ME165-1_Week-9.3 Biomass and Biofuels_355918.pdf

8/17/2019 ME165-1_Week-9.3 Biomass and Biofuels_355918.pdf

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ME165-1

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES

EngrWeek-9.3 Biomass and Biofuels

2015-16/ 3T


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Biomass Energy

What is a biomass?

Biomass (plant material and animal waste) is the oldest so

renewable energy, used since our ancestors learned the se

Biomass is a renewable energy source not only because thcomes from the sun, but also because biomass can re-grow

relatively short period of time. Through the process ofphotosynthesis, chlorophyll in plants captures the sun's en

converting carbon dioxide from the air and water from th

into carbohydrates — complex compounds composed of c

hydrogen, and oxygen.


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Biomass Energy

When these carbohydrates are burned, they turn bcarbon dioxide and water and release the energy tcaptured from the sun.

In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural bstoring solar energy.

As long as biomass is produced sustainably — meetcurrent needs without diminishing resources or th

capacity to re-grow biomass and recapture carbon battery will last indefinitely and provide sources of

carbon energy.


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Biomass Energy

As a renewable energy source, biomass can either bdirectly, or indirectly — once or converted into anotof energy product such as biofuel.

Biomass can be converted to energy in three ways: conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical co

Biomass is plant matter used either to generate elecsteam turbines or gasifiers), or to produce heat (viacombustion).


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Biomass Energy

6 distinct biomass energy sources:

wood,

plants,

garbage,

waste, landfill gases, and

alcohol fuels.


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Biomass Energy Sources

Wood energy is derived by using lignocellulosic biomass (se

generation biofuels) as fuel.

This is either using harvested wood directly as a fucollecting from wood waste streams.

The largest source of energy from wood is pulping

“black liquor,” a waste product from processes of paper and paperboard industry plants,


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Waste energy is the second-largest source of biomaenergy.

The main contributors of waste energy are municipalwaste (MSW), manufacturing waste, and landfill gas.

Energy derived from biomass is the largest non-hydro

renewable resource of electricity in the U.S., where wenergy power plants generate enough electricity to sumillion homes.


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Plant energy is produced by crops specifically gfor use as fuel that offer high biomass output phectare with low input energy.

Some examples of these plants are wheat, which tyyield 7.5-8 tons of grain per hectare, and straw, whtypically yield 3.5-5 tons per hectare.

The grain can be used for liquid transportation fuethe straw can be burned to produce heat or electri


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Plant biomass can also be degraded from cellu

to glucose through a series of chemical treatmand the resulting sugar can then be used as a fgeneration biofuel.

The use of plants as a biofuel source not onlyprovides sustainability but also a way to reducmajor greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide.


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Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, a

release methane gas — also called "landfill gas" or "bi

Sugars and oils (first generation biofuels), such as suand corn, are used to produce bioethanol, an alcohoAlcohol fuels can be used directly, like other fuels, o

additive to gasoline. Second generation biofuels are less simple to extract or p

while first generation biofuels are more prone to escalati

Food vs. Fuel dilemma.


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Biofuels

What is a biofuel?

A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived fro

biological carbon fixation.

Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion,

solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.

In order to be considered a biofuel, the fuel must con80 percent renewable materials.


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Biofuels

Brief History of Biofuels (USA)

In the 1820s, a blend of camphene and alcohol was the dofor lamps, as much as 100 million gallons a year were sold,

times the volume of the more expensive whale oil. Many fa

their own stills that they used to make lamp oil (and other

from crop wastes.

That all came to an abrupt end in 1862, when a $2 per gal

assessed on alcohol to help finance the Civil War. But somkerosene, or coal oil, as it was called then, was taxed at on

cents a gallon.


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Biofuels

Brief History of Biofuels (USA) (cont’d.)

By 1870, kerosene was selling over 200 million gallons

The alcohol tax was repealed in 1906 by Teddy Roosev

“The Standard Oil Company has, largely by

or unlawful methods, crushed out home

competition…It is highly desirable that an elcompetition should be introduced by…puttin

alcohol…upon the free list.”


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Biofuels

Brief History of Biofuels (cont’d.)

Biofuel’s roots run deep into the earliest automotive d

first internal combustion engine in the U.S. was built byMorey who used it to power a small boat up the ConnRiver in 1826. He fueled it with a mixture of turpentin

alcohol. German inventor Nicolaus August Otto is generally cr

with inventing the first automobile engine. The four-strinternal combustion engine he developed in 1876 usedwhich was plentiful and untaxed in Europe, as the fuel.


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Biofuels


Rudolph Diesel demonstrated his first engine in 1900 on peanut oil. The Ford Model T, which first came out was also designed to run on ethanol.

But somehow the “unseen hand” gave gasoline promin

1920, there were 9 million gasoline-powered vehicles road.


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Biofuels


Biofuels tried to make a comeback in the 1930s in thegasoline blends. Agrol, of Atchison, Kansas (now MidweProducts) was backed by Ford but opposed by the oil At one point there were 2,000 stations across the Mid

the company went bankrupt in 1939. During the war, ewas primarily used to make 75 percent of all synthetic which was in high demand. Ethanol was also used as anfuel.


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Biofuels


After the war, gasoline became so cheap that ethanol dfrom the market altogether, until the oil embargoes of With the gas shortages and long lines at the pumps, int

alternative fuels was rekindled; “gasohol,” a blend of ga

alcohol become widely available during that decade, enby a tax credit of 58 cents a gallon.


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Biofuels


In 1992, the Energy Policy Act required car makers to models capable of using alternative fuels.

In 2006, the Renewable Fuels Standards (RFS) Programencouraged the use of ethanol and biodiesel with the g

doubling their use by 2012. In 2007, the Energy Independence and Security Act (EI

required the incorporation of 15 billion gallons of ethathe fuel supply by 2015 and 36 billion gallons by 2022.


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Biofuels


EISA also puts a cap on the amount of corn that can bfor fuel at 15 billion gallons so as not to overly interferfood supply.

Much of the rest is expected to come from cellulosic e

which has been slow coming on line with the remaindefrom biodiesel and other unspecified advanced biofuels

might include algae or other organisms.


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Biofuels

Brief History of Biofuels (cont’d.) Here in the Philippines, we have our own “Biofuels Act

On 12 January 2007, President Gloria Macapagal-Arrinto law Republic Act No. 9367, otherwise known as

Biofuels Act of 2006

R.A. 9637 mandates that all liquid fuels for motors asold in the Philippines shall contain locally-sourced bcomponents.


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Biofuel Technologies

Liquid Biofuels

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostlycarbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops suchor sugarcane.

Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources,

trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstethanol production.

Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase ocimprove vehicle emissions.


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Liquid Biofuels (cont’d.)

Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. Cudesign does not provide for converting the lignin portplant raw materials to fuel components by fermentatio

Biobutanol (also called biogasoline) is often claimed to

direct replacement for gasoline, because it can be usein a gasoline engine (in a similar way to biodiesel in die

engines).


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Biobutanol will produce more energy and allegedly canburned "straight" in existing gasoline engines (withoutmodification to the engine or car), and is less corrosivewater-soluble than ethanol, and could be distributed vi

infrastructures. DuPont and BP are working together to help develop

E. coli strains have also been successfully engineered produce butanol by hijacking their amino acid metab


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Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats.

Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pureit is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons fro

powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transest

and is the most common biofuel in Europe.


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Biodiesel can be used in any diesel engine when mixmineral diesel. In some countries, manufacturers covdiesel engines under warranty for B100 use. B100 mmore viscous at lower temperatures, depending on t

feedstock used.

In most cases, biodiesel is compatible with diesel eng

1994 onwards, which use 'Viton' (by DuPont) synthein their mechanical fuel injection systems.


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In many European countries, a 5% biodiesel blend is used and is available at thousands of gas stations.

Biodiesel is also an oxygenated fuel, meaning it contareduced amount of carbon and higher hydrogen and

content than fossil diesel. This improves the combusbiodiesel and reduces the particulate emissions from

carbon.


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Biodiesel is also safe to handle and transport becausbiodegradable as sugar, one-tenth as toxic as table saa high flash point of about 300°F (148°C) compared petroleum diesel fuel, which has a flash point of 125°


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Green diesel is produced through hydrocracking biolofeedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats.

Hydrocracking is a refinery method that uses elevattemperatures and pressure in the presence of a cata

break down larger molecules, such as those found inoils, into shorter hydrocarbon chains used in diesel e

It may also be called renewable diesel, hydrotreated oil or hydrogen-derived renewable diesel.


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Green diesel has the same chemical properties as pebased diesel. It does not require new engines, pipeliinfrastructure to distribute and use, but has not beeproduced at a cost that is competitive with petroleu

Green diesel is being developed in Louisiana and SinConocoPhillips, Neste Oil, Valero, Dynamic Fuels, an

Honeywell UOP.


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Biogas

Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdorganic matter in the absence of oxygen.

It is a renewable energy source, like solar and wind enFurthermore, biogas can be produced from regionally a

raw materials and recycled waste and is environmentaand CO2 neutral.

Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermbiodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municgreen waste, plant material, and crops.


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Biogas (cont’d.)

Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4) and carbon(CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphmoisture and siloxanes.


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Biogas Production

Biogas is practically produced as landfill gas (LFG) odigested gas.

A biogas plant is the name often given to an anaerobthat treats farm wastes or energy crops.

Biogas can be produced using anaerobic digesters. Thcan be fed with energy crops such as maize silage orbiodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and fo


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Biogas Production (cont’d.)

During the process, as an air-tight tank transforms bwaste into methane producing renewable energy thaused for heating, electricity, and many other operatiouse any variation of an internal combustion engine, s

Jenbacher gas engines.


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Biogas Production (cont’d.)

Landfill gas is produced by wet organic waste decompunder anaerobic conditions in a landfill.

The waste is covered and mechanically compressed weight of the material that is deposited from above.

This material prevents oxygen exposure thus allowinanaerobic microbes to thrive.

This gas builds up and is slowly released into the atmthe landfill site has not been engineered to capture t


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Biogas Composition

Typical composition of biogas

Compound Molecular formula %

Methane CH4 50 – 75

Carbon dioxide CO2 25 – 50

Nitrogen N2 0 – 10

Hydrogen H2 0 – 1

Hydrogen sulphide H2S 0 – 3

Oxygen O2 0 – 0


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Biogas Applications

Biogas can be utilized for electricity production on sewworks.

In a CHP gas engine, where the waste heat from the econveniently used for heating the digester; cooking; sp

heating; water heating; and process heating.

If compressed, it can replace compressed natural gas fvehicles, where it can fuel an internal combustion engcells and is a much more effective displacer of carbon than the normal use in on-site CHP plants.


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Biogas Applications (cont’d.)

Methane within biogas can be concentrated via a biogato the same standards as fossil natural gas, which itselfgo through a cleaning process, and becomes biomethalocal gas network allows for this, the producer of the

utilize the local gas distribution networks. Gas must beclean to reach pipeline quality, and must be of the corrcomposition for the local distribution network to acce


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Biofuels

Environmental impacts of current biofuel Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission through fertilize

Emission through land-use change

Threatening valuable wildlife habitats

Wider pollution and water impacts

Biodegradation


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Environmental Impacts of Biofuels

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission through fertilizer use

N2O is released to the atmosphere through nitrogen fertiapplication and has nearly 300 times the global warming p

the same mass of CO2.

Even though it is not as abundant in the atmosphere as ca

dioxide it currently represents the third most important g

global warming.

In addition recent evidence suggest that the figures assum

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) may hav

underestimated by up to 5 times.


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Emission through land-use change

It takes land to cultivate biofuel feedstocks, and this crdirect and indirect land-use change that affects the bioas well as releasing carbon stored on the land.

Direct land-use change. Carbon stored in undisturbed

soils and forests is released if the land is cleared to proextra crops needed as a result of an increase on biofudemand.


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Emission through land-use change (cont’d.)

Indirect land-use change. Indirect land use change happens when as a result of

available cropland to cultivate feedstocks, food produdiverted elsewhere, encouraging deforestation and d

of preserved ecosystems.


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Threatening valuable wildlife habitats

Wildlife-rich savannahs, if cleared for biofuel plantscultivation, would have a great impact to several spbirds, mammals, animals, reptiles, fishes as well as pare local habitats of the area.

Besides pollutions by runoff, the irrigation needed crops would impact the surrounding wildlife, particwetland ecosystems.

i l f i f l


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Wider pollution and water impacts

Large-scale cultivation of food crop often involves of pesticide, herbicide and fertilizers, and their effeextend far away from the actual plantations.

R f


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Textbooks Renewable Energy Technologies, Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere, 2009

Energy Conversion, D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, 2008

Power Plant Engineering, 3rd Edition, PK Nag, 2008, Tata McGraw Hill

Web http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-biomass-energy-wor

http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/history-of-biofuels/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas

http://www.birdlife.org/eu/EU_policy/Biofuels/eu_biofuels2.html

References
http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/history-of-biofuels/http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/history-of-biofuels/http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/history-of-biofuels/http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/history-of-biofuels/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogashttp://www.birdlife.org/eu/EU_policy/Biofuels/eu_biofuels2.htmlhttp://www.birdlife.org/eu/EU_policy/Biofuels/eu_biofuels2.htmlhttp://www.birdlife.org/eu/EU_policy/Biofuels/eu_biofuels2.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/history-of-biofuels/http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/history-of-biofuels/

ME165-1_Week-9.3 Biomass and Biofuels_355918.pdf

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