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Services Offered by Securities Firms versus Investment Banks

• Investment Banks– originating, underwriting, and placing securities in

money and capital markets

• Securities Firms– brokerage services or market making

• The largest companies in the industry perform multiple services (e.g., underwriting and brokerage) and are generally called investment banks

• Investment Banks– originating, underwriting, and placing securities in

money and capital markets

• Securities Firms– brokerage services or market making

• The largest companies in the industry perform multiple services (e.g., underwriting and brokerage) and are generally called investment banks

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Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry

• Size of the industry is measured by the equity capital of the firms participating in the industry

• Three major types of firms– national full-line investment banks that service retail and

corporate customers (e.g., Merrill Lynch)– national full-line firms that specialize more in corporate

finance (e.g., Goldman Sachs) – the remainder of the industry and includes four classes

• specialized investment bank subsidiaries of commercial banks• specialized discount brokers • regional securities firms• specialized electronic trading securities firms• venture capital firms

• Size of the industry is measured by the equity capital of the firms participating in the industry

• Three major types of firms– national full-line investment banks that service retail and

corporate customers (e.g., Merrill Lynch)– national full-line firms that specialize more in corporate

finance (e.g., Goldman Sachs) – the remainder of the industry and includes four classes

• specialized investment bank subsidiaries of commercial banks• specialized discount brokers • regional securities firms• specialized electronic trading securities firms• venture capital firms

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Securities Firm and Investment Bank Activity Areas

• Securities firms and investment banks engage in as many as seven key activity areas– Investing

– Investment Banking

– Market Making

– Trading

– Cash Management

– Mergers and Acquisitions

– Other Service Functions

• Securities firms and investment banks engage in as many as seven key activity areas– Investing

– Investment Banking

– Market Making

– Trading

– Cash Management

– Mergers and Acquisitions

– Other Service Functions

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Investing

• Involves managing pools of assets such as mutual funds

• Compete with commercial banks, life insurance companies, and pension funds

• Manage funds either as agents for other investors or as principals

• Objective is to select asset portfolios to beat some return-risk performance benchmark such as the S&P 500

• Involves managing pools of assets such as mutual funds

• Compete with commercial banks, life insurance companies, and pension funds

• Manage funds either as agents for other investors or as principals

• Objective is to select asset portfolios to beat some return-risk performance benchmark such as the S&P 500

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Investment Banking

• Refers to activities related to underwriting and distributing new issues of debt and equity securities

• Industry is dominated by a small number of underwriting firms (1999 the top ten firms did 81% of the underwriting)

• Securities underwriting can be undertaken through either public or private offerings– Private placement - securities issue placed with one of a few

large institutional investors

– Public placement - may be underwritten on a best efforts or firm commitment basis and offered to the public

• Refers to activities related to underwriting and distributing new issues of debt and equity securities

• Industry is dominated by a small number of underwriting firms (1999 the top ten firms did 81% of the underwriting)

• Securities underwriting can be undertaken through either public or private offerings– Private placement - securities issue placed with one of a few

large institutional investors

– Public placement - may be underwritten on a best efforts or firm commitment basis and offered to the public

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Investment Banking Risk Example

0

Profit for B

P

Underw

riter

311 Million Loss

10/15/87 Bid price = 3.265

10/15/87 Offer price = 3.30010/26/87 Price = 2.65

Maximum Profit on 10/15/87 = 17.7 Million

10/15/87 U.S. syndicate commits to purchase 505,800,000 shares of British Petroleum

Offer period usually shorterPeriods of extreme volatility (stock market crash) are relatively rare

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Market Making

• Involves the creation of a secondary market in an asset by a securities firm or investment bank

• Either agency or principal transactions– Agency transactions - two-way transactions on behalf of

customers

– Principal transactions - the market maker seeks to profit on the price movements of securities and takes long or short inventory positions for its own account

• Involves the creation of a secondary market in an asset by a securities firm or investment bank

• Either agency or principal transactions– Agency transactions - two-way transactions on behalf of

customers

– Principal transactions - the market maker seeks to profit on the price movements of securities and takes long or short inventory positions for its own account

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Trading

• Closely related to market-making activities

• Six types of trading– Position trading - purchases of large blocks on

expectation of favorable price move– Pure Arbitrage - buying an asset in one market and

selling it immediately in another market at a higher price

– Risk Arbitrage - buying securities in anticipation of some information release

• “Fund of funds” example– Announced merger

• Closely related to market-making activities

• Six types of trading– Position trading - purchases of large blocks on

expectation of favorable price move– Pure Arbitrage - buying an asset in one market and

selling it immediately in another market at a higher price

– Risk Arbitrage - buying securities in anticipation of some information release

• “Fund of funds” example– Announced merger

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Trading (continued)

– Program Trading - simultaneous buying and selling using a computer program to initiate such trades

• Portfolio of at least 15 different stocks

• Portfolio size greater than $1million

• Objective – arbitrage discrepancies between the futures and cash market price

– Stock Brokerage - trading of securities on behalf of individuals

– Electronic Brokerage - offered by major brokers, direct access via internet to trading floor

– Program Trading - simultaneous buying and selling using a computer program to initiate such trades

• Portfolio of at least 15 different stocks

• Portfolio size greater than $1million

• Objective – arbitrage discrepancies between the futures and cash market price

– Stock Brokerage - trading of securities on behalf of individuals

– Electronic Brokerage - offered by major brokers, direct access via internet to trading floor

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Cash Management

• Securities firms and investment banks offer bank deposit-like cash management accounts (CMAs) to individual investors– money market mutual fund sold by investment

banks that offer check-writing privileges

• Securities firms and investment banks offer bank deposit-like cash management accounts (CMAs) to individual investors– money market mutual fund sold by investment

banks that offer check-writing privileges

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Mergers and Acquisitions

• Frequently provide advice on, and assistance in, mergers and acquisitions– assist in finding merger partners– underwrite any new securities– assess the value of target firms– recommend terms of the merger agreement– assist target firms in preventing a merger

• Frequently provide advice on, and assistance in, mergers and acquisitions– assist in finding merger partners– underwrite any new securities– assess the value of target firms– recommend terms of the merger agreement– assist target firms in preventing a merger

McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other Service Functions

• Custody and escrow services

• Clearance and settlement services

• Research and advisory services

• Custody and escrow services

• Clearance and settlement services

• Research and advisory services

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Regulation

• The primary regulator of the securities industry is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) established in 1934

• SEC sets rules governing securities firms’ underwriting and trading activities

• Shelf registration - allows firms that plan to offer multiple issues of stock over a two-year period to submit one registration statement summarizing the firm’s financing plans for the period

• The Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) protects investors against losses of up to $500,000 on securities firm failures

• The primary regulator of the securities industry is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) established in 1934

• SEC sets rules governing securities firms’ underwriting and trading activities

• Shelf registration - allows firms that plan to offer multiple issues of stock over a two-year period to submit one registration statement summarizing the firm’s financing plans for the period

• The Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) protects investors against losses of up to $500,000 on securities firm failures