Mean annual SST
description
Transcript of Mean annual SST
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Mean annual SST
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EQ
West East
Equatorial Divergence
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map view
2˚N
2˚S
EQ Trade Winds
West East
Ekman Transport{to right in NH}
Ekman Transport{to left in SH}
DIVERGENCE
Equatorial Divergence
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cross-section
2˚N2˚S X XXTrade Winds
Ekman Trans.
{to left in SH}
Ekman Trans.
{to right in NH}
Equatorial Divergence
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cross-section
2˚N2˚S
DIVERGENCE
X XXTrade Winds
UPW
ELLING
Ekman Trans.
{to left in SH}
Ekman Trans.
{to right in NH}
Equatorial Divergence
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West East
Warm Surface Layer
Cold Deep Ocean
Easterly Trade Winds
Equatorial upwelling - E vs. W
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West East
Warm Surface Layer
Cold Deep Ocean
Easterly Trade Winds
Thick Warm Surface Layer Thin Warm
Surface LayerThermocline
Equatorial upwelling - E vs. W
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West East
Warm Surface Layer
Cold Deep Ocean
Easterly Trade Winds
Thick Warm Surface Layer Thin Warm
Surface LayerThermocline
Upwell Cold Water in East
Upwell Warm Water in West
Bottom of Ekman Layer
Equatorial upwelling - E vs. W
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Cold Deep Ocean
Air-Sea Feedbacks
Easterly Trade Winds
West East
HL
Upwelling Due toWinds
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Cold Deep Ocean
Air-Sea Feedbacks
Easterly Trade Winds
West East
HLTrade Winds Enhanced by Pressure Gradient
Upwelling Due toWindsUpwelling Enhanced by Winds
colder
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Cold Deep Ocean
Air-Sea Feedbacks
Easterly Trade Winds
West East
LTrade Winds Enhanced by Pressure Gradient
Upwelling Due toWindsUpwelling Enhanced by Winds
StrongerHcolder
Trade Winds Enhanced more by strongerPressure Gradient
Upwelling Enhanced even more by Winds
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Mean annual SST
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Air-Sea Feedbacks
West East
HL
Walker CellOr Walker Circulation
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A big result of Different “Pressure” zones: moisture.
W ELOW Pressure HIGH Pressure
As air rises, it cools, water condenses, lots of rain
As air sinks, it warms, lots of evaporationWarm rising air
WIND
WINDCold sinking air
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“Normal” conditions
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• Walker Circulation Strong– Trades blow E to W– Thermocline shallow in E– Upwelling of cold water in E– Warm water piles up in W– E to W temperature gradient reinforces
trades
“Normal” conditions
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Walker CirculationGone, reverse flow
West East
What is an El Niño?
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El Niño conditions
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• Walker Circulation Weak or Gone– Trades very weak or reversed– Thermocline deep in E– Upwelling of warm water in E– Sea level rises in E– E to W temperature gradient reduced or
gone
El Niño conditions
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“Normal” “El Niño”
www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino
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Annual Average “Normal”
Short-lived deviation from “Normal”: El Niño (March 1998)
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• Walker Circulation Stronger than normal
La Niña conditions
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Normal conditions
El Niño conditions
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West East
HL
Walker CellOr Walker Circulation
Normal rainfall
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Walker CirculationGone, reverse flow
West East
El Niño rainfall
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La Niña anomaly map
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El Niño anomaly map
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El Niño impacts - precipitation patterns