ME 6405 Student Lecture Transistor
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Transcript of ME 6405 Student Lecture Transistor
ME 6405 Student Lecture
Transistor
Cong ZhaoFeifei Qian
Kuan-Wen Tung
October 2, 2012Georgia Institute of Technology
Contents
Introduction to Transistor(Speaker: Cong Zhao)
Field Effect Transistor(Speaker: Kuan-Wen Tung)
Power Transistor(Speaker: Kuan-Wen Tung)
1
3
4
Bipolar Junction Transistor(Speaker: Feifei Qian)
2
Introduction
Amplifier and Electronic Switch are needed.
Amplifier and Electronic Switch are needed. Amplifier: any device that changes, usually increases, the amplitude of a signal. Electronic Switch: switch that the physical opening and closing is achieved by
applying appropriate electrical control signals.
Question #1: How can we control the TV with remote-controller?
Question #2: How can a computer recognize 0(off) and 1(on) for computing?
Introduction Early 20th century, vacuum tube was used for the amplifier and switch.
ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer, contains 17,468 vacuum tubes.
Vacuum Tube Radio
However, Vacuum Tube is too big, fragile, and energy-consuming.
Transistor solved this problem.
Introduction – Invention of Transistor
Invention In 1947, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain,
and William Schockly, researchers at Bell Lab, invented Transistor.
They found Transistor Effect: “when electrical contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, the output power was larger than the input.”
In 1956, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockly
First model of Transistor, 1947
Introduction – Definition of Transistor
A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that amplifies or switches the flow of current between two terminals by varying the current or voltage between one of the terminals and a third.
Introduction – Semiconductor
Semiconductor is a material that has an electrical resistivity between that of a
conductor and an insulator. has a few charge carriers(“holes” or free electrons). the conductivity increases by adding impurities or dopants(doping).
Silicon is used in most commercial
semiconductors
Introduction – Doping Doping: add neighboring elements to the semiconductor to
make it electropositive or electronegative P(positive)-type doping is adding Acceptor impurities (from Group
III) to the semiconductor in order to increase holes. Ex: Silicon doped with Boron
N(negative)-type doping is adding Donor impurities (from Group V) with more electrons in order to increase free electrons.
Ex: Silicon doped with Phosphorous
Add Group III(Boron) Add Group V (Phosphorous)
Introduction – P-N Junction
PN Junction is a junction formed by P-type and
N-type semiconductors together in very close contact.
Thin depletion region forms near junction at an equilibrium condition (Zero bias)
Near the p–n interface, electrons from N diffuses into P, leaving positively charged ions in N region; holes from P diffuses into N, leaving negatively charged ions in P region
Ions exhibit a force which inhibits further carriers flow across the P-N Junction unless a forward bias external voltage is applied.
What happens at the junction?
Introduction – Forward and Reverse Bias
Forward bias -V pumps electrons into the N-region. +V pumps more holes into the P-region. Excess of charge in P and N region will
apply pressure on the depletion region and will make it shrink.
→ current flows
Reverse bias -V sucked out electrons from N-region. +V sucked out holes from P-region. The depletion layer widens and it
occupies the entire diode(p-n). → current doesn’t flow
Introduction – Transistor
Transistor is comprised by two P-N junctions: Base-Collector junction and Base-Emitter junction.
Introduction – Types of Transistor
Transistor are categorized by Semiconductor material: germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, etc. Structure: BJT, FET, IGFET (MOSFET), IGBT Polarity: NPN, PNP (BJTs); N-channel, P-channel (FETs) Maximum power rating: low, medium, high Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high Application: switch, audio, high voltage, etc. Physical packaging: through hole, surface mount, ball grid array, etc. Amplification factor
General Purpose Transistors Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Field Effect Transistors (FET) Power Transistors
NPN BJTn-channel
JFET
BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
by: Feifei Qian
Introduction
• A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a three terminal
semiconductor device in which the operation depends
on the interaction of both majority and minority
carriers and hence the name Bipolar.
• It is used in amplifier and oscillator circuits, and as a
switch in digital circuit.
• It has wide applications in computers, satellites and
other modern communication system.
Structure and Symbols
Emitter is heavily doped so that it can inject a large number of charge carriers into the base.
Base is lightly doped and very thin, therefore it passes most of the injected charge carriers from the emitter into the collector.
Collector is moderately doped and larger in size, so that it collects the major portion of the majority carriers supplied by the emitter.
Three Regions in BJT
Transistor biasing
NPN: BE forward
biased BC reverse
biased
PNP: BE reverse
biased BC forward
biased
BJT Transistor Operation
http://www.learnabout-electronics.org/bipolar_junction_transistors_05.php
Regions of OperationBJT Switch “On”
BJT Switch “Off”
Linear mode
Transistor as a Switch When a transistor is used as a switch, it is usually required
to be brought alternatively in the saturation and cut-off conditions.
When in saturation condition, it should carry heavy current, so the voltage drop across the transistor is as near to zero as possible. It may be considered as “closed switch”.
When in cut-off condition, it should carry almost no current so that it may be considered to be an “open switch”.
Transistor as an Amplifier
Transistor Configurations
Parameter Common Emitter Common Collector Common Base
Voltage gain High (about 100) Unity (1) Medium (10-50)
Current Gain High (50 - 800) High (50 -800) Low (<1)
Transistor as an Amplifier
• Use small digital signal to turn coils on/off
Field Effect Transistor, FET
By Kuan-Wen Tung
What makes a FET?
• 3 terminal device with:• Drain• Source• Gate
• The body has contacts at the ends: the drain and source
• Gate surrounds the body and can induce a channel by use of electric field
FET BJT Input voltage controls
output currentInput current controls
output current
Gate Base Controls flow of currentDrain Collector Current goes out here
Source Emitter Current comes in here
What is a FET?
• Semiconductor device that uses electric field to control current, thus, the channel conductivity.
• Unipolar transistor involving single carrier type operation, in contrast to BJT.
• Relies on PNP or NPN junctions to allow current flow
• Performs same functions as a BJT; amplifier and switch.
FET
How does FET work?
Basic operation: Assume a 2-terminal device with nonlinear I-V characteristics Add a third terminal to control the I-V curve by changing voltage
Result: change in the current flowing through the first 2 terminalsApplication:
Amplification : increase current id by increasing gate voltage. Switching : change gate voltage to switch device on, vice versa.
E=id*R+vd
Types of Field-Effect Transistors
Type Function Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) Uses insulator (usu. SiO2) between gate and body
Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET)Uses reversed biased p-n junction to separate gate
from body
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) Similar to MOSFET, but different main channel
Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFET) Uses organic semiconductor in its channel
Nanoparticle Organic Memory FET (NOMFET)Combines the organic transistor and gold
nanoparticles
NPNnMOS
PNPpMOS
NPNnMOS
PNPpMOS
NPNnMOS
PNPpMOS
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, MOSFET
Four terminal device: Source, gate, drain, and body
(substrate) that connects to source Enhancement mode of
operation Positive gate voltage required to
conducting channel for nMOS device to turn on.
Negative gate voltage for pMOS device to turn on.
nMOS
How does a MOSFET work?
Structure: Device formed on lightly
doped p-type substrate. Source and drain are heavily
doped with n-type. Oxide layer separates gate
from Si surface. Result: N-P-N type, nMOS.
nMOS device in enhancement mode
Equilibrium energyband diagram
Operation: VGS > Vth
Enhancement Mode of Operation
Triode Mode/Linear Region
VGS > Vth and VDS < ( VGS - Vth )
VGS : Voltage at the gateVth : Threshold voltageVDS : Voltage from drain to source
Saturation/Active Mode
VGS > Vth and VDS > ( VGS - Vth )
FETs vary voltage to control current.
Characteristics and Applications of MOSFET
Circuit LayoutSymbol: Not Function/ Inverter
• Oxide layer prevents DC current from flowing through gate• Reduces power consumption• High input impedance
• Rapid switching• Noisy due to undesired capacitive behavior• Applications:
• Used as switches and amplifiers in general• Used in digital CMOS logic, which uses p- and n-
channel MOSFETs as building blocks• CMOS: Complementary MOS
Power Transistors
• Built to carry and dissipate more power as opposed to tiny transistor• has low current gain• Used in high voltage and high current application• Used in high switching frequency of 100 kHz (switch in <1 μs)• Provides current limit protection• Cannot withstand reverse voltage
• Different types: Power BJTs, power MOSFETS, etc.• Application: RF and microwave power transistors, multiple
chip device• Limitation: limited to dc voltage for inverters
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References
[1] “Solid State Electronic Devices" Ben G. Streetman.
[2] Student Lecture Fall 2010.
[3] Student Lecture Fall 2011.
[4] “Electronic Circuits – Handbook for Design and Applications” U. Tietze and Ch. Schenk.
[5] “Transistors." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
[6] “FET.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-effect_transistor
[7] “JFET.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET
[8] “MOSFET.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET
[9] “MOSFET Animation.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7J_snw0Eng
[10] “Class Lecture #6 on Digital Arithmetic 2012.” Dr. Charles Ume
[11] “Class Lecture #4 on CMOS Inverter 2010.” Dr. Miltiadis Hatalis