Module 3: Data presentation & interpretation

Module 3: Learning Objectives

Understand different ways to best summarize data

Choose the right table/graph for the right data

Interpret data to consider the programmatic relevance

Summarizing data

Tables Simplest way to summarize data

Data are presented as absolute numbers or percentages

Charts and graphs Visual representation of data

Data are presented as absolute numbers or percentages

Basic guidance when summarizing data Ensure graphic has a title

Label the components of your graphic

Indicate source of data with date

Provide number of observations (n=xx) as a reference point

Add footnote if more information is needed

Tables: Frequency distribution

Year Number of births

1900 61

1901 58

1902 75

Set of categories with numerical counts

Tables: Relative frequency

number of values within an interval

total number of values in the table

Year # births (n) Relative frequency (%)

1900–1909 35 27

1910–1919 46 34

1920–1929 51 39

Total 132 100.0

x 100

Tables

Year Number of births (n)

Relative frequency (%)

1900–1909 35 27

1910–1919 46 34

1920–1929 51 39

Total 132 100.0

Percentage of births by decade between 1900 and 1929

Source: U.S. Census data, 1900–1929.

Charts and graphs

Charts and graphs are used to portray: Trends, relationships, and comparisons

The most informative are simple and self-explanatory

Use the right type of graphic

Charts and graphs

Bar chart: comparisons, categories of data

Line graph: display trends over time

Pie chart: show percentages or proportional share

Bar chartComparing categories

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by quarter

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

% o

fne

w e

nrol

lees

test

ed fo

r H

IV

Months

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Q1 Jan–Mar Q2 Apr–June Q3 July–Sept Q4 Oct–Dec

Data Source: Program records, AIDS Relief, January 2009 – December 2009.rce: Quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008

Has the program met its goal?

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

% o

f new

enr

olle

es t

este

d fo

r HIV

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by quarter

Data Source: Program records, AIDS Relief, January 2009 – December 2009.. quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008

Target

Stacked bar chartRepresent components of whole & compare wholes

3

4

6

10

0 5 10 15

Males

Females

0-14 years

15+ years

Number of months patients have been enrolled in HIV care

Number of Months Female and Male Patients Have Been Enrolled in HIV Care, by Age Group

Data source: AIDSRelief program records January 2009 - 20011

Line graph

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Num

ber o

f clin

icia

ns

Clinic 1

Clinic 2

Clinic 3

Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4*

*Includes doctors and nurses

Displays trends over time

Line graph

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Num

ber o

f clin

icia

ns

Clinic 1

Clinic 2

Clinic 3

Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1-4*

*Includes doctors and nurses

Y1 1995 Y2 1996 Y3 1997 Y4 1998

Zambia Service Provision Assessment, 2007.

Pie chartContribution to the total = 100%

59%23%

10%

8%

Percentage of All Patients Enrolled by Quarter

1st Qtr

2nd Qtr

3rd Qtr

4th Qtr

N=150

Interpreting data

Interpreting data

Adding meaning to information by making connections and comparisons and exploring causes and consequences

Relevance

of findin

g

Reasons for

finding

Consider

other data

Conduct

further resear

ch

Interpretation – relevance of finding

Adding meaning to information by making connections and comparisons and exploring causes and consequences

Relevance

of findin

g

Reasons for

finding

Consider

other data

Conduct

further resear

ch

Interpretation – relevance of finding

Does the indicator meet the target?

How far from the target is it?

How does it compare (to other time periods, other facilities)?

Are there any extreme highs and lows in the data?

Relevance

of findin

g

Reasons for

finding

Consider

other data

Conduct

further resear

ch

Interpretation – possible causes?

• Supplement with expert opinion

• Others with knowledge of the program or target population

Relevance

of findin

g

Reasons for

finding

Consider

other data

Conduct

further resear

ch

Interpretation – consider other data

Use routine service data to clarify questions

• Calculate nurse-to-client ratio, review commodities data against client load, etc.

Use other data sources

Interpretation – other data sources

Situation analyses

Demographic and health surveys

Performance improvement data

Relevance

of finding

Reasons for finding

Consider

other data

Conduct

further resear

ch

Interpretation – conduct further research Data gap conduct further research

Methodology depends on questions being asked and resources available

Relevance

of finding

Reasons for finding

Consider

other data

Conduct

further resear

ch

Key messages

Use the right graph for the right data Tables – can display a large amount of data

Graphs/charts – visual, easier to detect patterns

Label the components of your graphic

Interpreting data adds meaning by making connections and comparisons to program

Service data are good at tracking progress & identifying concerns – do not show causality

Activity: Calculating coverage and retention

Learning Objectives

Use basic statistics to measure coverage and retention

Develop graphs that display performance measures (utilization, trends)

Interpret performance measures for programmatic decision making

Small group activity

Form groups of 4–6 Each group reviews 2 worksheets from Excel file

and answers the questions (1 hr 45 min) Each group presents 2 findings from each

worksheet, focusing on the programmatic relevance of the findings (10 min per group)

Audience provides feedback on analysis and interpretation (notes errors, additional interpretation) (10 min per group)