Measurement & Scientific Tools. Biblical Reference He measured its wall and it was 144 cubits thick,...
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Transcript of Measurement & Scientific Tools. Biblical Reference He measured its wall and it was 144 cubits thick,...
![Page 1: Measurement & Scientific Tools. Biblical Reference He measured its wall and it was 144 cubits thick, by man's measurement, which the angel was using.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062620/551b5706550346ae7a8b55b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Measurement & Scientific Tools
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Biblical Reference
He measured its wall and it was 144 cubits thick, by man's measurement, which the angel was using.
Revelation 21:17
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Description & Explanation• A description is a spoken or written
summary of observations.
• An explanation is an interpretation of observations.
• When you explain something, you try to interpret your observations, which can lead to a hypothesis.
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The International System of Units
• The International System of Units (SI) is an internationally accepted system for measurement.
• All SI units are derived from seven base units.
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SI Prefixes
• A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit.
• Prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100.
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Converting Among SI Units• To convert from one SI unit to another
either multiply or divide by a factor of 10.
Example: Convert a driving distance of 8,975 m into km.
kmm
kmm 975.81000
18975
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Accuracy vs. Precision
For a single measurement:
• Accuracy - An indication of how close a measurement is to the accepted value
• Precision - An indication of the degree of exactness of a measurement
For multiple measurements:
• Accuracy - An indication of how close the average measurement is to the accepted value
• Precision - An indication of the agreement among a number of similar measurements
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The data taken by student A are more accurate because each value is close to the accepted value. The data taken by student C are more precise because the data are similar.
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Percent Error• The expression of error as a percentage of
the accepted value.
%100_
___%
ValueTrue
ValueTrueValueExpError
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Percent Error
%16.0%100185
1857.184_
AStudent
%97.0%100185
1858.186_
BStudent
%84.1%100185
1856.181_
CStudent
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Measurement & Accuracy
• All measurements have some uncertainty.
• The tools used to make measurements limit the accuracy of the measurements.
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Significant Digits
• Significant digits are the number of digits in a measurement that are known with a certain degree of reliability.
• The significant digits in a measurement include all digits you know for certain plus one estimated digit.
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Rounding Rules• If the last number is less than 5, round down.
• If the last number is 5 or greater, round up.
Examples:6.14 rounded to the nearest tenth is 6.1
6.145 rounded to the nearest hundredth is 6.15
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Mathematical Operations
Rounding with Addition and Subtraction– Round to the least number of decimal places
Example: 6.7 + 4.321 = 11.0
Rounding with Multiplication and Division– Round to the same number of significant
figures as the measurement with the least number of significant figures
Example: 540. g / 62 ml = 8.7 g/ml
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Scientific Notation• A method of writing or displaying very small
or very large numbers in a short form.
Examples:– The U.S. has a total of 1.2916 X 107 acres of
land reserved for state parks.– The nucleus of a human cell is about 7.0 X 10-6
meters in diameter.
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Rules for Scientific Notation1) Write the original number
a) 12,916,000 acres
b) 0.0000070 m
2) Move the decimal point to the right or left to make the number between 1 and 10. Count the number of decimal places.
a) 1.2916000 = 7 places to the left
b) 7.0 = 6 places to the right
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Rules for Scientific Notation3) Rewrite the number, deleting all extra
zeroes except if it is just to the right of the decimal
a) 1.2916
b) 7.0
4) Write a multiplication symbol and the number 10 with an exponent equal to the number of places you moved to the left (positive) or right (negative).
a) 1.2916 x 107 acres
b) 7.0 x 10-6 m
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Converting to Standard Form1) Write the original number
a) 1.2916 x 107 acres
b) 7.0 x 10-6 m
2) Move the decimal point to the right (positive exponent) or left (negative exponent) the value of the exponent.
a) 12,916,000 = 7 places to the right
b) 0.0000070 = 6 places to the left
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Scientific Tools
Science journals are used to record descriptions, explanations, plans, and steps used in scientific inquiry.
A triple-beam balance or digital balance is used by scientists to measure mass.
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Scientific Tools
A thermometer measures the temperatures of substances.
A graduated cylinder is used to measure the volume of a liquid.
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Scientific Tools
Flasks, beakers, petri dishes, test tubes, and specimen jars are used as containers.
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Scientific Tools
Dissecting and compound light microscopes enable scientists to observe small objects that they cannot observe with just their eyes.
A magnifying lens is a hand-held lens that magnifies, or enlarges, an image of an object.
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Scientific Tools
Scientists use dissecting tools, such as scalpels and scissors, to examine tissues, organs, or prepared organisms.
A pipette is a small glass or plastic tube used to draw up and transfer liquids.
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Scientific Tools
Scientists use computers to compile, retrieve, and analyze data for reports.
Scientists use calculators to perform mathematical computations.
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Scientific Tools
Scientists use pH paper to quickly estimate the acidity of a substance.
A hot plate is a small heating device that can be placed on a table or desk.
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Scientific Tools
Scientists use stopwatches to measure the time it takes events to occur.
A spring scale measures the weight or amount of force applied to an object.
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A. accuracyB. explanation C. precision D. significant digit
Which term refers to a description of how close a measurement is to an accepted or true value?
Pop Quiz
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A. SI unitB. significant digitC. prefixD. description
Which can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit?
Pop Quiz
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A. microscope B. petri dishC. thermometerD. triple-beam balance
Which of these is used by scientists to measure mass?
Pop Quiz