Measurement of Carbonate Minerals in Aerosol Samples- A Preliminary Study
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Measurement of Carbonate Minerals in Aerosol Samples- A
Preliminary Study
Johann EngelbrechtDesert Research
Institute
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD)• XRD measures the presence
and concentration of crystalline compounds (phases) such as minerals
• It does not record chemical concentrations
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ScanRS611-38 µm
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ScanRS611-PM10
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ScanRS611-PM 2.5
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ScanRS667-µm
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ScanRS667-PM10
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ScanRS646-38µm
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ScanRS646-PM10
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Minerals Identified in 20Re-suspended Aerosol Filter
Samples• Quartz [SiO2] (common)• Carbonate Minerals
– Calcite [CaCO3]– Aragonite [CaCO3]– Dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2]
• Layered Silicates– Micas such as Muscovite– Vermiculite– Clays such as Dickite, Kaolinite &
Montmorillonite– Chlorite
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Minerals Identified in 20 Re-suspended Aerosol Filter
Samples• Feldspar Minerals
– Anorthite– Microcline
• Oxides– Rutile
• Gypsum [CaSO4.2H2O]
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Chemical vs Mineralogical Ratios
CAXC/SIXC vs Carbonate/Quartz
y = 0.5305x - 4.3187R2 = 0.7639
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100
200
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0 100 200 300Carbonate/Quartz, XRD
CAXC
/SIX
C, C
hem
ical
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Chemical vs Mineralogical Ratios
CAAC/SIXC vs Carbonate/Quartz
y = 0.4333x - 3.741R2 = 0.7315
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100
200
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0 100 200 300Carbonate/Quartz, XRD
CAAC
/SIX
C, C
hem
ical
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Soluble Ca vs Total CaCAAC vs CAXC
y = 0.8566x - 0.4067R2 = 0.9007
0
4
8
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0 4 8 12 16 20Calcium % by XRF
Solu
ble
Calc
ium
% b
y AA
MeasuredAll SolubleLinear (Measured)Linear (All Soluble)
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Carbonate vs Soluble Ca
Carbonate vs CAAC
y = 0.9286x + 1.2187R2 = 0.7327
0
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16
24
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0 8 16 24Soluble Calcium by AA
Car
bona
te %
by
TOR
MeasuredTheoreticalLinear (Measured)
Linear (Theoretical)
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OC4 vs Soluble CaO4TC vs Soluble Calcium
y = 0.2006x + 0.0487R2 = 0.3959
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0 4 8 12 16 20 24Soluble Calcium % by AA
O4T
C %
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Carbonate vs Total Ca
Carbonate vs Calcium by XRF
y = 0.7552x + 1.1622R2 = 0.5948
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0 8 16 24Total Calcium % by XRF
Car
bona
te %
by
TOR
MeasuredTheoreticalLinear (Measured)Linear (Theoretical)
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OC3 vs Total CaO3TC vs Total Calcium
y = 0.0244x + 0.894R2 = 0.0574
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24Total Calcium % by XRF
O3T
C %
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OC4 vs Total CaO4TC vs Total Calcium
y = 0.2118x - 0.3516R2 = 0.5418
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0 4 8 12 16 20Total Calcium % by XRF
O4T
C %
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OC4 vs CarbonateO4TC vs C3TC
y = 0.1131x + 0.5249R2 = 0.1481
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0 8 16 24 32C3TC % by TOR
O4T
C %
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Chemical vs Mineralogical Ratios
Carbonate by TOR/SIXC vs Carbonate/Quartz
y = 0.3775x + 6.3167R2 = 0.5755
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200
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0 100 200 300Carbonate/Quartz, XRD
Carb
onat
e by
TO
R/SI
XC
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Mineralogical Reactions
CaCO3 + SiO2 = CaSiO2 + CO2
calcite + quartz wollastonite
490 – 550 oC
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Mineralogical Reactions
CaMg(CO3)2 + 4SiO2 + H20 = dolomite + quartz + water
Mg3SiO4O10(OH)2 + 3CaCO3 + CO2
talc + calcite
150 – 250 oC
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Question• With the current TOR
method, are we quantitatively measuring all the carbonate in the aerosol samples?
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Conclusions• Minerals can play an important
role in aerosol samples which contain a significant amount of soil dust
• XRD is an appropriate analytical tool for identifying & quantifying minerals on filter samples, but does require research
• The TOR method for the measurement of mineral carbonate should be reviewed