MC.ppt

Peruvian Andes:Geology & Mineral Potential

MiguelMiguel CardozoCardozoMinistry of Energy and MinesMinistry of Energy and Minesof Peruof Peru

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss

Early HercynianPhase

C OSTAW ESTER NC OR D ILLER A

A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR D ILLER A

SU B AN D EA NR EGION

QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVIC IAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

P LIOCENE

M IOCE NE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCE NE

UP PE R

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UP PE R

LO W ER

P ENN SY L-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

E OCENE

0 100 200 300 km

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Volcanics

Limestones

Coarse clastics

Fine clastics

A thick, mainly late Pz – Up.K, marine sed.- volc.Sequence.

Followed by a terrestrial clastic sequence and intense sub-aereal volcanic activity

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss

Early HercynianPhase

C OSTAW ESTER NC OR D ILLER A

A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR D ILLER A


QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVIC IAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

P LIOCENE

M IOCE NE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCE NE

UP PE R

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UP PE R

LO W ER

P ENN SY L-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

E OCENE

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Volcanics

Limestones

Coarse clastics

Fine clastics

Intense, episodic magmatism occurred in the Cordilleran region.Intrusives range from deepbatholithic to subvolcanic settings

Cu Skarn

Cu Porphyry

Cu-Au Porphyry

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss

Early H ercynianPhase

C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA

A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA


QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

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UPPER

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PENNSYL-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

EOCENE

0 100 200 300 km

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Deposit Types

Northern Peru Cu-Au Porphyry Belt

Cerro Corona 6Mt @1.4 g/t Au 40Mt @ 1.33 g/t Au, 0.7% Cu

Cañariaco 365 Mt @ 0.5% Cu

Galeno 430 Mt @ 0.6% Cu, 0.2 g/t Au

La Granja 800 Mt @ 0.61% Cu

Michiquillay 630 Mt @ 0.69% Cu

La Arena 34Mt @ 0.8 g/t Au

La Virgen 2 Mt @ 2.3 g/t Au

Minas Conga 641 Mt @ 0.3% Cu, 0.8 g/t Au,

Paleocene Southern Peru Cu-Porphyry Belt

Quellaveco 213 Mt @ 0.94% Cu, 0.014% Mo, 1.74 g/t Ag 761 Mt @ 0.57% Cu, 0.023% Mo, 2.31 g/t Ag

Cerro Negro 64 Mt @ 0.56% Cu (óxidos)

Cerro Verde 175 Mt @ 0.6% Cu 420 Mt @ 0.6% Cu

Toquepala 770 Mt @ 0.74% Cu

Cuajone 61 Mt @ 0.49% Cu (oxides) 1,212 Mt @ 0.64% Cu

Eocene-Oligocene Apurimac Cu-Porphyry-Skarn Belt

Las Chancas 200 Mt @ 1% Cu

Antapaccay 390 Mt @ 0.83% Cu

Las Bambas 40Mt @ +2% Cu + potential porphyry

Tintaya +200 Mt @ +1.5% Cu

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

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PENNSYL-VANIAN

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Deposit Types

IOCG

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

LO W ER

PENNSYL-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

EOCENE

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Cu-Zn VMS

Deposit Types

Cu VMS

IOCG

Iron Oxides Cu-Au Coastal Belt

Cerro Lindo 42 Mt @ 5.1% Zn, 0.8% Cu, 35 g/t Ag

Raul-Condestable +30 Mt @ 1- 2.5% Cu

Marcona 1,800 Mt @ 53.3% Fe + potential for Cu-Au mineralization

Lancones Basin VMS Cu-Zn-Au

Tambogrande TG1 64 Mt 1.7% Cu, 1.4% Zn, 0.7 g/t Au, 31 g/t AgTG3 110 Mt 0.7% Cu, 1.0% Zn, 0.7 g/t Au, 17 g/t Ag

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

LO W ER

PENNSYL-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

EOCENE

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MVT

Deposit Types

Central & Northern Peru MVT Zn-Belts

Bongará +5 Mt @ +15% Zn

San Vicente +30 Mt @ 12 –14% Zn

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

LO W ER

PENNSYL-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

EOCENE

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Cu-Zn Skarn

Deposit Types

Cu Skarn

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

LO W ER

PENNSYL-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

EOCENE

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Cu-Zn Skarn

Cu Skarn

Polymet Replac.

Polymet Veins

Deposit Types

Central Peru MVT Zn-Belt

Antamina 500Mt @ 1.2% Cu, 1% Zn

Iscaycruz +5Mt @ +18% Zn

Morococha +30 Mt @ +7% Zn + Toromocho porphyry with 364 Mt @ 0.67% Cu

Colquijirca ~25 Mt @ 7% ZnSan Gregorio +70Mt @ 7.4% Zn, 2.2% Pb

Cerro de Pasco +120Mt @ 7.2% Zn, 2.3% Pb

Magistral

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

LO W ER

PENNSYL-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

EOCENE

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Deposit Types

Epithermal

Tantahuatay 350 Mt 0.85% Cu, 0.33 g/t Au, 9 g/t Ag, 0.18% As + 25 Mt @ 1.0 g/t Au (oxides)

Yanacocha, Pierina & Southern Peru Epithermal Gold-Silver Belts

La Zanja 24 Mt @ 0.8 g/t Au

Sipán 16Mt @ 2.0 g/t Au

Yanacocha 650 Mt @ 1.0 g/t Au

Quiruvilca +6 Mt @ 7 oz/t Ag, 5% Zn, 0.9% Cu

Pierina 90 Mt @ 2,1 g/t Au

Ares +1 Mt @ 20 g/t Au

Orcopampa +2 Mt @ 18 g/t Au

AntapiteSanta Rosa

Quicay 6 Mt @ 1,1 g/t Au

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

LO W ER

PENNSYL-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

EOCENE

0 100 200 300 km

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Deposit Types

Mesothermal Au

Pataz Batholith & Coastal BatholithMesothermal Gold Belts

Poderosa

Retamas

Horizonte

Arirahua

San Juan de Chorunga

Ishihuinca

Quartz-gold vein-systems, typical grades between 14 g/t and 20 g/t Au

Gold and Polymetallic Mineralization in Southeastern Peru

San Rafael +15 Mt @ 5.3% Sn, 0.2% Cu

Ana María very high grade, narrow veins

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

LO W ER

PENNSYL-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

EOCENE

0 100 200 300 km

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50

100

150

200

250

300

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550

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2000

Cu-Zn Skarn

Cu SkarnCu-Zn VMS

Cu Porphyry

Cu-Au Porphyry

MVT

Polymet Replac.

Polymet Veins

Deposit Types

Cu VMS

IOCG

Mesothermal Au

Epithermal

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

LO W ER

PENNSYL-VANIAN

M ISS ISSIP -P IAN

EOCENE

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Iron.

Copper

Copper-Gold

Zinc

Polymetallic

Copper-Zinc

Tin + OtherTungsten + Other

Gold-Silver

Main Commodities

Q uechuaPhases

Incaic Phases

Peruvian Phose

Mochica Phose

Late HercynianPhoss





QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEDUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONI-FEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

PLIOCENE

M IOCENE

OL IGO CENE

PALEOCENE

UPPER

LO W ER

M ALM

DO GGER

LIAS

UPPER

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Mineralization Age

U.Tertiary

PaleoceneCretaceous

Eocene-Olig.

JurassicPaleozoic

MINERALIZED BELTSLancones Basin VMS Cu-Zn-Au

Yanacocha Epithermal Gold Belt

Ananea Mesothermal

Gold Belt

Southern Peru Epithermal Au-Ag Belt

Eocene-Oligocene Apurimac

Cu-Porphyry-Skarn Belt

Central Peru MVT Zn-Belt

Northern Peru MVT Zn Belt

Northern Peru Cu-Au Porphyry Belt

Paleocene Southern Peru

Cu-Porphyry Belt

Coastal Batholith Mesothermal

Gold Belt

Pataz Batholith Mesothermal Gold Belt

Iron Oxides Cu-Au Coastal

Belt

Central Peru Polymetallic Skarn &

Replacement Belt

Pierina Epithermal Gold Belt

World-class ore deposits in Peru• High-Sulphidation Epithermal Gold

– Yanacocha: + 40 million oz of gold

– Pierina: +7 million oz of gold

• Cu-Zn Skarn Deposits– Antamina: 500Mt @ 1.3% Cu, 1% Zn

• Polymetallic Replacement Deposits– Cerro de Pasco: +120Mt @ 7.2% Zn, 2.3% Pb

– San Gregorio: +70Mt @ 7.4% Zn, 2.2% Pb

World-class ore deposits in Peru

• Copper Porphyries– Cuajone: 1,200Mt@ 0.64% Cu

– Toquepala: 770Mt @ 0.74% Cu

• Massive Sulphide Deposits– Tambogrande

TG1: 64Mt @ 1.7% Cu, 1.4% Zn, 0.7g/t Au

TG3:110Mt @ 0.7% Cu, 1.4% Zn, 0.7g/t Au

• Iron Ore Deposits– Marcona: 1,800Mt @ 53.3% Fe

Peru: Current Production & Resources

(as a Percentage of Global Figures)

Commodity Production Known resourcesGold 5.7% 0.8%Copper 4.1% 6.1%Zinc 11.2% 2.8%Silver 11.2% 8.8%Tin 16.0% 3.3%

Calculated from USGS figures for year 2000

PERU: A MINING COUNTRY

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