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Chapter 8

Telephone and CableTV Networks:

Residential Connection to

the Internet

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Understand the structure of the telephone network.Understand the structure of the telephone network.

Understand the services provided by the telephone networkUnderstand the services provided by the telephone networkand how these services allow us to connect to the Internet. and how these services allow us to connect to the Internet.

Understand the structure of the cable TV networkUnderstand the structure of the cable TV network

Understand the services provided by the cable TV network and Understand the services provided by the cable TV network and how these services allow us to connect to the Internet.how these services allow us to connect to the Internet.

After reading this chapter, the reader should After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:be able to:

OOBJECTIVESBJECTIVES

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TELEPHNONETELEPHNONESYSTEMSYSTEM

TELEPHNONETELEPHNONESYSTEMSYSTEM

8.18.1

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Figure 8-1

A telephone system

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Figure 8-2 Switching offices in a LATA

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Intra-LATA services are Intra-LATA services are provided by local exchange provided by local exchange carriers (LECs). Since 1996, carriers (LECs). Since 1996, there are two types of LECs: there are two types of LECs: incumbent local exchange incumbent local exchange

carriers (ILECs) and carriers (ILECs) and competitive local exchange competitive local exchange

carriers (CLECs).carriers (CLECs).

Note:Note:

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Figure 8-3

POPs

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Figure 8-4 Rotary and touch-tone dialing

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Voice communication used Voice communication used analog signals in the past, analog signals in the past,

but is now moving to digital but is now moving to digital signals. signals.

On the other hand, dialing On the other hand, dialing started with digital signals started with digital signals (rotary) and is now moving (rotary) and is now moving to analog signals (touch-to analog signals (touch-

tone)tone)

Note:Note:

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Business Focus:Business Focus: History of Common Carriers in the History of Common Carriers in the U.S.AU.S.A

The history of common carriers in the United States can be divided into three eras:

Before 1984Before 1984, almost all local and long-distance services were provided by the AT&T Bell System.

Between 1984 and 1996The divestiture divided the country into more than 200 LATAs.

After 1996The Telecommunications Act of 1996 combined the different services provided by different companies under the umbrella of telecommunication services.

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Business Focus:Business Focus: Analog Voice ServicesAnalog Voice Services

Local Call Services:Local Call Services: Normally a flat monthly rate. Normally a flat monthly rate.

Toll Calls :Toll Calls : The user is normally charged for each call. The user is normally charged for each call.

800/888 Calls : 800/888 Calls : The recipient pays for the inbound call.The recipient pays for the inbound call.

WATS: WATS: The organization pays for the outbound calls.The organization pays for the outbound calls.The charges are less expensive than toll calls.The charges are less expensive than toll calls.

900 Services : 900 Services : These are inbound calls like 800/888, butThese are inbound calls like 800/888, butthe call is paid by the caller and is normally much morethe call is paid by the caller and is normally much moreexpensive than toll calls. The carrier charges two fees: theexpensive than toll calls. The carrier charges two fees: thelong distance fee and a fee that is paid to the callee.long distance fee and a fee that is paid to the callee.

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INTERNET ACCESSINTERNET ACCESSVIAVIA

TELEPHONETELEPHONE

INTERNET ACCESSINTERNET ACCESSVIAVIA

TELEPHONETELEPHONE

8.28.2

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Figure 8-5 Internet access via the local loop

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Modem stands for Modem stands for modulator/demodulator.modulator/demodulator.

Note:Note:

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A modulator converts a A modulator converts a digital signal to an analog digital signal to an analog

signal. A demodulator signal. A demodulator converts an analog signal to converts an analog signal to

a digital signal. a digital signal.

Note:Note:

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Figure 8-6 Modem concept

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Figure 8-7 56K modem

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Figure 8-8 Bands for ADSL

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Figure 8-9 ADSL modem

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CABLE TVCABLE TVNETWORKNETWORKCABLE TVCABLE TVNETWORKNETWORK

8.38.3

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Figure 8-10 Cable TV network

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Figure 8-11 Cable modem

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Business Focus:Business Focus: Telecommunications Reform Act of Telecommunications Reform Act of 19961996

The Telecommunications Reform Act, passed on February 8, 1996, gave telephone and cable companies permission to provide both telephone services (local and long distance) and video services.

The purpose of the act was to allow competition between companies and thus lower the price and improve the quality of telecommunication services for consumers. The act is still relatively new and it is too soon to judge its effect on prices and quality of services.

A provision in the act provides low-cost access to the Internet for educational and nonprofit organizations