MCB 3020 -Glossary of Terms

8/19/2019 MCB 3020 -Glossary of Terms

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Glossary of terms for MCB 2000

Acid Fastproperty of certain bacteria which renders the stained organism resistantto depolarization by subsequent treatment with acid. Mycobacteria areoften acid-fast because of the waxes and lipids in their cell walls.

Activatedmacrophages

macrophages that have been stimulated by cytokines to become moremetabolically and phagocytically active and to have enhanced ability to

kill a broad range of ingested organismsAdhesin

microbial surface component that binds to receptors on a host celladjuvant

a compound, usually complex, that enhances the immunogenicity of animmunogen. Most adjuvants work by creating a depot of the immunogenonce injected, slowly releasing the immunogen to induce an immuneresponse over time.

aerobean organism that uses oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor

aerosolsuspension of particles in airborne water droplets smaller particles !" #$um in diameter% not only remain suspended in the air for longer, but aremore likely to reach sites in the respiratory tract where they can initiatean infection

Agglutination



clumping of particulate antigens mediated by antibody which has boundto the surface of the particles

AI!

a progressive debilitating disease, usually fatal, resulting fromdysfunctioning of the human immune system due to infection with thehuman immunodeficiency virus &'(.

alveolarmacrophage

non activated macrophage associated with alveolus. !)yn* dust cell%alveolus

terminal air sac in the lungAminoglycoside

a family of antibiotics that binds to the +$) component of ribosomes andprevents assembly of the ribosome and m- examples/streptomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin

anaerobean organism that uses a substance other than oxygen as its term0inalelectron acceptor

Anamnesticliterally, an absence of a lack of memory in other words * memory. 1sedin the context of a secondary immune response in which the latentperiod is shortened and the resulting maximum titre of antibody is higher

than that observed in a primary immune response. 'g2 antibodies arecharacteristic of a secondary anamnestic immune response.

antibioticmicrobially derived, low molecular weight chemicals that inhibit or killother organisms.

antibodies'mmunoglobulins complex protein molecules synthesized by 3 cells thatare able to bind the antigen which induced their synthesis. ntibodies are



of five distinct isotypes, each of which has distinct biological roles to playin the immune response. ntibody molecules are composed of twoheavy chains !&4% and two light chains !54% which are covalently joined

by inter chain disulphide bonds. &ere are a couple of images of antibodymolecules, one structural !on the left% and one schematic !on the right%.

antiserumserum that contains antibodies against a specific antigen.

antigena chemical entity !ie protein, carbohydrate% that binds to !reacts with%antibodies.

Antigenpresentingcells "A#C$

host cells !macrophages, dendritic cells, 3 cells, endothelial cells% thatpresent M&4 bound antigens on their surfaces

artificialimmunity



immunity to a disease6organism induced by vaccination, i.e. not as aresult of exposure to the agent..

Asymptoma

ticdisplaying no symptoms of the disease in question

attenuateliterally, to reduce in size, force, weight or, for our purposes, viability. 7heprocess of attenuation, as applied to, for example, human viruses, is toculture them in animal cells for long periods of time du ring whichmutation6selection result in the appearance of virus which has a reducedor no ability to grow in human cells. )uch viruses can be used aseffective vaccines, provided they retain their original immunogenicity.

avidity

the strength of a non covalent molecular interaction at the wholemolecule level. vidity is determ0ined by individual molecule 6 moleculeinteractions as well as by the number of binding sites available on eachmolecule. 8or example, pentameric 'gM has a higher avidity for antigenthan does monomeric 'gM, even though both may have the same affinityfor its antigen.

B cellswhite blood cells that produce antibodies.

Bactericidalreferring to killing of bacteria

bacteriophage

virus that infects bacterium. 3acteriophages exhibit host specificity,which, in turn can be used to 0type0 bacteria

Bacteriostatic

referring to inhibition !rather than killing% of bacteriaBCG



3acille 4almette 2uerin. )train of Mycobacterium attenuated bycultivation until virulence was lost. 't is the basis for a protective vaccineagainst tuberculosis

Binaryfission

the process of non mitotic cell division that occurs in prokaryotesbiotype

subtype of an organism distinguished by a specific biochemical property!e.g. toxin production%

Blood brainbarrier

7he cellular barrier between circulating blood and brain tissue. 7he tight junctions between endothelial cells prevent entry of many substances

into the central nervous systembotulism

disease characterized by flaccid paralysis, induced by neurtoxin of4lostridium botulinum.

C%blarger peptide product of action of 4+ convertase on 4+. 4+b servesboth as an opsonin and as a focus for continuation of the complementpathway.

C%convertase

4+b3b, a protein complex that converts 4+ into 4+a and 4+bC&apeptidase

protease that destroys the chemo attractant 49cAM#

important molecule that functions as a regulator of many intracellularfunctions in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

capsid



a hollow structure of viruses that is composed of subunits of capsidproteins !capsomeres%. :ithin the capsid, the viral genome is found andtogether the capsid and genome are called the nucleocapsid.

capsuleouter covering of bacteria, often consisting of polymers of sugars and6orsugar acids

carrierhost that harbors pathogen but does not suffer from the disease.

C '(receptor

eceptor on mononuclear phagocytes that binds to 5;)-5;)-bindingcomplex

Cellulitis

inflammation of connective tissuescell )all

external cover that confers rigidity, shape, and antigenicity to bacteriaand yeasts

Cerebrospinal fluid "C!F$

the fluid bathing the brain and m<nagescestode

a tapeworm all cestodes are parasitic all possess both female and malereproductive systems in a single individual rarely cause significant

disease as adults larvae of non human cestodes acquired accidently arecapable of causing serious disease and death.

chemota*ismovement of a cell in response to a concentration gradient

Chemotherapy

treatment of disease != disease, including a microbial infection,cancer etc.% with chemical compound!s%



chic+enpo*disease caused by varicella zoster.

Chlamydia

obligate intracellular bacteria. )ome species cause parrot fever otherscause infections of the female reproductive tract.

Chloramphenicol

an antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis. 't interferes with theformation of the peptide bond in the growing protein

choleradiarrhoeal disease induced by a toxin from (ibrio cholerae.

ciliahair like surface structures of some eukaryotic cells that beat

rhythmically to move mucus over surfaces or to confer motility on somesingle celled organisms !or protozoa%.

Ccluster of differentiation. !7he term0 cluster refers to the group ofmonoclonal antibodies used to identify receptors on lymphocytes%

C(receptor on helper 7 cells

C,eceptor on suppressor and cytotoxic 7 cells

Classical

path)ay ofcomplementactivation

pathway that is activated when antigen-antibody complexes bind to 4#Clonale*pansion

proliferation of antigen specific lymphocytes cells derived from a singlecell



Colonystimulatingfactor

a protein that stimulates proliferation of bone marrow stem cellscolostrum

clear, antibody containing fluid secreted by mammary glands afterparturition.

commensalism

association between host and microbe which confers neither advantagenor disadvantage to the host.

complementa system of structural and regulatory proteins found in plasma. 7hese

proteins enhance the function and recruitment of phagocytes and causelysis of certain bacteria, phagocytes, or sensitized cells.

Alternative#ath)ayofComplementActivation

the complement pathway stimulated by interaction between 4+b and themicrobial surface !see classical complement pathway%

Conjugation

formation of a bridge between two microbes and the subsequent transfer of bacteria from one to the othercrossreactivity

reaction between an antigen and an antibody that was produced inresponse to a different antigen

Cuticle



a thick, non living exterior covering ofa nematode. 't functions as anexoskeleton, giving shape and form to

the worm. 't also presents a formidablebarrier to the effector cells andmolecules of the immune system.

Cysticfibrosis

an autosomal recessively inherited disease caused by defect in chloridesecretion. 7he disease is characterized by the production of thick mucusin the lungs

cyto+inesignalling proteins produced in response to stimuli.

Cytoto*icreferring to the killing of a cell

Cytoto*ic -cells

are 7 cells capable of killing other cells. Most cytotoxic 7 cells carry the4>? antigen on their surface. 7hey react with host cells bearing foreignantigens appearing on the surface of infected cells

diarrheaincreased frequency and fluidity of stool

dysentery

a type of diarrhea in which the stool contains blood and pus./I!A@nzyme linked immunosorbent assay. 7his assay uses antibodies todetect antigens in samples. n enzyme is cross linked to the antibody. ddition of an appropriate substrate leads to formation of a colouredproduct that looks like the image here.

.l -or



biotype of (ibrio cholerae that produces less toxin than the classicalbiotype, but colonizes the host for a longer time

endemic

the state of a disease such that the numbers of casesreported annuallyis constant and not increasing.

.ndosporeheat resistant spore located within a bacterial cell

endoto*inlipopolysaccharide.

envelopea folded paper pocket used to contain material for sending byconventional mail no, seriously here weAre referring to the presence of alipid bilayer forming the surface of certain viruses which is derived from

plasma membrane or internal membranes of the host cell.epitope

a region on an antigen which can be bound by antibodies or by theantigen specific 7 cell receptor.

epidemicthe state of a disease such that the numbers of cases reported annuallyis increasing rapidly in a population within a defined geographical area.

erysipelasinfection of dermis and dermal lymphatic tissues with S. pyogenes

.rythromyci

n an antibiotic that interferes with several aspects of protein synthesis..u+aryote

cell which possesses a membrane bound nucleus !examples plant,animal, fungal, and protozoan cells% !)ee prokaryote%.

e*oto*inhost damaging protein secreted by bacteria.



e*tracellular pathogens

live outside of cells.

facultativehaving the ability to exist in a particular environment, e.g. intracellularlyor anaerobically !)ee obligate%

fasciitisinflammation of the fascia

Febrilecharacterized by elevated body temperature or fever

fibronectinprotein found in plasma and on cell surfaces. 8ibronectin binds to 2rampositive cocci and promotes their engulfment by macrophages.

flagellumhelical rod on the surface of bacteria that rotate and promote motility

Fluorouinoline

an antimicrobial agent that interferes with > gyrasefomites

inanimate objects transmitting infectious agents.gangrene

death of tissues associated with decreased blood supply, bacterialinvasion, and tissue breakdown.

GA! 2roup Streptococcus pyogenes glycosome

n organelle found B5= in parasitic protozoa of the familyTrypanosomatidae . 7he glycosome contains almost all the enzymesinvolved in the glycolytic biosynthetic pathway - unlike in highereukaryotes in which these enzymes are found free and soluble in thecytoplasm.



Gnotobioticanimals that are germfree or which have specified normal flora

gram

negativea prokaryote whose cell wall contains an outer membrane containinglipopolysaccharide relatively little peptidoglycan is present

grampositive

a prokaryote whose cell wall consists largely of peptidoglycan an outermembrane is absent

Gram1sstain

a differential staining procedure

haemorrhagic

any disease condition in which there is systemic hemolysis antigen

flagellinelminth

a worm belonging to the nematodes, cestodes or trematodes hemolysin

protein that lyses erythrocytes by causing pore formation in themembrane

hemolytic any molecule that is able to cause red blood cells to lyse !includeshemolysin%

umanImmuno3deficiency4irus



the retrovirus that has been directly identified as a causative agent of '>).

host

an organism which harbors, i.e. is infected by, another.hyaluronicacid

mucopolysaccharide in extracellular substance also present in capsuleof S. pyogenes

hyaluronidase

enzyme that degrades hyaluronic acidiatrogenicdisease

illness induced by a medical procedureicosahedron

a three dimensional geometric shape that has C$ faces. Many viruseshave the icoshedron as their basic structural unit !it is actually the capsidwhich is icosahedral%.

immunity5acuired

immunity that adapts after exposure to antigen characterized by 7 cellsand macrophages.

immunity5

active a measurable immune response arising from contact of the host immunesystem with antigen.

immunity5adaptive

see acquired immunity.immunity5artificial



immunity induced by vaccine or administration of antibodies fromanother individual.

immunity5

cellularimmunity conferred by antigen specific 7 cells and macrophages.

immunity5humoral

immunity characterized by antibodies.Immunity5innate

immunity conferred by molecules or cells which are present from birth!secretions, complement, phagocytes%

Immunity5

natural immunity occurring without medical interventionImmunity5passive

immunity conferred by antibodies !or cells% made by another animalwhich has undergone an immune response

immunoglobulins

antibodies.impetigo

infection of the epidermis by ). ureus or Streptococcus pyogenes Infectiousdose "I$&0

the dose of a pathogen necessary to infect 9$D of a test population !)ee5>9$%

Inflammation



6och1spostulates

set of postulates needed to prove that a particular organism causes a

particular disease6uppfercells

mononuclear phagocytes lining sinusoids of the liver.lactobacilli

normal residents of the vagina that are able to metabolize glycogen,generating lactic acid which produces an acid p&. 7his environment ishostile to some pathogenic yeasts.

lactoferrinan iron binding protein present in secretions and in specific granules of

neutrophils./atencyperiod of inactivity, in reference to infectious disease may refer to theperiod from the time of infection to the time symptoms appear or to theperiod after infection during which the pathogen does not reproduce orreplicate.

leprosychronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae

/ethal dose"/$&0

dose of a pathogen necessary to kill 9$D of a test population !see '> 9$% /eu+ocidina bacterial exotoxin capable of killing leukocytes

/ipo3polysaccharide "/#!$



a component of the outer membrane of 2ram negative bacteria. 't iscomposed of !toxic% lipid , a core region, and a branched carbohydrate,known as the B antigen

lymphocytes

white blood cells some of which are found in the blood and others intissues !such as the spleen%. 5ymphocytes have both effector andregulatory roles in the immune response and include both 3 cell and, 7cells.

lysosomeintracellular organelle that contains lytic enzymes

lyso7ymeenzyme that lyses peptidoglycan present in tears, mucus, egg whites,

and lysosomesMacrophagea large phagocyte derived from a monocyte and which resides in tissues

Major histo3compatibilitycomple*"MC$

a protein complex on the surface of antigen presenting cells. 't binds toprocessed antigens and displays them to 7 cells

MC I

major histocompatibility complex associated with all cellsMC IImajor histocompatibility complex associated with macrophages and 3cells

Mannosea hexose absent from mammalian cells but present on many bacteria

Maturation



in immune cell development, the process by which cells acquire theircharacteristic and highly specific surface antigen

Membrane

attac+comple*

a molecular complex consisting of the terminal complement components49b through 4E that insert into the cell membrane causing death of thecell

MBCminimal bactericidal concentration minimal concentration of a n agentnecessary to kill a standard dose of bacteria !see M'4%

Meningitisinflammation of the m<nages

Minimalbactericidalconcentration "MBC$

minimal concentration of a n agent necessary to kill a standard dose ofbacteria !see M'4%

MICminimal inhibitory concentration minimal concentration of an agentnecessary to inhibit a standard dose of bacteria !see M34%

morbidity

illnessmortalityfatality

Mucinsame as mucus. (iscous, sticky mixture of proteins and carbohydratesthat cover mucosal surfaces

Mutualismthe symbiotic relationship that benefits both parties



Myoneural junction

ending of a nerve at a muscle. Motor end plate.

nematoderoundworms parasitic worms possessing an external cuticle anddeveloping through F larval and # adult stages.

8eonatenewborn

8eutrophilmost abundant of the granulated phagocytes in the blood

8ormalFlora

collection of organisms that inhabit a particular region of the host !see

commensal%nosocomialdisease

a disease, usually caused by a pathogenic organism, which is acquiredin a hospital.

nucleocapsid

refers to the structure consisting of the viral capsid with its containedgenome ! or >%.

9 antigen

the polysaccharide portion of lipopolysaccaride. >ifferent B antigens canbe distinguished by the immune system, and this property is the basis ofserotyping.

9bligaterequired. !see facultative%

9ncogeniccancer causing



9pportunism

causing of infection in a compromised host by a normally harmless

organism9psoni7ation

enhancement of phagocytosis by attachment of antibody or complementcomponent 4+b to the surface of an organism

pandemican epidemic present simultaneously in many countries, perhaps globally.

parasitisma relationship between two organisms, the smaller of which !the parasite%is physiologically dependent on the larger !the host% where the

distribution of parasites and disease in the host population is non-random where the reproductive potential of the parasite is greater thanthe host and where the parasite has the potential to produce disease inthe infected host.

#athogen5primary

an organism capable of inducing disease in a healthy host#athogenicity island

a group of linked genes which contribute to bacterial virulence

pathogenesisthe physiological processes involved in the generation of clinical signs ofdisease the means by which a pathogen causes illness, ie through theaction of endotoxins or exotoxins."Pathogenicity is, in a sense, a highly skilled trade, and only a tiny minority of all thenumberless tons of microbes on the earth has ever involved itself in it; most bacteriaare busy with their own business, browsing and recycling the rest of life. ndeed,



pathogenicity often seems to me a sort of biological accident in which signals aremisdirected by the microbe or misinterpreted by the host." From /e)is -homas5 TheMedusa and the Snail .

7his view of pathogenicity is challenged very effectively by .)ald in

!volution of nfectious isease pathogen

a micro organism, i.e. a bacterium, a virus or a parasite, which has theability to cause disease in a host organism.

pathogenichaving the inherent ability to cause illness.

pathogenesis

the process by which normal physiology is altered !by a pathogenicmicro organism, for example% to produce disease symptoms.

pathognomic

signs and symptoms of a disease that are specific and, on their own,provide enough information for definitive diagnosis of the condition.

penicillinbeta lactam antibiotic that prevents the cross linking of peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan

wall of most bacteria. ;eptidoglycan helps protect bacteria againstosmotic lysis

phage typesubgroup of a bacterial species distinguished by susceptibility tobacteriophage

#hagocytea cell adapted to engulf particles

#hagocytosis



a process by which certain cells !phagocytes% ingest extracellularmaterial, including bacteria. ;hagocytosis is facilitated by boundantibody on the surface of the material !opsonization% and is dependent

on active reorganization of the cytoskeleton.phagosomevacuole resulting from the ingestion of a particle

#haryngitisinflammation of the throat

#iliproteinaceous rod like structure protruding from the bacterial surface. ;ilienable attachment of bacteria to surfaces and transfer of > from oneorganism to another

#rions

an infectious agent whose extracellular form does not contain nucleicacid.#ro+aryote

a cell or organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus. 1sually the> is contained in a single chromosome

prophylacticliterally, prevention in a generic sense but is now restricted to the field ofmedicine. 4ondoms were considered as prophylactics since theyprevented the sexual transmission of infectious disease !to a de gree%.(accines are prophylactics as are medications taken prior to the entry

into a region endemic for malaria.proto7oaunicellular eukaryotic organisms, some of )hich are pathogenic

:epertoirethe sum total of all the antibodies an organism is capable of making

reservoira species, usually mammalian, which is infected with a micro organismbut shows no clinical signs is a source of infection for susceptible hosts.



retrovirusa positive sense, ss virus !often with two copies of the genome pervirion% which is able to synthesize double stranded > from its genomic

template. 7his ds> is then able to integrate into the host genome.'ntegration may, in the case of oncogenic viruses, disrupt the normalregulation of cell division and result in the transformation of the infectedcell to a neoplastic cell causing cancer. Bther retroviruses can remainquiescient in the host genome for many years and upon some event maythen up regulate the transcription of the integrated viral genome andinitiating the production of progeny virus. n example of the latter type ofretrovirus is &'(.

:eversetranscriptas

e ":-$ an enzyme capable of synthesizing > !a > polymerase% using as the template. 7he discovery of 7 led to a obel prize for >avid3altimore and &oward 7emin since it showed that the previously heldcentral dogma of biology - that the flow of genetic information was uni-directional from > to to protein - was not true. 7 is able to0reverse0 the flow of information from to >.

:heumaticfever

febrile illness occurring several weeks after sore throat caused by

)treptococcus pyogenes. Goints and heart valves can be damaged.rifampinantibiotic that interferes with prokaryotic polymerase

:8Apolymerase

an enzyme that is able to synthesize ribonucleic acid !% from atemplate. 7here are various types of polymerases however, thehuman only possesses polymerases which synthesize from a



8A template. egatively stranded viruses must carry with themin the virus particle a polymerase that can synthesize Hve stranded from the genome ve strand template. ;ositively stranded

viruses, other than retroviruses, encode in their genome a polymerase that can synthesize ve stranded from a Hve strandedtemplate.

Salmonella genus of 2ram negative bacteria associated with food borne disease

scarletfever

rash caused by @rythrogenic toxin!emmel)eis

ustro &ungarian #Eth century physician who deduced thatstreptococcal sepsis occurring after childbirth was an iatrogenic illnesssepsis

presence of bacteria in the bloodstreamsepticemia

a condition where bacteria are found in the blood which is normallysterile. 7his is a serious condition, depending on the bacteria, sincetoxins are very quickly distributed throughout the body in the circul ation. possible outcome of septicemia is shock.

seuela

consequenceseropositivea condition in which antibodies against a particular micro organism canbe found in an individual, indicating that, at some point, this individualencountered the specific pathogen.

serotypea population of an infectious organism, usually viruses, all of whichpossess identical antigens as identified by specific antibodies. 7hus,



populations of the same virus having different antigens are, in fact,different serotypes. virus capable of expressing a large number ofserotypes poses a very difficult problem for the development of a

vaccine.serumfluid portion of blood remaining after removal of clotting factors

shinglesdisease associated with reactivation of #aricella $oster

!ic+le cellanemia

a hereditary abnormality in the hemoglobin ) molecule. t low oxygenconcentration the hemoglobin undergoes conformational changes, andso does the erythrocyte. 7he spleen is preoccupied by gathering up

damaged erythrocytes, and is unable to clear bacteria from the blood.!pecificpathogenfree "!#F$

2notobiotic animals that have been reconstituted with well defined, nonpathogenic commensals

!perminean antibacterial amine present in semen

!treptococcus

2ram positive cocci, usually arranged in chains. )pecies are classifiedby surface carbohydrates into groups B. 2roup *). ;yogenes causesseveral important human diseases.

Streptococc us pyogenes

2ram positive bacteria in chains that cause strep throat and many skininfections



!treptomycin

an antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis. 't interferes with the

formation of the initiation complexsulfolipidsulfur containing lipid present on surface of M. 7uberculosis may causefailure of phagosome lysosome fusion

supero*idean efficient oxidant and mutagen produced during phagocytosis

!uperantigens

toxins that bind to M&4 and 7 cell antigen receptor in a nonspecificfashion, causing the large numbers of cells to release cytokines.

suppurative causing the formation of pus!ymbiosis

state in which two organisms are living in close contactsyncytia

a multinucleate cell with a single limiting plasma membrane resultingfrom the fusion of several independent cells, often as a result of viralinfection. 7he normal physiological function of the fused cells is lost.

- cellsthymus derived lymphocytes

tetanusspastic paralysis induced by neurotoxin from %lostridium tetani

tetracyclineantibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis by binding to site on +$)ribosomal component

-8Ftumor necrosis factor, a cytokine produced by macrophages afterstimulation by 5;)



to*ic shoc+systemic disease caused by a toxin from Staphylococcus aureus orStreptococcus pyogenes. )ymptoms include fever, diarrhea, rash, shock.

to*in bacterial protein that affects host adversely, and usually, specificallyto*oid

denatured toxin if toxicity is abolished and immunogenicity retained, thetoxin may be useful as a vaccine

-ransduction

transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another by a virus.Bften the virus integrates into the recipientAs chromosome

-ransformat

ion transfer of free > from one bacterium to another-ranscription

the synthesis of in the nucleus from a > template by polymerase

-ranslationthe process of intracellular protein synthesis using a m template,tAs and, usually, ribosomes

-ransposition

movement of a piece of > from one location to another fromchromosome to plasmid vice versa, or from one position to another on achromosome, or from plasmid to plasmid.

-rematodecommonly called flatworm parasitic trematodes include theschistosomes and liver flukes. Male and female reproductive system



present in an individual organism, except schistosomes where malesand females are separate.

tropho7oite

the feeding stage of protozoan parasites, usually motile.tuberculewalled off lesion produced by the body in response to infection withMycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosisa respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 7heincidence of this disease is increasing rapidly in inner city environmentsin orth merica.

typhoidfebrile illness caused by Salmonella typhi , transmitted by contaminated

food or watertyphusfebrile illness caused by &ickettsia prowa$ekii , an obligate intracellularbacterium, transmitted by human body louse

vaccinea living or non living preparation of immunogens capable of inducingprotective artificial immunity via inoculation in vertebrates.

variolationpracticed well into the #Eth century, variolation was the first attempt atinducing artificial active immunity. 7he practice consisted of introducing apreparation of variola virus derived from scab material from actively illpatients into a healthy host. 7he route of introduction was frequently byblowing the scab material into the nose of the healthy person, or bywearing the clothes of a person recently deceased from smallpox. 7hispractice frequently resulted in the death of the recipient !I% but did, infact, induce protective immunity in a fraction of treated individuals. 't wasthe high frequency of failure of variolation that motivated @dward Gennerto find an alternative.

MCB 3020 -Glossary of Terms

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