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Transcript of McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3...
![Page 1: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-11
Product Costing andCost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment
3Chapter Three
![Page 2: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-22
Product and Service Costing
Financial Accounting
Product costs are used to value inventory and
to compute cost ofgoods sold.
Managerial Accounting and
Cost ManagementProduct costs are used
for planning, control, directing, and
management decision making.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-33
ProcessCosting
Job-OrderCosting
Used for production of small, identical, low cost items.
Mass produced in automated continuous production process.
Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit of product.
Types of Product-Costing Systems
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-44
Typical process cost applications:
Petrochemical refinery
Paint manufacturer
Paper mill
Types of Product-Costing Systems
ProcessCosting
Job-OrderCosting
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-55
Used for production of large, unique, high-cost items.
Built to order rather than mass produced.
Many costs can be directly traced to each job.
Types of Product-Costing Systems
ProcessCosting
Job-OrderCosting
![Page 6: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-66
Job-shop operations Products manufactured in very low volumes or one at a time.
Batch-production operations Multiple products in batches of relatively small quantity.
Types of Product-Costing Systems
ProcessCosting
Job-OrderCosting
![Page 7: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-77
Typical job-order cost applications: Special-order printing Building construction
Also used in service industry Hospitals Law firms
Types of Product-Costing Systems
ProcessCosting
Job-OrderCosting
![Page 8: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-88
Receive orders from customers
Schedulejobs
Ordermaterials
Begin production
Sequence of Events in a Job-Order Costing System
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-99
Accumulating Costs in aJob-Order Costing System
THE JOB
Directmaterials
Direct labor
Traced directly to each job
Traced directly
to each job
Manufacturingoverhead (OH)
Applied to eachjob using a
predeterminedrate
![Page 10: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1010
Direct MaterialsDirect Materials
Direct LaborDirect Labor
Manufacturing Overhead
Manufacturing Overhead
Job No. 1Job No. 1
Job No. 2Job No. 2
Job No. 3Job No. 3
Charge direct material and direct labor to each job as incurred.
Charge direct material and direct labor to each job as incurred.
Accumulating Costs in aJob-Order Costing System
Apply overhead to each job using a predetermined rate.
Apply overhead to each job using a predetermined rate.
Special documents are used to track costs
for each job.
Special documents are used to track costs
for each job.
![Page 11: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1111
The primary document The primary document for tracking the costs for tracking the costs
associated with a associated with a given job is the given job is the job-job-
cost record.cost record.
Let’s investigate
Accumulating Costs in aJob-Order Costing System
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1212
Job-Order Cost AccountingRoseCo Job-Cost Record
Job Number A - 143 Date Initiated 3-4-X2Date Completed
Department B3 Units CompletedItem Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate Amount
Cost Summary Units ShippedAmount Date Number Balance
Direct MaterialsDirect LaborManufacturing OverheadTotal CostUnit Cost
Product Costs
![Page 13: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1313
RoseCo Job-Cost Record
Job Number A - 143 Date Initiated 3-4-X2Date Completed
Department B3 Units CompletedItem Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate Amount
Cost Summary Units ShippedAmount Date Number Balance
Direct MaterialsDirect LaborManufacturing OverheadTotal CostUnit Cost
Product Costs
Job-Order Cost Accounting
Let’s see one
A materials requisition form is used to
authorize the use of materials on a job.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1414
Materials Requisition Form
RoseCo Materials Requisition Form
Requisition No. X7 - 6890 Date 3-4-X2Job No. A - 143Department B3
Description Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost2 x 4, 12 feet 12 3.00$ 36.00$ 1 x 6, 12 feet 20 4.00 80.00
116.00$
Authorized Signature Will E. Delite
![Page 15: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1515
Materials Requisition Form
RoseCo Materials Requisition Form
Requisition No. X7 - 6890 Date 3-4-X2Job No. A - 143Department B3
Description Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost2 x 4, 12 feet 12 3.00$ 36.00$ 1 x 6, 12 feet 20 4.00 80.00
116.00$
Authorized Signature Will E. Delite
Cost of material is charged to job
A-143.
Type, quantity, and total cost of material charged to job A-143.
The materials requisition form is the source document for recording material usage in the accounting records.
![Page 16: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1616
Job-Order Cost AccountingRoseCo Job-Cost Record
Job Number A - 143 Date Initiated 3-4-X2Date Completed
Department B3 Units CompletedItem Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate AmountX7-6890 116$
Cost Summary Units ShippedAmount Date Number Balance
Direct Materials 116$ Direct LaborManufacturing OverheadTotal CostUnit Cost
Product Costs
![Page 17: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1717
RoseCo Job-Cost Record
Job Number A - 143 Date Initiated 3-4-X2Date Completed
Department B3 Units CompletedItem Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate AmountX7-6890 116$
Cost Summary Units ShippedAmount Date Number Balance
Direct Materials 116$ Direct LaborManufacturing OverheadTotal CostUnit Cost
Product Costs
Job-Order Cost Accounting
Accumulate direct labor
costs by means of a
work record, such as a time ticket, for each
employee.
Let’s see one
![Page 18: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1818
Employee Time Ticket
RoseCo Employee Time Ticket
Time Ticket No. 36 Date 3-5-X2
Employee I. M. Skilled Station 42
Starting Ending Hours HourlyTime Time Completed Rate Amount Job No.0800 1600 8.00 11.00$ 88.00$ A-143
Totals 8.00 11.00$ 88.00$ A-143
Supervisor C. M. Workman
![Page 19: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-1919
Job-Order Cost AccountingRoseCo Job-Cost Record
Job Number A - 143 Date Initiated 3-4-X2Date Completed
Department B3 Units CompletedItem Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate AmountX7-6890 116$ 36 8 88$
Cost Summary Units ShippedAmount Date Number Balance
Direct Materials 116$ Direct Labor 88$ Manufacturing OverheadTotal CostUnit Cost
Product Costs
![Page 20: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2020
Job-Order Cost AccountingRoseCo Job-Cost Record
Job Number A - 143 Date Initiated 3-4-X2Date Completed
Department B3 Units CompletedItem Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate AmountX7-6890 116$ 36 8 88$
Cost Summary Units ShippedAmount Date Number Balance
Direct Materials 116$ Direct Labor 88$ Manufacturing OverheadTotal CostUnit Cost
Product CostsApply manufacturing overhead to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate based on direct
labor hours (DLH).Let’s do it
![Page 21: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2121
Job-Order Cost AccountingRoseCo Job-Cost Record
Job Number A - 143 Date Initiated 3-4-X2Date Completed 3-5-X2
Department B3 Units Completed 2Item Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate AmountX7-6890 116$ 36 8 88$ 8 4$ 32$
Cost Summary Units ShippedAmount Date Number Balance
Direct Materials 116$ Direct Labor 88$ Manufacturing Overhead 32$ Total Cost 236$ Unit Cost 118$
Product Costs
![Page 22: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2222
Overhead is applied to jobs using a predetermined Overhead is applied to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate (POHR) based on estimates made overhead rate (POHR) based on estimates made
at the beginning of the accounting period.at the beginning of the accounting period.
Manufacturing Overhead Costs
POHR =Budgeted manufacturing overhead cost
Budgeted amount of cost driver (or activity base)
Overhead applied = POHR × Actual activity
Based on estimates, and determined before the
period begins
Actual amount of the allocation base, such as direct labor hours,
incurred during the period
![Page 23: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2323
Overhead is applied to jobs using a predetermined Overhead is applied to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate (POHR) based on estimates made overhead rate (POHR) based on estimates made
at the beginning of the accounting period.at the beginning of the accounting period.
Manufacturing Overhead Costs
POHR =Budgeted manufacturing overhead cost
Budgeted amount of cost driver (or activity base)
Overhead applied = POHR × Actual activity
Recall the wooden crate example where:
Overhead applied = $4 per DLH × 8 DLH = $32
![Page 24: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2424
RoseCo applies overhead based on direct- RoseCo applies overhead based on direct- labor hours. Total labor hours. Total estimated estimated overhead for the overhead for the year is $640,000. Total year is $640,000. Total estimatedestimated labor cost is labor cost is $1,400,000 and total $1,400,000 and total estimatedestimated labor hours are labor hours are
160,000.160,000.What is RoseCo’s predetermined overhead What is RoseCo’s predetermined overhead
rate? rate?
Overhead Application Example
![Page 25: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2525
$640,000
160,000 direct-labor hours (DLH)POHR =
POHR = $4.00 per DLH
For each direct labor hour worked on a job, $4.00 of factory overhead will be
applied to the job.
Overhead Application Example
POHR =Budgeted manufacturing overhead cost
Budgeted amount of cost driver (or activity base)
![Page 26: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2626
RoseCo Job-Cost Record
Job Number X - 32 Date Initiated 3-9-X2Date Completed
Department B3 Units CompletedItem Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate AmountX7-7456 240$ 23 26 286$
Cost Summary Units ShippedAmount Date Number Balance
Direct Materials 240$ Direct Labor 286$ Manufacturing OverheadTotal CostUnit Cost
Product Costs
Overhead Application Example
What amount of overhead willRoseCo apply to Job X-32?
![Page 27: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2727
Overhead Application ExampleRoseCo Job-Cost Record
Job Number X - 32 Date Initiated 3-9-X2Date Completed 3-11-X2
Department B3 Units Completed 6Item Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate AmountX7-7456 240$ 23 26 286$ 26 4$ 104$
Cost Summary Units ShippedAmount Date Number Balance
Direct Materials 240$ Direct Labor 286$ Manufacturing Overhead 104$ Total CostUnit Cost
Product CostsSOLUTION
Overhead applied = POHR × Actual Direct Labor Hours
Overhead applied = $4.00 per DLH × 26 DLH = $104
![Page 28: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2828
Let’s summarize the document flow we have
been discussing in a job-order
costing system.
Job-Order CostingDocument Flow Summary
Job-Order CostingDocument Flow Summary
![Page 29: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-2929
Job-Order CostingDocument Flow Summary
Materials Ledger CardsMaterials
Ledger CardsMaterials Ledger CardsMaterialsRequisition
Direct materials
The materials requisition
indicates the cost of direct
materialto charge to
jobsand the cost of
indirect materialindirect material to charge to overhead.
Indirect materials
Job Cost Sheets
Job Cost Sheets
Job Cost Sheets
Job-Cost Records
Manufacturing Overhead Account
![Page 30: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3030
Employee time tickets indicate
the cost of direct laborto charge to
jobsand the cost
of indirect laborindirect labor to charge to
overhead.
Job Cost Sheets
Manufacturing Overhead Account
Job Cost Sheets
Job Cost Sheets
Job-Cost Records
Direct Labor
Indirect Labor
Employee Time TicketEmployee Time
TicketEmployee Time TicketEmployee Time
Ticket
Job-Order CostingDocument Flow Summary
![Page 31: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3131
Job-Order CostingDocument Flow Summary
Manufacturing Overhead Account
EmployeeTime Ticket
Job-Cost Records
MaterialsRequisition
OtherActual OHCharges
IndirectMaterial
IndirectLabor
OverheadApplied
withPOHR
![Page 32: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3232
Let’s examine the cost flows in a
job-order costing system. We will use T-accounts and start with
materials.
Job-Order System Cost Flows
![Page 33: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3333
Raw Materials•Material
Purchases•Direct
Material•Direct
Material
Mfg. Overhead•Indirect Material
Job-Order System Cost Flows
•Indirect Material
Work in Process(Job-Cost Record)
![Page 34: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3434
Next let’s add labor costs and
applied manufacturing overhead to the job-order cost flows. Are you
with me?
Job-Order System Cost Flows
![Page 35: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3535
•Direct Labor
Mfg. Overhead
Job-Order System Cost Flows
•Indirect Material
•Direct Material
•IndirectLabor
•Direct Labor
•IndirectLabor
Wages PayableWork in Process
(Job-Cost Record)
![Page 36: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3636
•Direct Labor
Mfg. Overhead
Job-Order System Cost Flows
•Indirect Material
•Direct Material
•OverheadApplied to
Work inProcess
If actual and applied manufacturing overhead are
not equal, a year-end adjustment is required. We will look at the procedure to
accomplish this later.
•IndirectLabor
•Direct Labor
•Overhead Applied
•IndirectLabor
Wages PayableWork in Process
(Job-Cost Record)
![Page 37: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3737
Now let’s complete the
goods and sell them. Still with
me?
Job-Order System Cost Flows
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3838
•Cost ofGoodsMfd.
Finished Goods
•Cost ofGoodsSold
•Cost ofGoodsMfd.
Cost of Goods Sold
•Cost ofGoodsSold
Job-Order System Cost Flows
•Direct Material
•Direct Labor
•Overhead Applied
Work in Process(Job-Cost Record)
![Page 39: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-3939
Let’s return to RoseCo and see what we will do if
actual and applied overhead
are not equal.
Job-Order System Cost Flows
![Page 40: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-4040
Overhead Application Example
RoseCo’sRoseCo’s actualactual overhead overhead for the year for the year was $650,000 was $650,000 and a total of 170,000 direct-labor hours were worked.and a total of 170,000 direct-labor hours were worked.
Using RoseCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 Using RoseCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct-labor hour, how much overhead was per direct-labor hour, how much overhead was
appliedapplied to all of RoseCo’s jobs to all of RoseCo’s jobs during the yearduring the year? ?
![Page 41: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-4141
Overhead Application Example
SOLUTIONApplied Overhead = POHR × Actual Direct Labor Hours
Applied Overhead = $4.00 per DLH × 170,000 DLH = $680,000
RoseCo’sRoseCo’s actualactual overhead overhead for the year for the year was $650,000 was $650,000 and a total of 170,000 direct-labor hours were worked.and a total of 170,000 direct-labor hours were worked.
Using RoseCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 Using RoseCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct-labor hour, how much overhead was per direct-labor hour, how much overhead was
appliedapplied to all of RoseCo’s jobs to all of RoseCo’s jobs during the yearduring the year? ?
![Page 42: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3-1 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production Environment 3 Chapter Three.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e0d5503460f94af6ebc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-4242
RoseCo’sRoseCo’s actualactual overhead overhead for the year for the year was $650,000 was $650,000 and a total of 170,000 direct-labor hours were worked.and a total of 170,000 direct-labor hours were worked.
Using RoseCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 Using RoseCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct-labor hour, how much overhead was per direct-labor hour, how much overhead was
appliedapplied to all of RoseCo’s jobs to all of RoseCo’s jobs during the yearduring the year? ?
Overhead Application Example
SOLUTIONApplied Overhead = POHR × Actual Direct Labor Hours
Applied Overhead = $4.00 per DLH × 170,000 DLH = $680,000
RoseCo has overappliedoverhead for the yearby $30,000. What will
RoseCo do?
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Overapplied and Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead
Work inProcess
FinishedGoods
Cost of Goods Sold
$30,000may be allocated
to these accounts.
$30,000 may beclosed directly to
cost of goods sold.
Cost of Goods Sold
RoseCo’s Method
OR
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-4444
Overapplied and Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead
Actualoverhead
costs
$650,000$30,000
overapplied
OverheadAppliedto jobs
$680,000
Unadjusted Balance
RoseCo’sMfg. Overhead
for the year
RoseCo’s Costof Goods Sold
for the year
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-4545
Overapplied and Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead
Actualoverhead
costs
$650,000$30,000
overapplied
Unadjusted Balance
$30,000
$30,000
AdjustedBalance
OverheadAppliedto jobs
$680,000
RoseCo’sMfg. Overhead
for the year
RoseCo’s Costof Goods Sold
for the year
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-4646
Overapplied and Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead - Summary
Alternative 1 Alternative 2If Manufacturing Close to Cost Overhead is . . . Allocation of Goods Sold
UNDERAPPLIED INCREASE INCREASEWork in Process Cost of Goods Sold
(Applied OH is less Finished Goodsthan actual OH) Cost of Goods Sold
OVERAPPLIED DECREASE DECREASEWork in Process Cost of Goods Sold
(Applied OH is greater Finished Goodsthan actual OH) Cost of Goods Sold
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-4747
Actual and Normal Costing
Actual direct materialand direct labor combined with
actual overhead.
Actual direct materialand direct labor combined with
predetermined overhead.
Using a predetermined rate makes itUsing a predetermined rate makes itpossible to possible to estimateestimate total job costs sooner. total job costs sooner.
Actual overhead for the period is notActual overhead for the period is notknown until the end of the period.known until the end of the period.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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The Concept of Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
One of the most One of the most difficult tasks in difficult tasks in
computing accurate computing accurate unit costs lies in unit costs lies in determining the determining the
proper amount of proper amount of overhead cost to overhead cost to
assign to each job.assign to each job.
Assigningoverhead is
sure difficult.I agree!
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-4949
The Concept of Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
Level of C
omplexity
Level of C
omplexity
Overhead Allocation
Plantwide Overhead
Rate
DepartmentalOverhead
Rates
Activity-BasedCosting
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5050
Plantwide Overhead Rate
Companies tend to use direct labor direct labor as the overhead allocation base.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5151
Departmental Overhead Rates
A two-stage process isnecessary because different
departments may have different cost drivers.
Finishing DepartmentFinishing Department
Shipping DepartmentShipping Department
Painting DepartmentPainting Department
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5252
Departmental Overhead Rates
Cost poolsCost pools
Stage One:Stage One:Costs assignedCosts assignedto poolsto pools
IndirectIndirectLaborLabor
IndirectIndirectMaterialsMaterials
OtherOtherOverheadOverhead
Department1
Department2
Department3
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5353
Departmental Overhead Rates
Cost poolsCost pools
Stage One:Stage One:Costs assignedCosts assignedto poolsto pools
IndirectIndirectMaterialsMaterials
OtherOtherOverheadOverhead
IndirectIndirectLaborLabor
Department1
Department2
Department3
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5454
Departmental Overhead Rates
Cost poolsCost pools
Stage One:Stage One:Costs assignedCosts assignedto poolsto pools
IndirectIndirectMaterialsMaterials
OtherOtherOverheadOverhead
IndirectIndirectLaborLabor
Department1
Department2
Department3
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5555
Departmental Overhead Rates
Department1
Department2
Department3
Products
Cost poolsCost pools
Direct Labor Hours
MachineHours
RawMaterials
Cost
Stage One:Stage One:Costs assignedCosts assignedto poolsto pools
Stage Two:Stage Two:Costs appliedCosts appliedto productsto products
Departmental Allocation Bases
IndirectIndirectMaterialsMaterials
OtherOtherOverheadOverhead
IndirectIndirectLaborLabor
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5656
Activity-Based Costing
In the ABC method, we recognize that many
activities within a department drive overhead costs.
In the ABC method, we recognize that many
activities within a department drive overhead costs.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5757
Assigning Costs to Activity Centers
Assign costs to the Assign costs to the activity centers activity centers where they are where they are
accumulated while accumulated while waiting to be waiting to be
applied to applied to products.products.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5858
Selecting Cost Drivers
Assign costs from Assign costs from
the activity center the activity center
to the product to the product
using appropriate using appropriate
cost drivers.cost drivers.
When selecting a cost When selecting a cost driver consider:driver consider:
The ease of The ease of obtaining data.obtaining data.
The degree to which The degree to which the cost driver the cost driver measures actual measures actual consumption by consumption by products.products.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-5959
Job-Order Costing in Nonmanufacturing Organizations
Contracts
Missions
Programs
Cases
THE JOB
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6060
Changing Technology in Manufacturing Operations
Computerized data Computerized data interchange has eliminated interchange has eliminated much of the paperwork much of the paperwork associated with job-orderassociated with job-ordercost systems.cost systems.
Scanning devices have Scanning devices have simplified data entry to record simplified data entry to record material and labor use. material and labor use.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6161
Let’s look at summary journal entries for a job-
order costing system. We’ll omit
the numbers so that we can focus
on accounts.
Job-Order Costing – Typical Accounting Entries
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6262
Material Purchases
Raw material purchases are recorded in anRaw material purchases are recorded in aninventory account. inventory account.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 3
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Raw Material Inventory XXXXX Accounts Payable XXXXX
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6363
Direct materials issued to a job increase Work in Direct materials issued to a job increase Work in Process and decrease Raw Materials. Indirect Process and decrease Raw Materials. Indirect
materials used on a job are charged to Manufacturing materials used on a job are charged to Manufacturing Overhead and also decrease Raw Materials. Overhead and also decrease Raw Materials.
Material Use
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 3
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Work-in-Process Inventory XXXXXManufacturing Overhead XXXXX Raw Material Inventory XXXXX
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6464
Labor
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 3
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Work-in-Process Inventory XXXXXManufacturing Overhead XXXXX Wages Payable XXXXX
The cost of direct labor incurred on a job increases The cost of direct labor incurred on a job increases Work in Process and the cost of indirect labor on a Work in Process and the cost of indirect labor on a
job increases Manufacturing Overhead. job increases Manufacturing Overhead.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6565
Other Actual Manufacturing Overhead
In addition to indirect materials and indirect labor, In addition to indirect materials and indirect labor, other manufacturing overhead costs are charged other manufacturing overhead costs are charged to the Manufacturing Overhead account as they to the Manufacturing Overhead account as they
are incurred. are incurred.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 3
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Manufacturing Overhead XXXXX Prepaid Rent XXXXX Accumulated Depreciation XXXXX Accounts Payable XXXXX Prepaid Insurance XXXXX
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6666
Applying Manufacturing Overhead
Work in Process is increased when Manufacturing Work in Process is increased when Manufacturing Overhead is Overhead is appliedapplied to jobs. to jobs.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 3
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Work-in-Process Inventory XXXXX Manufacturing Overhead XXXXX
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6767
Selling and Administrative Expenses
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 3
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Selling and Admin. Expenses XXXXX Wages Payable XXXXX Accounts Payable XXXXX Prepaid Rent XXXXX Office Supplies Inventory XXXXX
Nonmanufacturing costs (period expensesperiod expenses) are charged to expense as they are incurred.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6868
Cost of Goods Manufactured
As jobs are completed, the cost of goods As jobs are completed, the cost of goods manufactured is transferred to Finished Goods manufactured is transferred to Finished Goods
from Work in Process. from Work in Process.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 3
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Finished-Goods Inventory XXXXX Work-in-Process Inventory XXXXX
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-6969
Sales
When finished goods are sold, two entries are When finished goods are sold, two entries are required: (1) to record the sale; and (2) to record required: (1) to record the sale; and (2) to record Cost of Goods Sold and reduce Finished Goods. Cost of Goods Sold and reduce Finished Goods.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 3
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Accounts Receivable XXXXX Sales XXXXX
Cost of Goods Sold XXXXX Finished-Goods Inventory XXXXX
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
3-3-7070
Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead
Underapplied manufacturing overhead is closed Underapplied manufacturing overhead is closed into Cost of Goods Sold.into Cost of Goods Sold.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 3
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Cost of Goods Sold XXXXX Manufacturing Overhead XXXXX
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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End of Chapter 3