Mcet Civil Hydraulic Engg Lab Manualver3.0
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8/18/2019 Mcet Civil Hydraulic Engg Lab Manualver3.0
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Dr. MAHALINGAM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POLLACHI – 3
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- LABORATORY MANUAL -
NAME : ____________________________
ROLL NO. : ____________________________
REG. NO. : ____________________________
CLASS : ____________________________
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC
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IN:TUCTION:
Audience ; Undergradua&e Ci*il Engineering :&uden+ MCET
In&r%duc&i%n
T"i# la$%ra&%ry 'anual i# in&ended &% guide y%u &"r%ug" #e*eral e-(eri'en in &"e
"ydraulic engineering. Becau#e %) &"e na&ure %) &"e c%ur#e and la$%ra&%ry )acili&ie#+ y%u
'ay $e re %) &"ree and re(%r& ri&ing
#"%uld $e d%ne $y an indi*idual #&uden&. Tea' %r, i# al#% an i'(%r&an& a#(ec& %) &"i#
c%ur#e and i& ill en"ance y%ur (er)%r'ance.
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC ii
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La$ cycle
T"e #&uden 'u#& c%'e (re(ared )%r &"eir la$ #e##i%n# i&" e-(eri'en in &"e gi*en
#e
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La$%ra&%ry re(%r
?%u ill #u$'i& a re(%r& )%r eac" e-(eri'en& &"a& y%u (er)%r'. All re(%r ill $e graded
%n &"e &ec"nical c%n&en& a# ell a# &"e ri&ing and (re#en&a&i%n. T"e deadline )%r
#u$'i&&ing ill $e in)%r'ed $y &"e in#&ruc&%r. T"e#e deadline# are n%& c"angea$le.T"e (rinci(al g%al# %) la$%ra&%ry re(%r are &% &ell #%'e%ne el#e =u#ually a &eac"er>;
. "a& y%u did in &"e la$.
4. "y y%u did i&.
3. "a& y%u &"%ug"& %uld "a((en.
. "a& really "a((ened.
. "y y%u g%& &"e re#ul y%u %$&ained.
All #&uden are e-(ec&ed &% (r%duce &"eir %n %r,. C%(ying i# n%& all%ed andre)erence 'u#& $e clearly #&a&ed a& &"e end %) re(%r&. I) y%u u#e &"i# 'anual a# re)erence+
c%n*er& &"e #en&ence# in&% y%ur %n &"ird (er#%n+ (a#& &en#e+ (a##i*e *%iceF #en&ence# and
en#ure &"e #a'e. ZERO 'ar,# 'ig"& $e gi*en i) ca#e# %) (lagiari#' are )%und. :%'e %)
&"e e-(eri'en&al da&a %$#er*ed a# &ea' are e-ce(&i%n and &"e #a'e can $e u#ed $y all in
&"a& &ea'. U#e :I uni &"r%ug"%u& y%ur re(%r&.
A)&er &"e la$%ra&%ry #e##i%n. Clean u( y%ur %r, area.
4. Ma,e #ure y%u under#&and "a& ,ind %) re(%r& i# &% $e (re(ared and "en i& i# due.
3. C"ec, i&" &"e in#&ruc&%r %r &ec"nician $e)%re y%u lea*e.
N% Ma,e6u(#
:&uden 'u#& (ar&ici(a&e in all la$%ra&%ry e-erci#e# a# #c"eduled. 2e "a*e a$#%lu&ely n%
)le-i$ili&y in %ur la$ #c"edule. N% re(e&i&i%n cla## ill $e gi*en )%r )%rg%ne #e##i%n#.
In&ernal a##e##'en& Mar,#
In&ernal a##e##'en& ill $e (er)%r'ed a# (er &"e rule# %) &"e Uni*er#i&y.
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC i*
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:?LLABU:
H?DAULIC ENINEEIN LAB 0 0 3 00
OB8ECTIVE
:&uden& #"%uld $e a$le &% *eri)y &"e (rinci(le# #&udied in &"e%ry $y c%nduc&ing &"e
e-(eri'en.
LI:T O! EGPEIMENT:
. De&er'ina&i%n %) c%6e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r %ri)ice
4. De&er'ina&i%n %) c%6e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r n%&c"e#
3. De&er'ina&i%n %) c%6e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r *en&uri'e&er
. De&er'ina&i%n %) c%6e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r %ri)ice 'e&er
. :&udy %) i'(ac& %) @e& %n )la& (la&e =n%r'al 9 inclined>
/. :&udy %) )ric&i%n l%##e# in (i(e#
. :&udy %) 'in%r l%##e# in (i(e#
5. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) Pel&%n &ur$ine.
7. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) !ranci# &ur$ine
0. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) 1a(lan &ur$ine
. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) Cen&ri)ugal (u'(# =C%n#&an& #(eed 9
*aria$le #(eed>
4. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) reci(r%ca&ing (u'(.
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC *
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LI:T O! EUIPMENT: AVAILABLE !O THE EGPEIMENT:9IN
LAB
. Bern%ulliF# &"e%re' J Veri)ica&i%n A((ara&u# 6 N%.
4. Calcula&i%n %) Me&acen&ric "eig"&
2a&er &an, K :"i( '%del i&" acce##%rie# 6 N%.
3. Mea#ure'en& %) *el%ci&y
Pi&%& &u$e a##e'$ly 6 N%.
. !l% 'ea#ure'en& %(en c"annel )l%
=i> C"annel i&" (r%*i#i%n )%r )i-ing n%&c"e#
=rec&angular+ &riangular K &ra(e%idal )%r'#> 6 Uni&
=ii> !lu'e a##e'$ly i&" (r%*i#i%n# )%r c%nduc&ing e-(eri'en %n
Hydraulic @u'(#+ genera&i%n %) #urge# e&c. 6 Uni&
. !l% 'ea#ure'en& in (i(e#
=i> Ven&uri'e&er+ U &u$e 'an%'e&er )i-&ure# li,e Val*e#+ c%llec&ing &an, 6 Uni&
=ii> Ori)ice 'e&er+ U &u$e 'an%'e&er )i-&ure# li,e Val*e#+ c%llec&ing &an, 6 Uni&
=iii> Ori)ice &an, i&" (r%*i#i%n# )%r )i-ing %ri)ice#+ in&ernal and e-&ernal
'%u&" (iece# %) di))eren& #"a(e# 6Uni&
/. L%##e# in Pi(e#
Ma@%r l%## J !ric&i%n l%## Pi(e leng&"# ='in. 3'> %) di))eren& dia'e&er# i&"
Val*e# and (re##ure ra((ing K c%llec&ing &an, 6 Uni&
Min%r L%##e# 6 Pi(e line a##e'$ly i&" (r%*i#i%n# )%r "a*ing :udden
c%n&rac&i%n# in dia'e&er+ E-(an#i%n# Bend#+ el$% )i&&ing+ e&c. 6 Uni&
. Pu'(#
=i> Cen&ri)ugal (u'( a##e'$ly i&" acce##%rie# =#ingle #&age> 6 Uni&
=ii> Cen&ri)ugal (u'( a##e'$ly i&" acce##%rie# ='ul&i #&age> 6 Uni&
=iii> eci(r%ca&ing (u'( a##e'$ly i&" acce##%rie# 6 Uni&
=i*> Dee( ell (u'( a##e'$ly #e& i&" acce##%rie# 6 Uni&
5. Tur$ine
=i> I'(ul#e =Pel&%n> &ur$ine a##e'$ly i&" )i&&ing# K acce##%rie# 6 Uni&
=ii> !ranci# &ur$ine a##e'$ly i&" )i&&ing# K acce##%rie# 6 Uni&
=iii> 1a(lan &ur$ine a##e'$ly i&" )i&&ing# K acce##%rie# 6 Uni&
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC *i
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CONTENT:
S. NO EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
Cyc! " E#$!r%!&'(
". FLO) THROUGH ORIFICE................................................................................."
*. FLO) THROUGH NOTCHES...............................................................................+
3. FLO) THROUGH ORIFICE METER..............................................................."+
,. IMPACT OF ET ON PLATES.............................................................................*
/. FRICTION 0MAOR1 LOSSES IN PIPES...........................................................3/
2. PELTON )HEEL TURBINE...............................................................................,3
Cyc! * E#$!r%!&'(
. FLO) THROUGH ENTURI METER............................................................../3
4. MINOR LOSSES IN PIPES...................................................................................2"
+. 5APLAN TURBINE...............................................................................................2+
"6. FRANCIS TURBINE............................................................................................
"". PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.....................................4/
"*. PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP................................+3
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC *ii
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INDEG
:.
NO
DATE EGPEIMENT PAE
NO
MA1:
A2ADED
INITIAL
O! :TA!!
4
3
/
5
7
0
4
3
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. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE
EG.NO; DATE;
". FLO) THROUGH ORIFICE
OB8ECTIVE:;
T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien %) di#c"arge+ c%n&rac&i%n and *el%ci&y )%r &"e
gi*en %ri)ice $y c%n#&an& "ead 'e&"%d.
T% de&er'ine &"e &i'e )%r e'(&ying &"e &an, "en a&er drain# &"r%ug" #"ar(
edged %ri)ice.
APPAATU: EUIED;
Ori)ice &an,
P%in& gauge )%r 'ea#uring @e& &ra@ec&%ryOri)ice9'%u&"(iece
Cali$ra&ed c%llec&ing &an,
:&%( a&c"
THEO?;
Ori)ice i# a de*ice "ic" i# u#ed )%r di#c"arging )luid# in &% &"e a&'%#("ere )r%'
&an,#. T"e &an, i# a##u'ed &% $e #u))icien&ly large )%r &"e *el%ci&y %) )l% in i& &% $e
negligi$ly #'all e-ce(& cl%#e &% &"e %ri)ice. In &"e *icini&y %) &"e %ri)ice+ &"e )luid
accelera&e# &%ard# &"e cen&re %) &"e "%le+ #% &"a& a# &"e @e& e'erge# i& #u))er# a
reduc&i%n %) area due &% &"e cur*a&ure %) &"e #&rea'line#. T"e reduc&i%n %) area due &%
&"i# l%cal cur*a&ure 'ay $e &a,en &% $e c%'(le&e a& a$%u& "al) &"e %ri)ice dia'e&er
d%n#&rea' %) &"e (lane %) &"e %ri)ice. T"e reduced #ec&i%n i# called &"e *ena
c%n&rac&a..
!%r #&eady+ )ric&i%nle## )l% %) an inc%'(re##i$le )luid al%ng a #&rea'line+ $ern%ulli#
e
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. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE
=$> C%e))icien& %) *el%ci&y
Le& - and y $e &"e "%ri%n&al and *er&ical c%6%rdina&e# %) &"e cen&re line %) &"e @e& in
rela&i%n &% &"e cen&ral (%in& %) &"e *ena c%n&rac&a+ &"e ac&ual *el%ci&y =*ac&> %) &"e @e&
can $e calcula&ed.
!r%' &"e &ra@ec&%ry (r%)ile &"e "%ri%n&al c%%rdina&e %) any (%in& ( %n &"e @e& i#
- *ac& & and "ence
T"e *er&ical c%6%rdina&e %) P =!ig. .> i#
T"e c%e))icien& %) *el%ci&y C* can &"en $e calcula&ed a#
U#e &"i# eC%e))icien& %) c%n&rac&i%n
U#e &"i# )%r'ula &% calcula&e Cc )%r eac" #e& %) re#ul.
T"e %$#er*a&i%n# re
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. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE
di#&ance xF $e&een &"e *ena c%n&rac&a %) &"e @e& and &"e needle. Al#% n%&e *er&ical
di#&ance yF $e&een &"e cen&re %) *ena c%n&rac&a and &"e cen&re %) @e& $el% &"e
needle. !%r &"e %ri)ice+ l%ca&i%n %) &"e *ena c%n&rac&a )r%' &"e edge )%r &"e #'all
%ri)ice can $e &a,en a# 0. dia'e&er %) &"e %ri)ice.
PECAUTION:
• C"ec, &"a& air i# n%& &ra((ed in &"e (ie%'e&ric &u$e "ile &a,ing reading.
• En#ure a&er le*el i# c%n#&an& in &"e #u((ly &an, $e)%re &a,ing any reading )%r
c%n#&an& "ead 'e&"%d.
POCEDUE =IN:TUCTIONAL MODE>
De&er'ina&i%n %) Cd+ C* and Cc u#ing c%n#&an& "ead 'e&"%d.. !i& &"e #"ar( edged circular %ri)ice9'%u&"(iece %) de#ired #ie &% &"e %(ening
in &"e #ide all %) &"e inle& &an,+ near i $%&&%'.
4. Turn &"e (u'( %n and ad@u#& &"e )l% ra&e u#ing regula&ing *al*e #% &"a& &"e
inle& &an, i# )illed &% &"e "eig"& %) &"e %*er)l% (i(e and #&eady di#c"arge i#
%$&ained.
3. Mea#ure &"e "ead HF u#ing &"e (ie%'e&ric &u$e )i-ed &% &"e inle& &an,.
. Once &"e @e& i# #&eady+ u#e #&%(a&c" )%r 'ea#uring di#c"arge. Mean"ile'ea#ure &"e xF and yF di#&ance#. yF 'ay $e 'ea#ured )r%' cen&re %) &"e
#&eady @e %r 'ay $e 'ea#ured rela&i*ely $y ,ee(ing %))#e& )r%' cen&re.
. Mea#ure &"e di#c"arge $y *%lu'e&ric 'e&"%d.
A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e Ta$ula&i%n .+ c%'(u&e &"e nece##ary *alue#.
POCEDUE =2ri&e d%n y%ur %n (r%cedure in (re#en&a&i%n '%de>
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. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE
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D
H
0.D
y
P%in&
Vena c%n&rac&a 6
P%in& 4
P%in& P
C%n#&an& Head a&er #u((ly
!ig . E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r de&er'ina&i%n %) c%e))icien %) %ri)ice
O*er)l% Pi(e
Inle&
. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC /
C%llec&ing Tan,
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. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE
APH;
eading# %$#er*ed during &"e can#&an& "ead e-(eri'en ere u#ed in &"i# gra(".
. &" + ac& *#. √ h are dran &a,ing √ h %n x 6a-i# and &" + ac& %n y J a-i#.
4. Cd *#. ac& i# dran &a,ing ac& %n x 6a-i# and Cd %n y J a-i#.
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
. Did y%u %$#er*e di#&ance a& "ic" &"e *ena c%n&rac&a %ccurred during &"e
e-(eri'en& 2"a& i# &"e rela&i%n#"i( $e&een Cd + Cc and C*.
4. Can y%u u#e &"e #a'e )%r'ula+ i) y%u )i& a *ery large dia'e&er %) &"e %ri)ice
3. 2ri&e &"e e
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. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . =>
4. !LO2 THOUH NOTCHE:
EG.NO; DATE;
*. FLO) THROUGH NOTCHES
OB8ECTIVE:;
T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien %) di#c"arge %) &"e rec&angular+ &riangular and
&ra(e%idal n%&c"e#.
APPAATU: EUIED;
Hydraulic $enc"
N%&c"e# J ec&angular+ &riangular+ &ra(e%idal #"a(e.
H%%, and (%in& gaugeCali$ra&ed c%llec&ing &an,
:&%( a&c"
THEO?;
A n%&c" i# a #"ar(6edged de*ice u#ed )%r &"e 'ea#ure'en& %) di#c"arge in )ree #ur)ace
)l%#. A n%&c" can $e %) di))eren& #"a(e# J rec&angular+ &riangular+ &ra(e%idal e&c. A
&riangular n%&c" i# (ar&icularly #ui&ed )%r 'ea#ure'en& %) #'all di#c"arge#. T"e
di#c"arge %*er a n%&c" 'ainly de(end# %n &"e "ead H+ rela&i*e &% &"e cre#& %) &"e
n%&c"+ 'ea#ured u(#&rea' a& a di#&ance a$%u& 3 &% &i'e# H )r%' &"e cre#&. eneral
)%r'ula can $e %$&ained )%r a #y''e&rical &ra(e%idal n%&c" "ic" i# a c%'$ined
#"a(e %) rec&angular and &riangular n%&c"e#. By a((lying &"e Bern%ulli E.
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4. !LO2 THOUH NOTCHE:
I) ac& ac&ual di#c"arge i# ,n%n &"en c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge Cd %) &"e n%&c" can $e
e-(re##ed a#
Cd ac&9&".
DE:CIPTION
In %(en c"annel "ydraulic#+ eir# are c%''%nly u#ed &% ei&"er regula&e %r &% 'ea#ure
&"e *%lu'e&ric )l% ra&e. T"ey are %) (ar&icular u#e in large #cale #i&ua&i%n# #uc" a#
irriga&i%n #c"e'e#+ canal# and ri*er#. !%r #'all #cale a((lica&i%n#+ eir# are %)&en
re)erred &% a# n%&c"e# and in*aria$ly are #"ar( edged and 'anu)ac&ured )r%' &"in
(la&e 'a&erial. 2a&er en&er# &"e #&illing $a))le# "ic" cal'# &"e )l%. T"en+ &"e )l%
(a##e# in&% &"e c"annel and )l%# %*er a #"ar(6edged n%&c" #e& a& &"e %&"er end %) &"e
c"annel. 2a&er c%'e# %) &"e c"annel in &"e )%r' %) a na((e i# &"en direc&ed in&% &"e
cali$ra&ed c%llec&i%n &an,. T"e *%lu'e&ric )l% ra&e i# 'ea#ured $y rec%rding &"e &i'e
&a,en &% c%llec& a ,n%n *%lu'e %) a&er in &"e &an,.
A *er&ical "%%, and (%in& gauge+ '%un&ed %*er &"e c"annel i# u#ed &% 'ea#ure &"e
"ead %) &"e )l% a$%*e &"e cre#& %) &"e n%&c" a# #"%n in !ig. 4.. H%%, gauge can $e
'%*ed *er&ically &% 'ea#ure *er&ical '%*e'en.
!OMULAE U:ED;
A> ECTANULA NOTCH
C%e))icien& %) di#c"arge
th
act d
Q
QC =
B> TIANULA NOTCH
C%e))icien& %) di#c"arge
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4. !LO2 THOUH NOTCHE:
th
act d
Q
QC =
C> TAPEQOIDAL NOTCH
C%e))icien& %) di#c"arge
th
act d
Q
QC =
PECAUTION:
• En#ure and read ini&ial a&er le*el reading @u#& a$%*e &"e cre#&.
POCEDUE =IN:TUCTIONAL MODE>
Pre(ara&i%n )%r e-(eri'en&;
. In#er& &"e gi*en n%&c" in&% &"e "ydraulic $enc" and )i& &ig"&ly $y u#ing $%l in%rder &% (re*en& lea,age.
4. O(en &"e a&er #u((ly and all% a&er &ill %*er )l%# %*er &"e n%&c". :&%(
a&er #u((ly+ le& e-ce## a&er drain &"r%ug" n%&c" and n%&e &"e ini&ial reading
%) &"e a&er le*el h$Fu#ing &"e "%%, and (%in& gauge. Le& a&er drain )r%'
c%llec&ing &an, and #"u& &"e *al*e %) c%llec&ing &an, a)&er e'(&ying &"e
c%llec&ing &an,.
E-(eri'en& #&e(#;3. A)&er ini&ial (re(ara&i%n+ %(en regula&ing *al*e &% increa#e &"e )l% and
'ain&ain a&er le*el %*er n%&c". 2ai& un&il )l% i# #&eady.
. M%*e "%%, and (%in& gauge *er&ically and 'ea#ure &"e curren& a&er le*el "F
&% )ind &"e a&er "ead HF a$%*e &"e cre#& %) &"e n%&c".
. N%&e &"e (ie%'e&ric reading 0F in &"e c%llec&ing &an, "ile #i&c" %n &"e
#&%(a&c".
/. ec%rd &"e &i'e &a,en TF and &"e (ie%'e&ric reading F in &"e c%llec&ing&an, a)&er all%ing #u))icien& a&er
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4. !LO2 THOUH NOTCHE:
. e(ea& #&e( 3 &% #&e( / $y u#ing di))eren& )l% ra&e %) a&er+ "ic" can $e
d%ne $y ad@u#&ing &"e a&er #u((ly. Mea#ure and rec%rd &"e H+ &"e &i'e and
(ie%'e&ric reading in &"e c%llec&ing &an, un&il #e %) da&a "a*e $een &a,en.
I) c%llec&ing &an, i# )ull+ @u#& e'(&y i& $e)%re &"e #&e( n% 3.
5. T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r &"e %&"er n%&c"+ re(ea& )r%' #&e(
.
A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e Ta$ula&i%n 4. and Ta$ula&i%n 4.4+ c%'(u&e &"e
nece##ary *alue#.
POCEDUE =2ri&e d%n y%ur %n (r%cedure in (re#en&a&i%n '%de>
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 4
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Cr8(( S!c'98& ;9!< 8= >9==!r!&' &8'c?!(
!ig 4. L%ngi&udinal #ec&i%n %) E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r n%&c"e#
4. !LO2 THOUH NOTCHE:
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 3
dh
h
H
Cre#& %) 2eir
2ier Pla&e
%
Cre#& %) 2eir
2ier Pla&e
%
d
h H
Cre#& %) 2eir
2ier Pla&e
dh
h
H
ec&angular N%&c" 0 Triangular N%&c" B0 Tra(e%idal N%&c"
H
C%llec&ing Tan,
uiding r%dH%%, and P%in& gauge
Na((e
:&illing
$a))le#
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4. !LO2 THOUH NOTCHE:
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J I Da&e ;_______________
A> !%r ec&angular n%&c"
N%&c" id&" BF 0.5' Ini&ial reading %) "%%, and (%in& gauge h0
Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0.50' - 0.50' 0./ '4
Ta$ula&i%n 4. J De&er'ina&i%n %) Cd %) rec&angular n%&c".
N%. Theoretical Discharge easurement Actual Discharge easurement Cd
"='>
H='>
T"e%re&ical Di#c"arge+ 2a&er i#e inC%llec&ing
Tan, ='>
Ti'eTa,en
TF =#ec>
V%lu'e %)a&er
c%llec&ed
='3>c&
Di#c"arge+ 7ac& 7c'7'?
4
3
/
ec&angular n%&c" ; A*erage Value %) Cd ....
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4. !LO2 THOUH NOTCHE:
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: 6 III Da&e ; _______________
!%r Tra(e%idal n%&c"
N%&c" B%&&%' 2id&" BF 0.4 ' N%&c" angle F 45R
Ini&ial reading %) "%%, and (%in& gauge h0 Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0.50' - 0.50' 0./ '4
Ta$ula&i%n 4.3 J De&er'ina&i%n %) Cd %) &ra(e%idal n%&c".
N%. Theoretical Discharge easurement Actual Discharge easurement Cd
"='>
H='>
T"e%re&ical Di#c"arge+ 2a&er i#e inC%llec&ing
Tan, ='>
Ti'eTa,en
TF =#ec>
V%lu'e %)a&er
c%llec&ed
='3>c&
Di#c"arge+ 7ac& 7c'7'?
4
3
/
Tra(e%idal n%&c"; A*erage Value %) Cd ....
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC /
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4. !LO2 THOUH NOTCHE:
APH;
6 Cd *er#u# ac& cur*e# are dran &a,ing ac& %n x 6a-i# and Cd %n y J a-i# in &"e
#a'e gra(" )%r all &"e n%&c"e#.
46 ac& *er#u# H cur*e# are dran &a,ing H %n x 6a-i# and ac& %n y J a-i# in &"e
#a'e gra(" )%r all &"e n%&c"e#.
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
• Di#cu## a##u'(&i%n# %) &"e &"e%ry and (%##i$le e-(eri'en&al err%r#.
• 2"a& are &"e (ur(%#e# %) n%&c" and eir# and "ere d% y%u u#e &"e' in &"e
(rac&ical li)e.
• C%'(are &"e (er)%r'ance %) &"e V6n%&c" eir i&" &"a& %) &"e rec&angular
eir.
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3. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE METE
EG.NO; DATE;
3. FLO) THROUGH ORIFICE METER
OB8ECTIVE:;
• T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge C d )%r &"e &% di))eren& %ri)ice
'e&er#.
APPAATU: EUIED;
Pi(e line #e&u( i&" %ri)ice'e&er# including )l% c%n&r%l de*ice#.
C%llec&ing &an,
:&%( a&c"
THEO?;
Ori)ice 'e&er %r,# $a#ed %n &"e Bern%ulliF# (rinci(le &"a& $y reducing &"e cr%##6
#ec&i%nal area %) &"e )l% (a##age+ a (re##ure di))erence i# crea&ed $e&een &"e inle&
and &"r%a& and &"e 'ea#ure'en& %) &"e (re##ure ena$le# &"e de&er'ina&i%n %) &"e
di#c"arge &"r%ug" &"e (i(e. C%n#ider a cr%## #ec&i%n $e)%re &"e %ri)ice &"r%a& a#
#ec&i%n => and a cr%## #ec&i%n a& &"e %ri)ice &"r%a& a# #ec&i%n =4>.
A##u'ing &"e )l% &% inc%'(re##i$le and in*i#cid $e&een &"e #ec&i%n => and &"e
:ec&i%n =4>+ &"e c%n&inui&y e
and #ec&i%n =4>
and Bern%ulliF# e
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3. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE METE
.
A
4
4
A
4
4
−
=
A
A
g A (
A and A4 are area %) cr%## #ec&i%n %) &"e (i(e and area %) &"e &"r%a& re#(ec&i*ely.
H "' - = ρ
ρ m6> ="' i# di))eren&ial le*el %) 'an%'e&er )luid 'ea#ured in 'e&er#>
ac& Ac&ual di#c"arge 'ea#ured )r%' *%lu'e&ric &ec"ni
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3. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE METE
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 43
!ig . Ori)ice 'e&er# and Ven&uri 'e&er &e#& #e&u( =MCET9BME9!M9E900/ #e&u(>
U6Tu$e 'an%'e&er
Ori)ice 'e&er
Inle& dia 0''
T"r%a& dia 4''
In)l% )r%'+
(u'(
Pie%'e&ric
Tu$e K :cale
C%llec&ing Tan,
:ie 0./'-0./'
Ori)ice 'e&er
Inle& dia 4''
T"r%a& dia ''
Ori)ice 'e&er
Inle& dia0''
T"r%a& dia 4''
Ven&uri 'e&er
Inle& dia 0''
T"r%a& dia 4''
Ori)ice 'e&er
Inle& dia 4''
T"r%a& dia ''
"'
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3. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE METE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J I Da&e ;_______________
C> !%r %ri)ice 'e&er N%. ;
Dia'e&er %) %) inle& (i(e dF 0.0 ' Area %) inle& AF '4
Dia'e&er %) %) &"r%a& d4F 0.04' Area %) inle& A4F '4
Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./0' - 0./0' 0.3/ '4 1
Den#i&y %) &"e 'an%'e&er li
H
='>
>A=S − ρ
ρ m
mh
T"e%re&ical Di#c"arge+
H ( Qth =
Ti'e
T
=#ec>
2a&er ri#e in
C%llec&ing Tan,
='>
V%lu'e
c%llec&ed ='3>
Ac& S
Di#c"arge+ 7ac&th
act
d Q
QC =
4
3
/
A*erage *alue %) Cd )%r %ri)ice N%. .
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3. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE METE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J II Da&e ;_______________
!%r %ri)ice 'e&er N%. 4;
Dia'e&er %) %) inle& (i(e dF 0.04 ' Area %) inle& AF '4
Dia'e&er %) %) &"r%a& d4F 0.0 ' Area %) inle& A4F '4
Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./0' - 0./0' 0.3/ '4 1
Den#i&y %) &"e 'an%'e&er li
H
='>
>A=S − ρ
ρ m
mh
T"e%re&ical Di#c"arge+
H ( Qth =
Ti'e
T
=#ec>
2a&er ri#e in
C%llec&ing Tan,
='>
V%lu'e
c%llec&ed ='3>
Ac& S
Di#c"arge+ 7ac&th
act
d Q
QC =
4
3
/
A*erage *alue %) Cd )%r %ri)ice N%. 4.
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 4
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3. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE METE
APH;
6 ac& *#. H are dran in &"e #a'e gra(" )%r 4 %ri)ice 'e&er# &a,ing H %n x 6a-i#
and ac& %n y J a-i#.
46 Cd *er#u# ac& cur*e# are dran &a,ing ac& %n x 6a-i# and Cd %n y J a-i# in &"e
#a'e gra(" )%r $%&" &"e %ri)ice 'e&er#.
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
. Di#cu## a##u'(&i%n# %) &"e &"e%ry and #%urce %) err%r#.
4. 2"a& i# &"e (ur(%#e %) )inding Cd %) %ri)ice
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 4/
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. IMPACT O! 8ET ON PLATE:
EG.NO; DATE;
,. IMPACT OF ET ON PLATES
OB8ECTIVE:;
T% e-(eri'en&ally de&er'ine &"e )%rce re. A)&er #&ri,ing &"e
(la&e a##u'ing &"e (la&e i# #'%%&"+ @e& lea*e# &"e (la&e i&" a *el%ci&y e
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. IMPACT O! 8ET ON PLATE:
A> ON THE NOMAL PLATE.
2"en (la&e i# "eld n%r'al &% &"e *er&ically e'erging @e& i&" a *el%ci&y *F+ !%rce ! yF
i# e. =*60> a*4
2"ic" i# al#% can $e ri&&en a# * %r
B> ON THE INCLINED PLATE.
2"en (la&e i# "eld inclined a& W &% &"e *er&ically e'erging @e& i&" a *el%ci&y *F a#
#"%n in )ig. . =$>+ )%rce !nF "ic" i# n%r'al &% &"e (la&e i# e-er&ed %n &"e (la&e $y&"e @e&.
By a((lying &"e i'(ul#e6'%'en&u' (rinci(le in &"e direc&i%n n%r'al &% &"e )la& (la&e
:%+ !n =. a. *>. =*.#in 60> a*4 #in
T"i# n%r'al )%rce can $e re#%l*ed in&% &% c%'(%nen
! y !n #in a*4 #in4 %r
! x !n c%# a*4 #in c%# %r
DE:CIPTION
T"e a((ara&u# c%n#i# %) rec&angular ca#ing )a$rica&ed i&" &ran#(aren& (le-igla## %n
#ide# &% #ee ac&i%n %) *er&ical @e& c%'ing )r%' &"e n%le a& &"e $%&&%' %) &"e ca#ing.
2a&er di#c"arged )r%' a n%le #&ri,e# a &arge& &"a& i# a&&ac"ed &% a le*er "ic" carrie#
a eig"&. T"e le*er i# #u((%r&ed a& )ulcru'. Balancing eig"& i# a&&ac"ed a& %ne end %)
&"e le*er )%r le*eling &"e le*er. On &"e %&"er end+ eig" can $e (laced &% 'ea#ure &"e)%rce e-er&ed $y &"e @e& %ne &"e (la&e "ic" 'ay $e "eld (er(endicular %r inclined &%
&"e @e&. I'(inged a&er )all# d%n i&"in &"e ca#ing and i''edia&ely )l%# &% &"e
c%llec&ing &an,.
!OMULAE U:ED;
A> THEOETICAL !OCE ON THE NOMAL PLATE.
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 45
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. IMPACT O! 8ET ON PLATE:
B> THEOETICAL !OCE ON THE INCLINED PLATE.
PECAUTION:
• Ma,e #ure &"e )ulcru' and &"e le*er '%*e'en& i# )ric&i%n )ree.
• En#ure &"e de#ired angle $e&een @e& and &"e (la&e.
POCEDUE;
6 Mea#ure &"e di#&ance -aF)r%' )ulcru' and &arge& lin, and &"e di#&ance - $F)r%'&arge& lin, &% &"e l%ading (%in& %n &"e le*er.
46 A&&ac" &"e (la&e a& &"e &arge& (%in& a& &"e de#ired inclina&i%n &% &"e direc&i%n %) @e&.
36 e'%*e all eig"& and le*el &"e le*er u#ing &"e $alancing eig"&.
6 A&&ac" &"e de#ired 'a## 'F and rec%rd i&.
6 O(en regula&ing *al*e and increa#e &"e )l% &ill &"e le*er i# le*eled $y &"e @e&.
2ai& un&il )l% i# #&eady.
/6 A)&er a&er le*el in &"e c%llec&ing &an, reac"e# '%re &"an 30c' in &"e (ie%'e&ricreading+ #i&c" %n &"e #&%(a&c". T"i# (recau&i%nary 'ea#ure i# &% a*%id
)luc&ua&i%n in ini&ial reading.
6 ec%rd &"e &i'e &a,en TF )%r ri#e in a&er le*el F in &"e c%llec&ing &an, a)&er
all%ing #u))icien& a&er
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. IMPACT O! 8ET ON PLATE:
POCEDUE =2ri&e d%n y%ur %n (r%cedure in (re#en&a&i%n '%de>
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 30
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! x
! y !
n
)
*
!ig. 3.=$> I'(ac& %) 8e& %n inclined (la&e
94 94
! y =
!n
d8e&
70W
!ig. .=a> I'(ac& %) 8e& %n n%r'al (la&e
d
8e&
!ig . E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r i'(ac& %) @e&
8e&
2eig"&
!ulcru'
Balancing
2eig"&
. IMPACT O! 8ET ON PLATE:
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 3
C%llec&ing Tan,
"c&
xb xa
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. IMPACT O! 8ET ON PLATE:
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J I Da&e ;_______________
D> !%r n%r'al (la&e
Dia'e&er %) n%le dF Area %) @e& aF '4 Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, 0.' - 0.' 0.4 '4
Ga ' G $ '
Den#i&y %) &"e li
i#e in a&er
le*el in
C%llec&ing
Tan, ='>
V%lu'e ='3> Di#c"arge+ 7
4
3
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 34
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. IMPACT O! 8ET ON PLATE:
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: 6 II Da&e ;_______________
!%r inclined (la&e
Dia'e&er %) n%le dF Area %) @e& aF '4
Dia'e&er %) n%le dF Area %) @e& aF '4 Angle $e&een (la&e and @e& W
Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, 0.' - 0.' 0.4 '4 Ga ' G $ '
Ta$ula&i%n .4 J !%r inclined (la&e.
N%.
+x'erimental ,orce Actual Discharge easurement T"e%re&ical !%rce YErr%r 00S=!6! y>9!Ma## m
=,g>
! Ti'e
T
=#ec>
i#e in a&er
le*el in
C%llec&ing
Tan, F ='>
V%lu'e ='3> Di#c"arge+ 7
4
3
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 33
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. IMPACT O! 8ET ON PLATE:
APH;
A>. !%r n%r'al (la&e;
6 E-(eri'en&al !%rce ! *er#u# and T"e%re&ical )%rce !y *er#u# are dran in
&"e #a'e gra(" )%r &"e #e& %) *alue#.
B>. !%r inclined (la&e;
46 E-(eri'en&al )%rce ! *er#u# and T"e%re&ical )%rce !y *er#u# are dran in
&"e #a'e gra(" )%r &"e #e& %) *alue#.
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
. 2"a& i# &"e rela&i%n#"i( $e&een )%rce and *%lu'e&ric )l% ra&e
4. Di#cu## a##u'(&i%n# %) &"e &"e%ry and (%##i$le e-(eri'en&al err%r#.
3. 2"en (la&e i# &%% )r%' &"e @e& "a& )ac&%r=#> #"%ud $e c%n#idered in &"e
)%r'ula&i%n
. 2"ere &"i# #&udy can $e a((lied in (rac&ical u#e
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 3
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. !ICTION =MA8O> LO::E: IN PIPE:
EG.NO; DATE;
/. FRICTION 0MAOR1 LOSSES IN PIPES
OB8ECTIVE:;
• T% 'ea#ure &"e )ric&i%n )ac&%r )%r )l% &"r%ug" di))eren& dia'e&er %) (i(e#
%*er a ide range %) eyn%ld# nu'$er =La'inar+ &ran#i&i%nal and &ur$ulen&
)l%#> and c%'(are i&" &"e c%rre#(%nding &"e%re&ical *alue
APPAATU: EUIED;
Z!l% l%##e# in (i(e#[ a((ara&u# i&" )l% c%n&r%l de*ice and 'an%'e&er.
C%llec&ing &an,
:&%( a&c"
THEO?;
Vari%u# )luid# are &ran#(%r&ed &"r%ug" (i(e#. 2"en &"e )luid# )l% &"r%ug" (i(e#+
energy l%##e# %ccur due &% *ari%u# rea#%n#. Pred%'inan& l%## i# due &% &"e (i(e
r%ug"ne##. T% (r%*ide ade
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. !ICTION =MA8O> LO::E: IN PIPE:
en%ug" 'ercury &% read &"e di))eren&ial "ead "'F. 2a&er i# c%lle&ed in &"e c%llec&ing
&an, )%r arri*ing ac&ual di#c"arge u#ing #&%( a&c" and &"e (ie%'e&ric le*el a&&ac"ed
&% &"e c%llec&ing &an,.
!OMULAE U:ED;
>. Darcy c%e))icien& %) )ric&i%n =!ric&i%n )ac&%r> 4..4
-V
h D g f
f =
"ere f Darcy c%e))icien& %) )ric&i%n+
g gra*i&y due &% accelera&i%n.
D Dia'e&er %) &"e (i(e+
h f "' - = ρ
ρ m6> ="' i# di))eren&ial le*el %) 'an%'e&er )luid 'ea#ured in
'e&er#>
L Leng&" %) (i(e $e&een &"e #ec&i%n# u#ed )%r 'ea#uring l%## %) "ead+
ac& Ac&ual di#c"arge 'ea#ured )r%' *%lu'e&ric &ec"ni. eyn%ld# nu'$er µ
ρ DV D
..e A =
"ere \ i# &"e c%e))icien& %) dyana'ic *i#c%#i&y %) )l%ing )luid.
Vi#c%#i&y %) a&er a& di))eren& &e'(era&ure# i# li#&ed $el% =e); i,i(edia.%rg>.
T!%$!r'@r! C 0 40 4 30 0 0 /0 0
9(c8(9'y \ P( ] 0^ 3.05 0.03 5.70 .75 /.3 . .//5 .0
PECAUTION:
• :ince &"e a((ara&u# i# 'ade )%r c%nduc&ing 'any e-(eri'en+ 'a,e #ure %nly
re
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. !ICTION =MA8O> LO::E: IN PIPE:
3. :&ar& &"e (u'( and ad@u#& &"e c%n&r%l *al*e @u#& en%ug" &% 'a,e )ully
de*el%(ed )l% =(i(e )ull )l%> $u& la'inar )l%. 2ai& )%r #%'e&i'e #% &"a&
)l% i# #&a$ilied.
. Mea#ure &"e (re##ure di))erence "'F acr%## &"e %ri)ice 'e&er.. A)&er a&er le*el in &"e c%llec&ing &an, reac"e# '%re &"an 30c' in &"e
(ie%'e&ric reading+ #i&c" %n &"e #&%(a&c". T"i# (recau&i%nary 'ea#ure i# &%
a*%id )luc&ua&i%n in ini&ial reading.
/. ec%rd &"e &i'e &a,en TF )%r ri#e in a&er le*el F in &"e c%llec&ing &an, a)&er
all%ing #u))icien& a&er
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 3
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. !ICTION =MA8O> LO::E: IN PIPE:
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 35
!ig /. E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r )inding )ric&i%n l%##e# =MCET9BME9!M9E900/ #e&u(>
U6Tu$e 'an%'e&er
"'
C%llec&ing Tan,
Pie%'e&ric
Tu$e K :cale
40'' &% 0''
Enlarge'en&
0'' &% 40''
C%n&rac&i%n
40'' (i(e + 4'
$e&een (re##ure
&a((ing#
4'' (i(e + 4'
$e&een (re##ure
&a((ing#
In)l% )r%'+
(u'(
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. !ICTION =MA8O> LO::E: IN PIPE:
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J II Da&e ;_______________
B> !%r (i(e N%. 4;
Dia'e&er %) (i(e DF 0.00 ' Area %) Pi(e AF '4 Leng&" %) Pi(e LF 4.0'
Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./0'- 0./0' 0.3/ '4 C%e))icien& %) dyna'ic *i#c%#i&y \ a& WC .7- 06 Pa.#.
Den#i&y %) &"e 'an%'e&er li
Ti'e
T
=#ec>
i#e %) a&er
le*el in
C%llec&ing
Tan, ='>
V%lu'e
='3>
Ac&S
Di#c"arge+
7ac&
Vel%ci&y V
ac&9A
h f
='>
>A=S − ρ
ρ mmh
4
..4
-V
h D g f
f = µ
ρ VD
4
3
/
5
7
0
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 0
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. !ICTION =MA8O> LO::E: IN PIPE:
APH;
6 =:EMI6LO ra("> !ric&i%n )ac&%r f *#. eyn%ld# nu'$er e are dran in &"e
#a'e gra(" )%r 4 (i(e# &a,ing e %n x 6a-i# and f %n y J a-i# =M%%dy diagra'>.
La'inar+ &ran#i&i%n+ &ur$ulen& %ne are iden&i)ied %n &"e gra(" and #a'e "a*e $een
'ar,ed %n &"e gra(".
46 Head l%## h f *#. Vel%ci&y V are (l%&&ed in &"e #a'e gra(" )%r $%&" &"e (i(e#.
From the previous graph, velocities are identified and marked
corresponding to zones.
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
. C%''en& %n &"e i'(%r&ance %) eyn%ld# nu'$er.
4. 2"ile )l% i# la'inar in &"i# e-(eri'en&+ "ic" 'ea#ure 'u#& $e &a,en a&
'%#& accuracy
3. 2"ere %uld d% y%u a((ly &"e )inding# %) &"i# e-(eri'en&
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/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE
EG.NO; DATE;
2. PELTON )HEEL TURBINE
OB8ECTIVE:;
T% #&udy &"e %(era&i%n %) Pel&%n "eel &ur$ine and &% 'ea#ure &"e (%er
%u&(u& %) a Pel&%n 2"eel &ur$ine.
T% %$&ain &"e (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# =Ou&(u&+ e))iciency *aria&i%n i&"
#(eed> )%r di))eren& %(ening# %) &"e n%le a& a c%n#&an& #(eed.
APPAATU: EUIED;
Pel&%n "eel uni& in#ide a ca#ing i&" a &ran#(aren& ind%+ #u((ly (u'(+
*en&uri 'e&er i&" (re##ure gauge+ &ac"%'e&er+ (re##ure gauge a& &"e inle& &% &"e
&ur$ine+ r%(e $ra,e dru' i&" #(ring $alance c%nnec&ed &% &"e &ur$ine.
THEO?;
T"e Pel&%n &ur$ine u#ed in &"i# e-(eri'en& i# an i'(ul#e &ur$ine. T"e &%&al dr%( in
(re##ure %) &"e )luid &a,e# (lace in #&a&i%nary n%le#. A (r%(%r&i%n %) &"e ,ine&ic
energy %) a "ig" *el%ci&y @e& i# c%n*er&ed in&% 'ec"anical %r, deli*ered &% &"e #"a)&.
T"e )luid &ran#)er# i '%'en&u' &% $uc,e '%un&ed %n &"e circu')erence %) a
"eel. Pel&%n 2"eel i# u#ed in "ydr%elec&ric #c"e'e "en &"e "ead a*aila$le e-ceed#
a$%u& 300'. T"e &ur$ine i# #u((lied i&" a&er under "ig" "ead &"r%ug" a l%ng
c%ndui& called 'enstoc . T"e a&er i# &"en accelera&ed &"r%ug" a n%le and di#c"arge
a& "ig"6#(eed )ree @e& a& a&'%#("eric (re##ure+ "ic" &"en i'(inge# &"e ca#cade %)
i'(ul#e $uc,e. T"e i'(ac& &"u# (r%duced cau#e# &"e runner &% r%&a&e and "ence
(r%duce# &"e 'ec"anical (%er a& &"e #"a)&.
DE:CIPTION
:c"e'a&ic %) &"e Pel&%n &ur$ine e-(eri'en&al #e&u( i# #"%n in !igure 5.. T"e Pel&%n
&ur$ine c%n#i# %) &"ree $a#ic c%'(%nen+ a #&a&i%nary inle& n%le+ a runner and a
ca#ing. T"e runner c%n#i# %) 'ul&i(le $uc,e '%un&ed %n a r%&a&ing "eel. T"e @e&
#&ri,e# &"e $uc,e and i'(ar '%'en&u'. T"e $uc,e are #"a(ed 'anner &% di*ide
&"e )l% in "al) and &urn i rela&i*e *el%ci&y *ec&%r nearly 50W. N%le i# c%n&r%lled
$y &"e #(ear *al*e a&&ac"ed. A (re##ure gauge i# a&&ac"ed &% &"e a&er (i(e en&ering &"e
&ur$ine )%r reading &"e a*aila$le a&er "ead. T"e di#c"arge &% &"e #e&u( i# #u((lied $y
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 3
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/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE
a (u'( and di#c"arge i# calcula&ed )r%' reading %) (re##ure gauge &"a& i# a&&ac"ed &%
&"e *en&uri 'e&er. P%er i# 'ea#ured )r%' &"e &ur$ine u#ing r%(e $ra,e arrange'en&
i&" #(ring $alance #y#&e'.
!OMULAE U:ED;
A##u'ing &"a& &"e #(eed %) &"e e-i&ing @e& i# er% =all %) &"e ,ine&ic energy %) &"e @e& i#
e-(ended in dri*ing &"e $uc,e>+ negligi$le "ead l%## a& &"e n%le and a& &"e i'(ac&
i&" &"e $uc,e =a##u'ing &"a& &"e en&ire a*aila$le "ead i# c%n*er&ed in&% @e& *el%ci&y>
>. P%er A*aila$le &% &"e &ur$ine Pin'ut .g..H
"ere
i# &"e den#i&y %) a&er+
g i# &"e accelera&i%n due &% gra*i&y+
can $e calcula&ed u#ing *enuri'e&er (re##ure reading a#;
.
A
A0>=4
4
A
4
4A4
−
⋅−⋅=
A
A
' ' g AQth
%r >= 4A ' ' ( Qact −=
"ere Ven&uri 'e&er c%n#&an& .A
40
4
A
4
4
−
⋅
=
A
A
g AC
(
d
+
Cd i# &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge *en&uri 'e&er
(+ (4 are (re##ure reading# a& &"e inle& and &"e &"r%a& %) *en&uri 'e&er
re#(ec&i*ely
H i# &"e a*aila$le "ead "ic" can $e c%'(u&ed )r%' &"e Pi .
H 0 S Pi. =in '>+ i) Pi i# 'ea#ured in ,g9c'4.
By a((lying &"e angular '%'en&u' e+
2 i# &"e 'a## in ,g.
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/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE
g i# &"e accelera&i%n due &% gra*i&y+ ='9#ec4>
r i# &"e radiu# %) &"e $ra,e dru' "al) &"ic,ne## %) r%(e.
N i# r(' %) &"e $ra,e dru' #"a)&.
PECAUTION:• En#ure all &"e gauge# read er% under n% l%ad+ n% )l% c%ndi&i%n#.
• All% &"e c%%ling a&er &% )l% al%ng &"e $ra,e dru' "en &"e &ur$ine run#
under l%ad.
• 1ee( &"e #(ear *al*e cl%#ed un&il &"e #u((ly (u'( de*el%(# nece##ary "ead.
• L%ad &"e &ur$ine gradually.
• Le& &"e #(eed %) &"e &ur$ine #&a$ilie a)&er eac" c"ange in &"e l%ad $e)%re
&a,ing &"e reading#.
• e'%*e &"e l%ad %n &"e $ra,e dru' $e)%re #i&c"ing %)) &"e #u((ly.
POCEDUE; =In#&ruc&i%nal '%de>
. N%&e &"e n%le dia'e&er+ (i(e dia'e&er+ *e&uri'e&er #(eci)ica&i%n#. Mea#ure
$ra,e dru' dia'e&er. e'%*e all &"e l%ad# )r%' &"e $ra,e dru'.
4. 1ee( &"e #(ear *al*e and inle& *al*e cl%#ed. :&ar& &"e (u'(.
3. Increa#e &"e n%le %(ening =incre'en& $y 4 > i&" &"e "el( %) #(ear *al*e.
. radually %(en &"e deli*ery *al*e &% %$&ain &"e de#ired "ead and le& &"e &ur$ine
run n% l%ad.
. N%&e &"e *en&uri 'e&er (re##ure gauge reading# P and P4 )%r 'ea#uring &"e
di#c"arge F.
/. N%&e &"e &ur$ine (re##ure gauge reading Pi.
. N%&e &"e #(ring $alance reading and 'ea#ure &"e #"a)& #(eed =N> u#ing
Tac"%'e&er.
5. Increa#e &"e eig"& %n $ra,e dru' and n%&e &"e #(ring $alance reading and
eig"& %n &"e dru' =: and 2>. Mea#ure &"e #(eed %) &"e #"a)& =N> u#ing
&ac"%'e&er.
7. e(ea& #&e( 5 )%r &%&al %) 0 &i'e#.
0. Cl%#e &"e c%n&r%l *al*e.
. e(ea& #&e(# 3 &% 0 )%r a& lea#& di))eren& n%le %(ening#.
4. !inally #"u&d%n &"e (%er and cl%#e all &"e *al*e#.
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/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE
A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e Ta$ula&i%n /. &% /5.+ c%'(u&e &"e nece##ary
*alue#.
POCEDUE =2ri&e d%n y%ur %n (r%cedure in (re#en&a&i%n '%de>
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC /
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/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J I Da&e ;_______________
Bra,e dru' radiu# r 0.4 ' %(e radiu# r4 0.00 ' r=rr4> 0.40 ' Ma## %) "anger M" 1g
Venuri'e&er c%n#&an d ' d4 ' Cd 0.75 A '4 A4 '
4 1
A> !%r 0.4Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e.
Ta$ula&i%n /. J !%r 0.4Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e
N% 2
=,g>
:
=,g>
:(eed
N=r('>
Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine
Pre##ure
H T%r
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/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J II Da&e ;_______________
B> !%r 0.0Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e.
Ta$ula&i%n /.4 J !%r 0.0Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e
N% 2
=,g>
:
=,g>
:(eed
N=r('>
Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine
Pre##ure
H T%r
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/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J III Da&e ;_______________
C> !%r 0.Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e.
Ta$ula&i%n /.3 J !%r 0.Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e
N% 2
=,g>
:
=,g>
:(eed
N=r('>
Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine
Pre##ure
H T%r
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/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J IV Da&e ;_______________
D> !%r )ull %(ening %) #(ear *al*e.
Ta$ula&i%n /. J !%r )ull %(ening %) #(ear *al*e
N% 2
=,g>
:
=,g>
:(eed
N=r('>
Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine
Pre##ure
H T%r
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/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE
APH;
6 Pl%&&ed uni& P%er Pu *#. uni& #(eed Nu &a,ing Nu %n x 6a-i# and uni& P%er Pu
%n y J a-i# )%r all ca#e# in &"e #a'e gra(" = cur*e#>
46 Pl%&&ed e))iciency b *#. uni& #(eed Nu &a,ing Nu %n x 6a-i# and b %n y J a-i# )%r
all &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra("= cur*e#>
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
. 2"y i# #(li&&er edge (r%*ided in &"e $uc,e
4. Can &"e nu'$er %) @e& '%re &"an %ne :&a&e &"e rea#%n.
3. i*e &"e rea#%n# )%r all &"e (%in 'en&i%ned in &"e a$%*e #ec&i%n
(recau&i%n#F. 2"a& "a((en# i) n%& )%ll%ed.
. 2"a& are &"e a##u'(&i%n# 'ade in &"i# e-(eri'en&
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 4
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. !LO2 THOUH VENTUI METE
EG.NO; DATE;
. FLO) THROUGH ENTURI METER
OB8ECTIVE:;
• T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge C d )%r &"e &% di))eren& *en&uri
'e&er#.
• T% #&udy &"e *aria&i%n %) c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge C d i&" eyn%ld# Nu'$er
APPAATU: EUIED;
Pi(e line #e&u( i&" a *en&uri 'e&er i&" )l% c%n&r%l de*ice.
C%llec&ing &an,
:&%( a&c"
THEO?;
Ven&uri 'e&er %r,# $a#ed %n &"e Bern%ulliF# (rinci(le &"a& $y reducing &"e cr%##6
#ec&i%nal area %) &"e )l% (a##age+ a (re##ure di))erence i# crea&ed $e&een &"e inle&
and &"r%a& and &"e 'ea#ure'en& %) &"e (re##ure ena$le# &"e de&er'ina&i%n %) &"e
di#c"arge &"r%ug" &"e (i(e. C%n#ider a cr%## #ec&i%n $e)%re &"e *en&uri &"r%a& a#
#ec&i%n => and a cr%## #ec&i%n a& &"e *en&uri &"r%a& a# #ec&i%n =4>.
A##u'ing &"e )l% &% inc%'(re##i$le and in*i#cid $e&een &"e #ec&i%n => and
&"e :ec&i%n =4>+ &"e c%n&inui&y e
and #ec&i%n =4>
and Bern%ulliF# e
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. !LO2 THOUH VENTUI METE
2"ere H "' S = ρ
ρ m6> ="' i# di))eren&ial le*el %) Hg in 'an%'e&er 'ea#ured in
'e&er#+ ' and are 'a## den#i&y %) 'an%'e&er )luid =u#ually 'ercury > and 'a##
den#i&y %) )l%ing )luid+ re#(ec&i*ely.>
!%r &"e ,n%n ac&ual )l% ra&e ac& + *en&uri 'e&er i# cali$ra&ed and i
C%e))icien& %) di#c"argeth
act d
Q
QC =
DE:CIPTION
A *en&uri 'e&er i# a de*ice u#ed )%r 'ea#uring &"e di#c"arge &"r%ug" &"e (i(e#.
A Ven&uri'e&er c%n#i# %);
> An inle& #ec&i%n )%ll%ed $y a c%n*ergen& c%ne.4> A cylindrical &"r%a&.
3> A gradually di*erging c%ne.
T"e inle& #ec&i%n %) &"e Ven&uri'e&er i# %) &"e #a'e dia'e&er a# &"a& %) &"e (i(e+ "ic"
i# )%ll%ed $y a c%n*ergen& c%ne. T"e c%n*ergen& c%ne i# a #"%r& (i(e+ "ic" &a(er#
)r%' &"e %riginal #ie %) &"e (i(e &% &"a& %) &"e &"r%a& %) &"e Ven&uri'e&er. T"e &"r%a&
%) &"e Ven&uri'e&er i# a #"%r& (arallel #ide &u$e "a*ing i cr%##6#ec&i%nal area #'aller
&"an &"a& %) &"e (i(e. T"e di*ergen& c%ne %) &"e Ven&uri'e&er i# gradually di*erging
(i(e i&" i cr%##6#ec&i%nal area increa#ing )r%' &"a& %) &"e &"r%a& &% &"e %riginal #ie
%) &"e (i(e. All &"e )l% 'e&er# need cali$ra&i%n a (ri%ri "ere a ,n%n
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. !LO2 THOUH VENTUI METE
.
A
4c%n#&an&'e&erVen&uri 2"ere
di#c"argeT"e%r&ical
4
A
4
4
−
=
=
A
A
g A (
H ( Qth
A and A4 are area %) cr%## #ec&i%n %) &"e (i(e and area %) &"e &"r%a& re#(ec&i*ely.
H "' - = ρ
ρ m6> ="' i# di))eren&ial le*el %) 'an%'e&er )luid 'ea#ured in 'e&er#>
ac& Ac&ual di#c"arge 'ea#ured )r%' *%lu'e&ric &ec"ni
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. !LO2 THOUH VENTUI METE
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC
In)l% )r%'+
(u'(
Ori)ice 'e&er
Inle& dia0''
T"r%a& dia 4''
!ig . Ori)ice 'e&er# and Ven&uri 'e&er &e#& #e&u( =MCET9BME9!M9E900/ #e&u(>
U6Tu$e 'an%'e&er
Ori)ice 'e&er
Inle& dia 0''
T"r%a& dia 4''Pie%'e&ric
Tu$e K :cale
C%llec&ing Tan,
:ie 0./'-0./'
Ori)ice 'e&er
Inle& dia 4''
T"r%a& dia ''
Ven&uri 'e&er
Inle& dia 0''
T"r%a& dia 4''
Ori)ice 'e&er
Inle& dia 4''
T"r%a& dia ''
"'
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. !LO2 THOUH VENTUI METE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J I Da&e ;_______________
E> !%r *en&uri 'e&er N%. ;
Dia'e&er %) inle& (i(e dF 0.0 ' Area %) inle& AF .4// -063 '4
Dia'e&er %) &"r%a& d4F 0.04 ' Area %) &"r%a& A4F .705-06 '4
Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./' - 0./' 0.3/ '4 dyna'ic *i#c%#i&y \ 0.00 Pa.#
Den#i&y %) &"e 'an%'e&er li
H
='>
>A=S>4= − ρ
ρ m
T"e%re&ical
Di#c"arge+
H ( Qth =
Ti'e
T
=#ec>
2a&er i#e in
C%llec&ing
Tan, + ='>
V%lu'e ='3>
Ac&S "c&
Di#c"arge+
7ac&=>9=>
7c'7'?
=5>9=>A..
.C
d
Qact
π µ
ρ
=> =4> =3> => => =/> => =5> =7> =0>
4
3
/
A*erage *alue %) Cd )%r *en&uri 'e&er N%. .
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 5
Hence+ Ven&uri 'e&er c%n#&an&
4
4
4
A
4
−
=
A
A
g A (
0.0043/4
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. !LO2 THOUH VENTUI METE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J II Da&e ;_______________
B> !%r *en&uri 'e&er N%. 4;
Dia'e&er %) inle& (i(e dF 0.04 ' Area %) inle& AF .437 -06 '4
Dia'e&er %) &"r%a& d4F 0.0 ' Area %) &"r%a& A4F ./-06 '4
Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./' - 0./' 0.3/ '4 dyna'ic *i#c%#i&y \ 0.00 Pa.#
Den#i&y %) &"e 'an%'e&er li
H
='>
>A=S>4= − ρ
ρ m
T"e%re&ical
Di#c"arge+
H ( Qth =
Ti'e
T
=#ec>
2a&er i#e in
C%llec&ing
Tan, + ='>
V%lu'e ='3>
Ac&S "c&
Di#c"arge+
7ac&=>9=>
7c'7'?
=5>9=>A..
.C
d
Qact
π µ
ρ
=> =4> =3> => => =/> => =5> =7> =0>
4
3
/
A*erage *alue %) Cd )%r *en&uri 'e&er N%. 4.
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 7
Hence+ Ven&uri 'e&er c%n#&an&
4
A
4
4
A
4
−
=
A
A
g A (
0.000503
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. !LO2 THOUH VENTUI METE
APH;
6 Cd *#. ac& are dran in &"e #a'e gra(" )%r $%&" &"e *en&uri 'e&er# &a,ing ac& %n
x 6a-i# and Cd %n y J a-i#.
46 ac& *#. H are dran in &"e #a'e gra(" )%r $%&" &"e *en&uri 'e&er# &a,ing H %n
x 6a-i# and ac& %n y J a-i#.
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
. "a& i# &"e *en&uri 'e&er (rinci(le.
4. 2"a& i# y%ur c%nclu#i%n "en y%u c%'(are &"i# re#ul i&" &"%#e %) %ri)ice
'e&er
3. A& "a& #i&ua&i%n d% y%u rec%''end %ri)ice 'e&er %*er *en&uri 'e&er. 2"y
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC /0
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5. MINO LO::E: IN PIPE:
EG.NO; DATE;
4. MINOR LOSSES IN PIPES
OB8ECTIVE:;
• T% 'ea#ure &"e "ead l%## due &% di))eren& (i(e )i&&ing# a& di))eren& )l% ra&e#
and &% de&er'ine &"e l%## c%e))icien& )%r #udden enlarge'en& and #udden
c%n&rac&i%n %) (i(e )i&&ing.
APPAATU: EUIED;
Z!l% l%##e# in (i(e#[ a((ara&u# i&" )l% c%n&r%l de*ice and 'an%'e&er.
C%llec&ing &an,
:&%( a&c"
THEO?;
Vari%u# )luid# are &ran#(%r&ed &"r%ug" (i(e#. 2"en &"e )luid# )l% &"r%ug" (i(e#+
energy l%##e# %ccur due &% *ari%u# rea#%n#. Pred%'inan& l%## i# due &% &"e (i(e
r%ug"ne##. Al#% &"e addi&i%nal c%'(%nen li,e inle&+ %u&le& $end# *al*e# and e&c. add
&% &"e %*erall "ead l%## %) &"e #y#&e'. T% (r%*ide ade
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5. MINO LO::E: IN PIPE:
=5.4>E T"e "ead l%## due &% #udden c%n&rac&i%n
E-(re##i%n )%r "ead l%## due &% &"e #udden enlarge'en& i# a((lica$le )%r &"e #udden
c%n&rac&i%n c%ndi&i%n. In &"i# ca#e l%## i# )r%' &"e *ena c%n&rac&a #ec&i%n &% &"e %u&le&
#ec&i%n =c%n&rac&ed #ec&i%n>.
:%+( )
44
4
4
4 AA
44
−=
−=
c
c
cC g
V
g
V V h "ere Cc i# c%e))icien& %) c%n&rac&i%n.
2"en
4
AA
−=
c
cC
. + &"en
g
V . h cc
4
4
4=
H%e*er+ u#ing &"e 'ea#ured &"e (re##ure "ead di))erence H+ Bern%ulliF# eE
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5. MINO LO::E: IN PIPE:
POCEDUE =2ri&e d%n y%ur %n (r%cedure in (re#en&a&i%n '%de>
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5. MINO LO::E: IN PIPE:
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC //
!ig /. E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r )inding )ric&i%n l%##e# =MCET9BME9!M9E900/ #e&u(>
U6Tu$e 'an%'e&er
"'
C%llec&ing Tan,
Pie%'e&ric
Tu$e K :cale
40'' &% 0''
Enlarge'en&
0'' &% 40''
C%n&rac&i%n
40'' (i(e + 4'
$e&een (re##ure
&a((ing#
4'' (i(e + 4'
$e&een (re##ure
&a((ing#
In)l% )r%'+
(u'(
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5. MINO LO::E: IN PIPE:
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J I Da&e ;_______________
C> !%r #udden Enlarge'en&;
Dia'e&er %) inle& dF 0.04 ' Area %) inle& AF 3./-06 '4
Dia'e&er %) %u&le& d4F 0.0 ' Area %) %u&le& A4F .4//-063 '4 Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./ ' - 0./ ' 0.3/ '
4
Den#i&y %) &"e 'an%'e&er li
"'='>
V%lu'e
c%lelc&ed
='3>
Di#c"arge
7ac&
V V4 eh
( )
g
V V
4
4
4A −
H
='>
"'S >A= − ρ
ρ m
4
4
4
4
A H g
V V he −
−=
4
3
/ TOTALA*erage l%## c%e))icien& )%r &"e gi*en enlarge'en& 1 e ..
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC /
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5. MINO LO::E: IN PIPE:
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J II Da&e ;_______________
D> !%r #udden c%n&rac&i%n;
Dia'e&er %) inle& dF 0.0 ' Area %) inle& AF .4//-063 '4
Dia'e&er %) %u&nle& d4F 0.04 ' Area %) %u&le& A4F 3./-06 '4 Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./ ' - 0./ ' 0.3/ '
4
Den#i&y %) &"e 'an%'e&er li
"'='>
V%lu'e
c%lelc&ed
='3>
Di#c"arge
7ac&
V V4 ch
g
.V
4
4
4
H
"'S >A= − ρ
ρ m
='>
4
4
4
4
A H g
V V he +
−=
4
3
/
TOTALA*erage l%## c%e))icien& )%r &"e gi*en #udden c%n&rac&i%n 1 c ..
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5. MINO LO::E: IN PIPE:
APH;
> Head l%## he *#. Ac&ual di#c"arge ac& )%r #udden enlarge'en&+ 4>Head l%## hc *#.
Ac&ual di#c"arge ac& )%r #udden c%n&rac&i%n are (l%&&ed in &"e #a'e gra(". Ac&ual
Di#c"arge ac& i# 'ar,ed %n &"e -6a-i#.
4> L%## c%e))icien& 1 e *#. Ac&ual di#c"arge ac& )%r #udden enlarge'en&+ 4> L%##
c%e))icien& 1 c *#. Ac&ual di#c"arge ac& )%r #udden c%n&rac&i%n are (l%&&ed in &"e
#a'e gra(". Ac&ual Di#c"arge ac& i# 'ar,ed %n &"e -6a-i#.
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
. i) &"e #a'e &e#& #ec&i%n i# u#ed )%r #udden enlarge'en& and #udden c%n&rac&i%n+
in "ic" ca#e "ead l%## %uld $e '%re
4. 2"a& are $a#ic e
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5. MINO LO::E: IN PIPE:
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7. 1APLAN TUBINE
EG.NO; DATE;
+. 5APLAN TURBINE
OB8ECTIVE:;
T% #&udy &"e %(era&i%n %) 1a(lan &ur$ine and &% 'ea#ure &"e (%er %u&(u& %) a
1a(lan &ur$ine.
T% %$&ain &"e (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic#
APPAATU: EUIED;
1a(lan &ur$ine uni&
2a&er #u((ly (u'(
Ven&uri 'e&er i&" (re##ure gauge#
Tac"%'e&er
Pre##ure gauge a& &"e inle& &% &"e &ur$ine
Bra,e dru' i&" #(ring $alance and l%ading #e&u(.
THEO?;
Hydraulic Tur$ine# are 'ac"ine# "ic" c%n*er& Hydr% energy &% 'ec"anical energy.
1a(lan Tur$ine i# an a-ial )l% reac&i%n &ur$ine i&" ad@u#&a$le *ane#. T"i# &ur$ine i#
#ui&a$le "ere large
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7. 1APLAN TUBINE
DE:CIPTION
:c"e'a&ic %) &"e 1a(lan &ur$ine e-(eri'en&al #e&u( i# #"%n in !igure 4.. The
a((ara&u# c%n#i# %) a ca#ing i&" a runner. uide *ane# #i&ua&ed in#ide &"e ca#ing
direc &"e a&er &% &"e unner. Pr%*i#i%n "a# $een 'ade #uc" &"a& &"e runner $lade#
can $e ad@u#&ed de(ending %n &"e l%ading c%ndi&i%n. T"e a&er e-i &"r%ug" an el$%
&y(e "%ri%n&al dra)& &u$e (laced in &"e c%llec&ing &an,. Tran#(aren& ind% i#
(r%*ided %n &"e ca#ing )%r a clear *ie %) &"e runner $lade# and i )unc&i%ning.
Pre##ure &a((ing# a& a((r%(ria&e (%#i&i%n# are (r%*ided &% 'ea#ure deli*ery and
*acuu' "ead. An e-&en#i%n #"a)& i&" "%u#ing i# (r%*ided )%r c%nnec&ing &"e %&%r &%
&"e l%ading arrange'en&. T"e #e&u( include# a cen&ri)ugal (u'( %) re=4C
4A
4
4 g ' 'd
( C Q d −= π
"ere Cd i# &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge *en&uri 'e&er
C
A
4A
A
−
=
d
d (
d+ d4 are inner dia'e&er# %) &"e *en&uri inle& and &"e &"r%a&
re#(ec&i*ely
(+ (4 are (re##ure reading# a& &"e inle& and &"e &"r%a& %) *en&uri
'e&er re#(ec&i*ely
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7. 1APLAN TUBINE
5. N%&e &"e #(ring $alance reading and eig"& =: and 2> and 'ea#ure &"e #"a)&
#(eed =N>.
7. Ta,e 5 reading# %) NF+ in &"e all%a$le range %) #(eed $y *arying &"e l%ad =:
and 2> %n &"e $ra,e dru'.0. e(ea& #&e(# 3 &% 7 )%r %&"er r%&%r (%#i&i%n =)%r )ull %(ening angle>.
. !%r 'ain c"arac&eri#&ic cur*e#+ c%n#&an& "ead i# &% $e 'ain&ained. :% &"e 'ain
*al*e "a# &% $e ad@u#&ed &% ,ee( &"e &%&al "ead c%n#&an& "en *ary &"e l%ad#.
A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e Ta$ula&i%n 7. &% 7.4+ c%'(u&e &"e nece##ary
*alue#.
POCEDUE =2ri&e d%n y%ur %n (r%cedure in (re#en&a&i%n '%de>
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7. 1APLAN TUBINE
MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC
1a(lan Tur$ine &e#& rig
P
P4
1a(lan Tur$ine 6 De&ail#
!ig 7. E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r 1a(lan Tur$ine
=:c"e'a&ic Diagra' J A cl%#ed circui&>
Pu'(
Val*e
Ven&uri
'e&er
:
:(ring
$alance
Bra,e Dru'
T% Tac"%'e&er
eading
2eig"&+ 2
1a(lan
Tur$ine
Pi
P*
P4
P
"
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7. 1APLAN TUBINE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J I Da&e ;_______________
Den#i&y %) a&er 000 ,g9'3
Bra,e dru' radiu# r 0. ' %(e radiu# r4 0.00 ' r=rr4> 0.0 ' Ma## %) "anger M" 1g
Venuri'e&er c%n#&an Cd 0.75 d0. ' d4 0.0/ ' 1 .04
A> !%r )ull ga&e %(ening 6 Ta$ula&i%n 7.
N% 2
=,g>
:
=,g>
:(eed
N=r('>
Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine Pre##ure H T%r
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7. 1APLAN TUBINE
B> !%r "al) ga&e %(ening 6 Ta$ula&i%n 7.4
N% 2
=,g>
:
=,g>
:(eed
N=r('>
Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine Pre##ure H T%r
Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine Pre##ure H T%r
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1APLAN TUBINE
APH;
6 Pl%&&ed uni& P%er Pu *#. uni& #(eed Nu &a,ing Nu %n x 6a-i# and uni& P%er Pu
%n y J a-i# )%r $%&" &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra(" =4 cur*e#
46 Pl%&&ed e))iciency b *#. uni& #(eed Nu &a,ing Nu %n x 6a-i# and b %n y J a-i# )%r
$%&" &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra("=4 cur*e#>
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
. 2"a& i# &"e di))erence $e&een (el&%n "eel &ur$ine and 1a(lan &ur$ine
4. Di))eren&ia&e &"e reac&i%n+ (r%(eller+ a-ial )l%+ radial )l% &ur$ine#.
3. 2"a& i# dra)& &u$e 2"y i# i& u#ed
. 2"a& are &"e a##u'(&i%n# 'ade in &"i# e-(eri'en&
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0. !ANCI: TUBINE
EG.NO; DATE;
"6. FRANCIS TURBINE
OB8ECTIVE:;
T% #&udy &"e %(era&i%n %) !ranci# &ur$ine and &% 'ea#ure &"e (%er %u&(u& %) a
!ranci# &ur$ine.
T% %$&ain &"e (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic cur*e#.
APPAATU: EUIED;
!ranci# &ur$ine uni&
2a&er #u((ly (u'(
Ven&uri 'e&er i&" (re##ure gauge#
Tac"%'e&er
Pre##ure gauge a& &"e inle& &% &"e &ur$ine
Bra,e dru' i&" #(ring $alance and l%ading #e&u(.
THEO?;
Hydraulic Tur$ine# are 'ac"ine# "ic" c%n*er& "ydr% energy &% 'ec"anical energy.
!ranci# Tur$ine i# a radial )l% reac&i%n &ur$ine i&" ad@u#&a$le guiding *ane#.
!ranci# &ur$ine# are u#ed )%r 'ediu' "ead# and 'ediu' )l% ra&e#. 2a&er i#
deli*ered in&% a *%lu&e ca#ing "ic" c%'(le&ely #urr%und# &"e runner and i# under
(re##ure a# ell a# *el%ci&y. T"e a&er i# guided &"r%ug" $%&" )i-ed and ad@u#&a$le
*ane# in &"e ca#ing and glide# %n&% &"e runner $lade# a& an angle. T"e a&er &"en &urn#
in &"e runner &% e-i& (arallel i&" &"e a-i# %) r%&a&i%n. !inally &"e a&er )r%' &"e
runner i# di#c"arged in&% &"e dra)& &u$e.
T"e )l% &"r%ug" &"e (i(e i# 'ea#ured i&" &"e *en&uri 'e&er )i&&ed in &"e (i(e line.
T% (re##ure gauge# are (r%*ided &% 'ea#ure &"e (re##ure di))erence $e&een inle&
and &"r%a& %) &"e *en&uri 'e&er. T"e ne& (re##ure di))erence acr%## &"e &ur$ine inle& and
e-i& i# 'ea#ured i&" a (re##ure gauge and a *acuu' gauge. T"e#e reading# are
#u))icien& &% calcula&e &"e P%er a*aila$le &% &"e &ur$ine. T"e &ur$ine %u&(u& i#
de&er'ined i&" &"e $ra,e dru' #e&u( and &ac"%'e&er.
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0. !ANCI: TUBINE
H i# &"e a*aila$le "ead "ic" can $e c%'(u&ed )r%' &"e (re##ure a& inle& %) &"e
&ur$ine Pi and *acuu' gauge reading P* .
H 0 S Pi =P*9/0> . =in '>+ i) Pi i# 'ea#ured in ,g9c'4 and P* i# in ''
%) Hg.4>. T"e (%er de*el%(ed $y &"e &ur$ine %n &"e #"a)& %) $ra,e dru' can $e ri&&en a#;
/0
4..>.=.
/ r g 0 1 T 2 hout'ut
π ω −+==
"ere
T i# &"e &%r+
` i# &"e r%&a&i%nal #(eed %) &"e r%&%r =#"a)&>+
2 i# &"e 'a## in ,g.
g i# &"e accelera&i%n due &% gra*i&y+ ='9#ec4>
r i# &"e radiu# %) &"e $ra,e dru' "al) &"ic,ne## %) r%(e.
N i# r(' %) &"e $ra,e dru' #"a)&.
PECAUTION:
• En#ure all &"e gauge# read er% under n% l%ad+ n% )l% c%ndi&i%n#.
• All% &"e c%%ling a&er &% )l% al%ng &"e $ra,e dru' "en &"e &ur$ine run#
under l%ad.
• L%ad &"e &ur$ine gradually.
• Le& &"e #(eed %) &"e &ur$ine #&a$ilie a)&er eac" c"ange in &"e l%ad $e)%re
&a,ing &"e reading#.
• e'%*e &"e l%ad %n &"e $ra,e dru' $e)%re #i&c"ing %)) &"e #u((ly.
POCEDUE;
. N%&e &"e *en&uri 'e&er #(eci)ica&i%n#. Mea#ure $ra,e dru' dia'e&er and &"er%(e dia'e&er.
4. 1ee( &"e guiding *ane a& #ui&a$le angle.
3. Cl%#e &"e deli*ery *al*e and #&ar& &"e (u'(.
. radually %(en &"e deli*ery *al*e #% &"a& &"e &ur$ine r%&%r (ic,# u( &"e #(eed
&% &"e 'a-i'u'.
. L%ad &"e &ur$ine $y adding eig" %n &"e $ra,e dru' eig"& "anger.
/. N%&e &"e *en&uri 'e&er (re##ure gauge reading# (F and (4F )%r 'ea#uring &"edi#c"arge F.
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0. !ANCI: TUBINE
. N%&e &"e &ur$ine inle& (re##ure gauge reading Pi and *acuu' gauge reading P*.
5. N%&e &"e #(ring $alance reading and eig"& =: and 2> and 'ea#ure &"e #"a)&
#(eed =N>.
7. Ta,e 5 reading# %) NF+ in &"e all%a$le range %) #(eed $y *arying &"e l%ad =:and 2> %n &"e $ra,e dru'.
0. e(ea& #&e(# 3 &% 7 )%r %&"er r%&%r (%#i&i%n =)%r )ull %(ening angle>.
. !%r 'ain c"arac&eri#&ic cur*e#+ c%n#&an& "ead i# &% $e 'ain&ained. :% &"e 'ain
*al*e "a# &% $e ad@u#&ed &% ,ee( &"e &%&al "ead c%n#&an& "en *ary &"e l%ad#.
A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e re#(ec&i*e &a$le# and c%'(u&e &"e nece##ary
*alue#.
POCEDUE =2ri&e d%n y%ur %n (r%cedure in (re#en&a&i%n '%de>
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0. !ANCI: TUBINE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J I Da&e ;_______________
Den#i&y %) a&er 000 ,g9'3
Bra,e dru' radiu# r 0. ' %(e radiu# r4 0.00 ' r=rr4> 0. ' Ma## %) "anger M" 1g
Venuri'e&er c%n#&an Cd 0.75 d 0. ' d4 0.0/ ' 1 .04
A> !%r "al) %(ened guide $lade (%#i&i%n. ; Ta$ula&i%n 0.
N% 2
=,g>
:
=,g>
:(eed
N=r('>
Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine Pre##ure H T%r
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0. !ANCI: TUBINE
OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J II Da&e ;_______________
B> !%r )ully %(ened guide $lade (%#i&i%n ; Ta$ula&i%n 0.4
N% 2
=,g>
:
=,g>
:(eed
N=r('>
Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine Pre##ure H T%r
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APH;
6 Pl%&&ed uni& P%er Pu *#. uni& #(eed Nu &a,ing Nu %n x 6a-i# and uni& P%er Pu
%n y J a-i# )%r $%&" &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra(" =4 cur*e#
46 Pl%&&ed e))iciency b *#. uni& #(eed Nu &a,ing Nu %n x 6a-i# and b %n y J a-i# )%r
$%&" &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra("=4 cur*e#>
E:ULT: AND COMMENT:
PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:
T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.
UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION
. 2"a& i# &"e di))erence $e&een !ranci# &ur$ine and 1a(lan &ur$ine
4. Di))eren&ia&e &"e reac&i%n+ (r%(eller+ a-ial )l%+ radial )l% &ur$ine#.
3. 2"a& i# dra)& &u$e 2"y i# i& u#ed
. 2"a& are &"e a##u'(&i%n# 'ade in &"i# e-(eri'en&
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. PE!OMANCE TE:T ON CENTI!UAL PUMP
EG.NO; DATE;
"". PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
OB8ECTIVE:;
T% #&udy &"e %(era&i%n %) cen&ri)ugal (u'( and &% %$&ain &"e (er)%r'ance
c"arac&eri#&ic cur*e#.
APPAATU: EUIED;
Cen&ri)ugal (u'( i&" (re##ure gauge and *acuu' gauge #e&u(.
:&%( 2a&c"
C%llec&ing &an,
:cale
Tac"%'e&er
Energy 'e&er
THEO?;
A cen&ri)ugal (u'( i# a r%&%dyna'ic (u'( &"a& u#e# a r%&a&ing i'(eller &% increa#e &"e
(re##ure %) a )luid. T"e (u'( %r,# $y &"e c%n*er#i%n %) &"e r%&a&i%nal ,ine&ic energy+
&y(ically )r%' an elec&ric '%&%r %r &ur$ine+ &% an increa#ed #&a&ic )luid (re##ure. T"i#
ac&i%n i# de#cri$ed $y Bern%ulli# (rinci(le. T"e r%&a&i%n %) &"e (u'( i'(eller i'(ar
,ine&ic energy &% &"e )luid a# i& i# dran in )r%' &"e i'(eller eye and i# )%rced
%u&ard &"r%ug" &"e i'(eller *ane# &% &"e (eri("ery. A# &"e )luid e-i &"e i'(eller+
&"e )luid ,ine&ic energy i# &"en c%n*er&ed &% (re##ure due &% &"e c"ange in area &"e
)luid e-(erience# in &"e *%lu&e #ec&i%n. T"e energy c%n*er#i%n+ re#ul in an increa#ed
(re##ure %n &"e deli*ery #ide %) &"e (u'(+ cau#e# &"e )l%.
DE:CIPTION
T"e &e#& (u'( i# a #ingle #&age cen&ri)ugal (u'(. I& i# c%u(led i&" an elec&ric '%&%r
$y 'ean# c%ne (ulley $el& dri*e #y#&e'. An energy 'e&er i# (er'anen&ly c%nnec&ed &%
'ea#ure &"e energy c%n#u'ed $y &"e elec&ric '%&%r )%r dri*ing &"e (u'(. A #&%(
a&c" i# (r%*ided &% 'ea#ure &"e in(u& (%er &% &"e (u'(. A (re##ure gauge and a
*acuu' gauge are )i&&ed i& &"e deli*ery and #uc&i%n (i(e#+ re#(ec&i*ely+ &% 'ea#ure &"e
(re##ure.
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!OMULAE U:ED;
> TOTAL HEAD h '
' H vd ++= >
H/0
=A0 '
2"ere (d i# &"e (re##ure gauge reading a& deli*ery #ec&i%n in ,g9c'4
(* i# &"e *acuu' gauge reading a& #uc&i%n #ec&i%n in '' %) Hg
" i# &"e *er&ical di#&ance $e&een &"e *acuu' gauge and (re##ure
gauge.
4> Di#c"arge C
ct
T
3 A
Ta.enTime
collected Volume ×=
'39#
2"ere Ac& i# c%llec&ing &an, area
i# &"e "eig"& %) a&er ri#e in &"e c%llec&ing &an,
Tc i# &"e &i'e &a,en
3> P%er %u&(u& %) &"e (u'( gQH 2 4 ρ = N.'9# %r 2a&&
> P%er in(u& &% &"e '%&%r
T /
/
e
3
×
×× 3A03/00 N.'9# %r 2a&&
2"ere Ne i# &"e energy 'e&er c%n#&an& ie. Ne re*%lu&i%n )%r 12".
T i# &"e &i'e in #ec )%r N re*%lu&i%n in energy 'e&er
> P%er in(u& &% &"e (u'( 7.05.0A03/00 3
×××
××=
T /
/ 2
e
3 5 N.'9# %r 2a&&
2"ere Ne i# &"e energy 'e&er c%n#&an& ie. Ne re*%lu&i%n )%r 12".
T i# &"e &i'e in #ec )%r N re*%lu&i%n in energy 'e&er
0.5 and 0.7 are a##u'ed *alue# )%r &"e e))iciency %) &"e '%&%r and &"e
$el& &ran#'i##i%n e))iciency+ re#(ec&i*ely
/> Y E))iciency A00×= 5
4
2
2 η
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PECAUTION:
• En#ure er% reading in (re##ure gauge and *acuu' gauge $e)%re #&ar&ing &"e
e-(eri'en&
POCEDUE;
o N%&e &"e c%llec&ing &an, 'ea#ure'en+ energy 'e&er c%n#&an& Ne and *er&ical
di#&ance "F )r%' &"e *acuu' gauge and (re##ure gauge.
o 1ee( &"e deli*ery *al*e )ully cl%#ed and #uc&i%n *al*e )ully %(en+ a)&er ini&ially
(ri'ing &"e (u'(.
o :&ar& &"e '%&%r
o Ad@u#& &"e ga&e *alue )%r a re
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MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 70
C%llec&ing Tan,
Pie%'e&ric
Tu$e K :cale
2345
400 e*9,2"De(& %) CIVILEngg+MCET
P%llac"iJ /4003
In)l% )r%' #u'(
&"r%ug" )%%& *al*e
Vacuu' Pre##ure
gauge =:uc&i%n>
Pri'ing (i(e
C%n&r%l Val*e
Pre##ure gauge
=Deli*ery>
Cen&ri)ugal
(u'(
Elec&ric '%&%r
Pulley #y#&e' )%r ad@u#&ing
r(' %) (u'(
Ad@u#&'en&
'ec"ani#'
Ba#e (la&e
2a&er le*el
Energy 'e&er
Deli*ery (i(e
:uc&i%n
Pi(e
"
In#ide (u'(
!ig. . Cen&ri)ugal (u'( &e#& rig
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. PE!OMANCE TE:T ON CENTI!UAL PUMP