560 1.8499 1.8583 2.25776570 1.3663 1.3352 1.535275 .

80 1.1544 1.1032 1.17908590 1.0000 1.0000 1.000095

100 .9047 .8903 .9402

105110 .8513 .8040 .8958

115120 .7794 .7579 .8016

125130 .7207 .6911 .7077

Angle Date:30 Jun 67 Date:30 Jun 67 Date: 30 Jun 67

(degrees)Hour :0229Run: S -2B

Hour:0242Run: S-3B

Hour: 0258Run: S-4B

30 18.463 18.496 15.27263540 7.4460 7.6830 6.50074550 3.5748 3.5947 3.34125560 2.1456 2.0823 1.89626570 1.4847 1.4487 1.41097580 1.1844 1.1915 1.10908590 1.0000 1.0000 1.000095100 .8929 .8911 .9414105110 .8627 .8206 .8664115120 .7808 .7568 .8263

125130 .7075 .6436 .7394

208

BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET (X.= Hg546.1)

Ship: NEL Barge

e 90

Angle(degrees)

Date: 30 Jun 67Hour:0315Run: S-5B

Date: 30 Jun 67Hour: 0355Run: S-6B

Date: 30 Jun 67Hour:Run: S-7B

30 17.8255 16.47993540 6.9916 7.4235 7.42284550 3.5771 3.11445560 1.9453 2.0351 1.93626570 1.4937 1.4454 1.37577580 1.1410 1.1723 1.10508590 1.0000 1.0000 1.000095100 .9114 .8590 .9227

105110 .8475 .7116 .8211

115120 .8075 .6507 .7519

125130 .4894

Angle Date: 30 Jun 67 Date: 30 Jun67 Date: 30 Jun 67(degrees) Hour: 0422 Hour: 0441 Hour: 0458

Run: s -8R Run: S-2C Run: S-3C30 22.2580 17.89473540 6.8994 9.4626 7.24194550 3.2567 3.8137 3.62125560 1.9174 2.2253 2.21646570 1.3784 1.3076 1.42097580 1.1525 1.1376 1.14178590 1.0000 1.0000 1.000095100 .9460 .8961 .9083105110 .8301 .8499 .8585

115120 .7574 .8281 .7692

- 125130 .7716 .7288 .6651

209

BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET ()L= H9546.1)

Ship: NEL Barge

A)//3(90

Angle(degrees)

Date:30 Jun 67Hour:0512Run: S-4C

Date:Hour:Run:

Date:Hour:Run:

30 17.44743540 8.03454550 3.34995560 1.98526570 1.493675 .

80 1.18168590 1.000095

100 .9229105110 .8324115120 .8359125130 .6658

Angle(degrees)

Date:Hour:Run:

Date:Hour:Run:

Date:Hour:Run:

3035404550556065707580859095

100105110115120125130

APPENDIX G210

Graphs of the total beam attenuation coefficient (c) as a function of

depth measured with the NOTS null-balance transmissometer, USS

REXBURG, 21-24 August 1967.

REXBURG

1400-144024 AUG 67

-200

-400(m)

-600

-800

I I 11 1-1000

.20 ,10 0c (m-61)

REXBURG

2200-230024 AUG 67

i

.20 .10

c(m1)

REXBURG

2100-213021 AUG 67

I 1 1 I

.20 .10I I

0211

-200-

-400--(m) --600-

800

REXBURG

0755-082022 AUG 67

-1000- I

I

1o(m-) .20 .102

0

0