MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING ENERGY INTENSITY...
Transcript of MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING ENERGY INTENSITY...
M EASUREMENT OF BUILDING ENERGY INTENSITY TOWARDS
POTENTIAL OF BUILDING RETROFIT FOR M50, UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI
M ALAYSIA
NURUL NORAZIEM AH BINTI MOHD PAUZI
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment o f the
requirement for the award of the degree of
M aster o f Science (Construction Management)
Faculty o f Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2015
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A C K N O W LED G EM EN T
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratefulness and
acknowledgement to everyone that has given a helping hand throughout the whole
process in thesis preparing. First and foremost, to my dedicated supervisor, Associate
Professor Dr. Rozana binti Zakaria. Thanks for her continuous support, suggestions
and immeasurable contribution to my project. I would also like to acknowledge the
guidance and assistance o f M iss N ur IzieAdiana binti Abidin, a PhD student, who
helps me a lot on data collection.
Besides, I would also like express my deepest gratitude to Hajah M asilah binti
Haji Bandi, the UTM Energy M anager and the technician o f M50, Mr. Raja Ezar
Ishamuddin bin Raja Abdul Latiff for providing the necessary information that I need.
In additional, I am also very thankful to the academic staff, the building occupant of
M50 building for their help in filling the questionnaire form. Last but not least, to my
lovely parents and friends. I appreciate and enjoy the every moment with all o f you.
Thank you.
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A BSTRA CT
As Malaysia aims to become a developed country, tremendous development
cause the electrical energy consumption to increase. This consumption is somehow
can be reduced by implementing energy efficient technology in the new and existing
building. W ith this effort, it will help to reduce energy consumption and electricity
costs spend by the building. The aim o f this study is to identify the Building Energy
Intensity (BEI) towards potential for retrofitting initiatives, M50 building in
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The first approach was by studied the recent energy
consumption, layout o f floor area, information of electrical equipment (type, power
and frequency of the usage) and also the energy efficient technologies that were
installed o f M50. The data collected were used to identify the actual BEI which then
was compared with the monthly building energy index. The result showed that the
demand o f building energy intensity was not reached maximum utilization. The
highest utilization o f energy recorded was only 40%. In order to understand the nature
of electrical usage by the occupants, a set o f questionnaires were distributed. From
the feedback of the questionnaires, the building user possessed positive behaviors
toward energy saving. They were also satisfied with the performance of electrical
appliances and facilities in the building. Besides that, majority of the occupants
preferred solar photovoltaic (PV) to be installed at the building as priority option of
retrofitting technology. Therefore, a series o f interviews with the qualified PV service
provider companies were conducted. The implementation cost for the solar system is
RM 129,600 with the return o f investment 26.0 to 21.9 % for the range from 1 to 22
years and the payback period is 3 years and 11 months.
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A BSTRA K
Memandangkan Malaysia berazam untuk menjadi sebuah negara maju,
pembangunan pesat telah menyebabkan penggunaan tenaga elektrik meningkat.
Penggunaan ini dapat dikurangkan dengan melaksanakan teknologi cekap tenaga di
dalam bangunan baru dan sedia ada. Dengan usaha ini, ia akan membantu untuk
mengurangkan kos penggunaan tenaga elektrik oleh bangunan tersebut. Tujuan
kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti Intensiti Tenaga Bangunan (BEI) ke arah
potensi untuk diubah suai. Bangunan M50 di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Pendekatan pertama ialah mengkaji penggunaan tenaga semasa, luas permukaan
lantai, maklumat peralatan elektrik (jenis, kuasa dan kekerapan penggunaan) dan juga
teknologi cekap tenaga yang telah dipasang di M50. Data yang dikumpul telah
digunakan untuk mengenal pasti BEI sebenar yang kemudiannya dibandingkan
dengan indeks tenaga bulanan bangunan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa permintaan
intensiti tenaga tidak mencapai penggunaan maksimum. Penggunaan tenaga tertinggi
dicatatkan hanya 40%. Untuk memahami sifat penggunaan elektrik oleh penghuni,
set soal selidik telah diedarkan. Maklum balas daripada soal selidik ini mendapati
bahawa pengguna bangunan itu mempunyai tingkah laku yang positif ke arah
penjimatan tenaga. M ereka juga berpuas hati dengan prestasi peralatan elektrik dan
kemudahan di dalam bangunan. Selain itu, kebanyakan penghuni memilih solar
photovoltaic (PV) untuk dipasang di bangunan tersebut sebagai pilihan utama
pengubah suaian teknologi. Dengan itu, sesi temu bual bersama syarikat yang
berkelayakan sebagai penyedia perkhidmatan PV telah dijalankan. Kos pelaksanaan
bagi sistem solar adalah RM 129,600 dengan pulangan pelaburan 26,0-21,9% untuk
ju lat dari 1 hingga 22 tahun dan tempoh pembayaran balik adalah 3 tahun dan 11
bulan.
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C H A PT E R T IT L E PA G E
D EC LA R A TIO N ii
D ED IC A T IO N iii
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T iv
A B STR A C T v
A B STR A K vi
TA BLE O F C O N TEN TS vii
L IST O F TA BLES xi
L IST O F FIG U R ES xiii
L IST O F A PPE N D IC ES xiv
L IST O F A B B R EV IA TIO N xv
1 IN T R O D U C TIO N 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Aim o f Study 4
1.4 Objectives 5
1.5 Scope o f the Study 5
1.6 B rief Research Methodology 5
1.7 Expected Findings 7
1.8 Significance o f the study 7
1.9 Definition o f Terms 8
2 L IT E R A T U R E R E V IE W 9
2.1 Electricity Production 9
2.1.1 Energy Generation in M alaysia 10
2.1.2 Factor Affecting Increase o f Energy 11
Usage in Building
2.2 Energy Efficient Building 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.1 Zero Energy Building 14
2.2.2 Malaysia Green Technology 14
Corporation Office Building
2.2.3 Green Building Index 15
2.2.4 Process o f getting the GBI M alaysia 16
rating
2.2.5 Energy Policy in M alaysia 17
2.3 Retrofitting o f an Existing Building 18
2.3.1 Energy Efficient Technology 19
2.3.2 Energy Audit o f a Building System 22
2.4 Economic Analysis 24
2.5 Retrofitting in Higher Learning Institution 26
2.6 Retrofitting Initiative taken by Energy 30
Efficiency Campus
2.6.1 Initiative taken by Cornell University 30
2.6.2 Initiative taken by W estern Michigan 31
University
2.7 Retrofitting Technology 33
2.7.1 Solar Photovoltaic 33
2.7.2 Variable Air Volume System 34
2.7.3 Grass R oof 35
2.7.4 Building Automation System (BAS) 36
2.7.5 W indows with Low Emissivity Glass 38
2.7.6 Peak Load W arning Technology 38
2.7.7 Radiant Floor System 39
2.7.8 Presence Sensor with Lux Control 40
2.8 Energy Record Review o f M50 Building 41
2.8.1 Initiative that have been taken by UTM 42
2.8.2 Electricity bill and Power Consumption 43
o f M50 Building
2.9 Summary 44
3 R E SE A R C H M E T H O D O L O G Y 45
3.1 Introduction 45
ix
3.2 Research framework 45
3.3 Stage 1: Literature Review 47
3.4 Stage 2: M ethodology 48
3.5 Stage 3: Data Analysis 50
3.6 Stage 4: Result 52
3.7 Research Instrument 53
3.7.1 Questionnaire 53
3.7.2 Interview 54
3.8 Distribution of Questionnaire Survey 54
3.9 Questionnaire M easure 55
3.10 Summary 58
4 DATA ANALYSIS AND D ISCU SSIO N 60
4.1 Introduction 60
4.2 Analysis on Energy Consumption o f M50 60
Building
4.3 Analysis on Actual Building Energy Intensity 63
(BEI) o f M50 Building
4.4 Analysis on the U ser Behaviour, Satisfaction 68
and Recommendation on Reducing Energy
Consumption at M 50 Building
4.4.1 The percentage o f response by 68
respondents
4.4.2 Section A: To determine user behaviour 69
and attitude towards energy saving
4.4.3 Section B: To identify user needs and 74
satisfaction o f electrical facilities that has
been provided
4.4.4 Section C: To identify the suitable 77
retrofitting technology to reduce energy
consumption
5 R ESU LT AND D ISCU SSIO N 80
5.1 Introduction 80
x
5.2 Analysis on the Cost, Return o f Investment and 80
Payback Period to Retrofit for Zero Energy
Balance
6 CO N C LU SIO N AND R E C O M M EN D A TIO N 91
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Conclusion 91
6.3 Limitations o f Study 93
6.4 Recommendation for Future Research 93
R E FE R E N C E S 95
A PPE N D IC ES 100
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TA BLE NO. T IT L E PA G E
2.1 TNB Power Stations in M alaysia 10
2.2 Insulation materials 22
2.3 Retrofitting initiative taken by Higher Learning 26
Institution
2.4 Summary o f retrofitting initiative taken by Higher 29
Learning Institution
2.5 Equipment that been installed at M 50 building for 42
reducing energy consumption
2.6 M onthly power consumption and electrical bill o f M 50 43
building
3.1 Sample size determining from a given population 55
3.2 Classification o f average index for section A, question 56
1(a)
3.3 Classification o f average index for section A, question 57
1(c)
3.4 Classification o f average index for section B 57
3.5 Classification o f relative importance index 58
3.6 Summary o f research plan 59
4.1 M onthly Building Energy Intensity o f M50 building 61
4.2 Observed Building Energy Intensity (BEI) o f M50 64
4.3 Response percentage 68
4.4 Average Index Analysis - User attitude towards energy 70
consumption
4.5 Average Index Analysis - Strategies to encourage 71
energy saving
4.6 Factors that motivate the occupant to save energy 73
LIST OF TABLES
xii
4.7 Average Index Analysis - User needs and satisfaction 76
o f electrical facilities that has been provided
4.8 Respondent preferable retrofitting technology 78
5.1 Estimated cost involved in implementation o f solar PV 82
system
5.2 Company X warranty 83
5.3 SEDA Basic Feed in Tariff (FiT) rates for the year 84
2015
5.4 SEDA Bonus Feed in Tariff (FiT) rates for the year 84
2015
5.5 TNB consumption tariff rate and solar PV revenue 85
tariff rate (for June 2014)
5.6 Percentage Annual Return o f investment for the Solar 87
Photovoltaic Grid-Connected System
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FIG U R E NO.
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.1
5.2
LIST OF FIGURES
T IT L E
Flow chart o f research methodology
Flow diagram on calculating actual observed
Building Energy Intensity (BEI)
The pattern o f energy consumption at M50 building
from October 2011 to June 2014.
Comparison between monthly and actual building
energy intensity (BEI)
Response percentage
Average Index Analysis - User attitude towards
energy consumption and strategies to encourage
energy saving
Average Index Analysis - User needs and
satisfaction o f electrical facilities that has been
provided
Percent involved from the investment cost o f RM
129,600.
Payback period for the solar photovoltaic grid-
connected system
PA G E
46
49
62
66
68
72
75
86
89
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L IST O F A PPEN D IC ES
A PPEN D IX T IT L E PA G E
A1 Questionnaire Survey Form 97
A2 Survey Interview 103
B Observed Actual Building Energy Intensity 106
(BEI) o f M50 Building
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L IST O F A B B R EV IA TIO N
AI - Average Index
BAS - Building Automation System
BEI - Building Energy Intensity
DDC - Direct Digital Control
FIT - Feed In Tariff
GBI - Green Building Index
LCC - Life Cycle Cost
PSH - Peak Sun Hour
RII - Relative Importance Index
ROI - Return O f Investment
VAV - Variable Air Volume
VSD - Variable Speed Drive
CHAPTER 1
IN TR O D U C TIO N
1.1 R esearch background
As M alaysia pursued to become a developed country in the year o f 2020,
multibillion ringgit development projects have been planned. The investment
involving multiple disciplines which are among them is infrastructure development.
The energy usage is expected to increase rapidly due to expansion o f the economy
(Lincoln, 2006). There are many factors that contributed to the increase o f building
energy consumption such as the increase in population, enhancement o f building
services and people comfort level, and also the increase o f time spent inside the
buildings. According to International Energy Agency, in the year 2030, the energy
consumption will be increased by 53% whereby 70% will be come from the
developing country such as Malaysia (Shafiea et. al, 2012). Energy has become one
o f the most essential inputs for social and economic development; it is a basic need
in our modern life and contributes to nation's growth and development (Energy
Policy o f Malaysia, 2004).
As stated by Shafiea e?. %l (2011), the energy demand in Malaysia is
increasing from year 1999 to 2009 which are 9690 M W and 16132 MW, respectively.
The ten year o f time gap already shown 66.5% increment o f energy demand, thus
more electric energy production needed. The electricity provide the pleasure by
variety o f uses and energy services such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning,
lighting, refrigerators and other electrical applicants. Electricity is produced by
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converting energy from one form to electricity. There are various sources o f energy
which are fossil fuels, nuclear energy, solar radiation and hydro energy.
But, in Malaysia, most o f the energy production is by using fossil fuel. In
2009, 94.5% of electricity in M alaysia is being generated by using fossil fuel such as
natural gas, coal, diesel, oil and fuel oil (Shafiea et. al, 2011). The combustion of
fossil fuels will release carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrous
oxide gases into the atmosphere. These 'greenhouse gases' contribute to acid rain and
global warming effects as the more energy that being consume, the more it contribute
to negative environmental effect. Therefore, the more efficient method to reduce the
electricity in a building operation will surely help to protect our environmental and
the increase o f energy demand will exhaust the limited energy resources in the future.
Green buildings are designed to save energy and resources, recycle materials
and minimize the emission o f toxic substances throughout its life cycle. In 2011 at
China, the experts has estimate that roughly about 200 buildings which mostly are
the government buildings has certified the Three- Star Green Building Certification
program which has been started in 2006 (Yifei, 2011). The tropical zones like
M alaysia use Green Building Index or GBI as a rating tool to show that the building
practiced the environmental design in their operation. GBI is intended to promote
sustainability in the built environment and also as an initiative to lead the Malaysian
property industry toward becoming more environmental friendly. One o f the criteria
that the building must have in order to be awarded is energy efficiency (Tan, 2009).
Energy efficiency refers to a reducing the energy consumption to an
acceptable level o f comfort, air quality and other requirements. By apply energy
efficiency in building, it is not only can save the environment but also can give a
financial rewards as it can save the building energy bills. It may be applied throughout
the building from the roof, walls, or from needs and use patterns o f lightning, electric
equipment, heating and air conditioning. It is depends on geography, climate,
building type and location o f the building. The challenge application o f energy
efficiency are different between existing and a new buildings as for the existing
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building, it require retrofitting. To retrofit an existing building, the challenges were
mostly came from the technical difficulties and financial constraints (Surapong,
2003).
1.2 Problem Statement
Three main sectors that consume large electrical energy are industrial,
transportation and service sector. The service sector includes all commercial and
public building such as school, office, restaurant, hotels, hospitals, museums and
others. According to Lombard (2008), office buildings are the biggest consumption
o f energy over 50% for non-domestic building. There are many factors that contribute
to energy consumption in the office such as increase in total built area, amount of
artificial lighting, electronic equipments, air conditioning area, and others. According
to Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, majority office building in Malaysia had building energy
index in a range o f 200 to 250 kW h/m2/year but the recommended building energy
index is 135 kW h/m2/year based on MS1525 standard. But, there are three buildings
achieved Building Energy Index standard which is Low Energy Office (LEO)
building, ST building and Zero Energy Office (ZEO) building (Zamri, 2012).
One o f the government office buildings that must be given attention is
university campus office building. Since 2007, the M inistry o f Education M alaysia
has urged all education centers to conserve energy because o f energy wastage tend to
occur in many M alaysian universities (The Star, September 13, 2007). Besides that,
administrators in Malaysian universities also are concerned about the expensive
monthly electricity bill. Both energy managers from Universtiti Teknologi M alaysia
(UTM) and International Islamic University M alaysia (IIUM) have agreed that local
universities nowadays are facing serious energy wastage problems. Energy cost more
than ten million ringgit annually and this burdens the universities (Choong, 2009).
Therefore, by reducing and manage energy usage can give benefit to the Malaysian
university that confront expensive energy bill because o f the large build up areas,
comprehensive facilities as well as large number o f building users. Thus, it is needed
to identify the criteria o f the potential building to be retrofit and which building has
the most potential to be retrofit.
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In Malaysia, there are 20 public university campuses. M ajority o f the campus
have taken initiative to create a sustainable development. For example, in University
Kebangsaan M alaysia (UKM), the land area is 20709 acre. There are 10 faculties and
11 colleges in the campus which can accommodate about 85% of the students'
population. The university target is to achieve the sustainable campus status in year
2020. One o f the criteria that help to develop the sustainable components at UKM is
by managing energy efficiently and sustainably through reduces o f energy usage, use
alternative source o f energy and usage o f renewable energy (Zuhairuse, 2009). For
the case o f Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), now it has two campuses. The
main campus is in Skudai, Johor Baharu, while the branch campus is situated in Jalan
Semarak, Kuala Lumpur. The main campus o f UTM has an area o f 1,222 hectare that
consists o f 14 faculties, 12 college and other facilities. It is being taken reviewed on
Faculty o f Civil Engineering (FKA). In 2012, FKA has paid RM 1 061 905 of energy
bills. So, it is required to identify if there is any potential for FKA to response for
energy reduction through it building retrofitting and the amount o f energy reduction.
Besides that, by identified the initiative, cost, return o f investment and payback period
for the FKA building to be retrofit, it is useful for the building management to do
further actions in order to be awarded as a green building.
1.3 Aims of Study
The aim o f this study is to identify the building energy intensity (BEI) o f M50
towards potential for retrofitting initiatives.
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1.4 O bjectives of Study
The study was done based on the several objectives that are:
i. To identify energy consumption o f M50 building.
ii. To measure actual building energy intensity o f existing building.
iii. To determine user behaviour, satisfaction and recommendation on reducing
energy consumption.
iv. To analyse the cost, return o f investment and simple payback period to
propose retrofit for zero energy balance building.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study was carried out at M 50 building in Faculty o f Civil Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. It is purposely to determine the building energy
intensity o f the potential building to be retrofit in Faculty o f Civil Engineering. The
M50 building was selected because o f the existing characteristics o f the building
already have energy efficient designed such as daylight utilization and shaded
window. While, it also been retrofitted with motion sensor and lighting using T5 tube
florescent lamp. However, the M50 building also function as a student laboratory thus
it contribute to higher energy usage.
1.6 B rie f of R esearch M ethodology
The research methodology approach is adopted to ensure that this study can
be executed accordingly. This study was carried out in several steps in order to
achieve the research objectives. The detail explanation o f the research methodology
will be further clarified in Chapter 3, the research stage covered as follows:
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i. Preliminary stage o f study
First and foremost, further understanding o f the study was done by identifying
the problem or issue related to the study. It is followed by the determination
o f aim, objectives and scope o f the study. The exploration o f all information
including literature review were executed through accessing the published
journals, books, articles, previous thesis and other sources in order to get an
overview o f the study.
ii. Data collection and Analysis
For data collection, observation and record review were being conducted by
collecting the energy billing in order to determine the overall energy
consumption o f the building. Besides, the in-situ energy audit also was
conducted for determination o f the type o f equipment and machinery used in
the building together with its effective hours o f usage under typical operations
and the power usage required. All the collected data were used to assist in
finding the building energy intensity. The calculation o f building energy
intensity o f the M50 building was carried out by using M icrosoft Excel.
iii. Conclusion Stage
The determination o f energy intensity will help in identifying the largest
energy usage o f the equipment and machinery in the building and also to
determine the current demand o f operation. Based on the energy intensity
result, the proposed energy efficiency retrofit initiative that could be taken for
the existing building will be determined. Besides that, the occupant
recommendations o f the retrofitting technology that's suitable to be
implemented at the building was determined. Then, the cost o f retrofit, return
o f investment and payback period were identified as to determine whether it
is worth or not to invest in retrofit the building.
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1.7 Expected F indings
This study leads to the potential o f retrofitting the M50 building in Faculty of
Civil Engineering as a zero energy building by providing several findings. The first
expected finding is to figure out the current situation and condition of energy
consumption in the building. It is important as the data will assist in finding the
building energy intensity. The second findings is to get the building energy index of
the building and also the amount o f energy that can be save in the building. Besides,
the third expected findings is to determine the user behavior, satisfaction and
recommendation towards reducing the building energy consumption. Lastly, the
fourth expected findings is to figure out the possible initiative that could be taken to
retrofit the building and its cost, return o f investment payback period.
1.8 Significance of the Study
The research shows an effort and support to a government policy as well as
the enhancement by the M inistry o f Education in protecting the environment and save
the energy resources by reducing the energy consumption in campus building. The
monthly and actual building energy intensity provide the comparison on energy
requirement as whether the estimated design energy is maximum utilised or somehow
there were energy wastage with in proper energy management. The user attitude and
satisfaction towards energy consumption also indicates the user awareness on the
important o f energy efficient building. Besides, the cost analysis provide the forecast
o f return on investment and payback period if retrofit is decided to be applied in order
to gain zero energy balance building. Therefore, this research is significance in
reducing the energy consumption, reducing the carbon emission and at the same time
save the environment.
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1.9 D efinition of Term s
Building E nergy In tensity The amount o f energy used in producing an output,
activity, or service per unit area o f the building.
R etrofitting Renovating or modifying the existing equipment or
structure with additional or new components,
members or technology.
Z ero E nergy B uilding A building with a net energy consumption o f zero
over a typical operating year, meaning that the total
amount o f energy used by the building on typical
annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of
renewable energy created.
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