MC0064_-UNIT-1-Lecture-01

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Course : MCA

Semester : I

Subject : Basic Web Development

Subject Code : MC 0064

Unit : I

Unit title : Introduction to Internet

Lecture No. : I

Lecture title : Introduction

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Unit-1 Introduction to Internet

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Internet and Technical Terms

Objectives :

To explain the term, Internet

To discuss the role of Internet in day to day life

To describe People and technology behind the Internet

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Introduction

What is Internet?

Definition

Internet from practical and technical angle

From the practical Angle

From the Technical Angle

Who Owns and cares for the Internet?

Owning of internet

Who Cares for Internet?

Evolution of Internet

How old is the Internet?

What is TCP/IP?

Summary

Topics

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Lecture Outline

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Introduction

The Internet is a global network of networks.

People and organizations connect into the Internet so they can access its massive store ofshared information.

The Internet is an inherently participative medium. Anybody can publish information orcreate new services.

The Internet is a cooperative endeavour - no organization is in charge of the net.

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Internet is one of the toughest things to define, but this does not mean that it is

as tough to understand also.

There is no single, generally agreed upon answer to this question, because the

Internet is a different thing to different people. Just consider the following few

expressions in this context.

The Internet links are computer networks all over the world so that users can

share resources and communicate with each other.

Some computers, have direct access to all the facilities on the Internet such as

the universities. And other computers, eg privately-owned ones, have indirect

links through a commercial service provider, who offers some or all of the

Internet facilities.

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What is Internet?

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From the practical Angle

Internet is a vast collection of globally available information which can be

accessed electronically - information which is of practical use for business,

research, study, and technical purposes.

It is a means for electronic commerce - marketing, buying, services,

economic, and financial data research. It is a collection of hundreds of libraries

and archives that will open to your fingertips.

It is also a vast store of information relating to your hobbies, travel, health,

entertainment, games, software, etc.

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Internet from practical & technical angle

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Owning of internet

No one owns the Internet. Any single person, corporation, university orgovernment does not fund it. Internet has been described as the co-operativeanarchy. Every person who makes a connection, every group whose Local AreaNetwork (LAN) becomes connected, owns a slice of the Internet.

Internet is not one "thing", it's many things. No one central agency exists thatcharges individual Internet users. Rather, individuals and institutions who usethe Internet pay a local or regional Internet service provider for their share ofservices.

And in turn, those smaller Internet service providers might purchase services

from an even larger network.

For example, there is phone service in almost every part of the country. With a

phone company, each person who wants telephone service contacts a local

service provider. The service provider provides a "hook-up" from the residence or

office to the service network.

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Many people care about the Internet.

All the people who use it, even if only to send a note to someone on some othernetwork that is connected into the Internet, care about it.

Someone or some enterprise owns each computer connected.

The owner of the connected equipment therefore 'owns' a piece of the Internet.

The telephone companies 'own' the pieces that carry the information packets.

The service providers 'own' the packet routing equipment.

So, while no one person or entity owns the Internet, all who use it or supplymaterials for it play a part in its existence.

Contd..


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Who Cares for Internet? (Contd..)

Since communication between networks cannot happen without co-operation,

there are committees and groups working hard all the time to ensure smooth

functioning.

IAB (Internet Architecture Board), earlier called Internet Activities Board as

named by ARPA. There are two main wings to this Board:

IETF (Internet engineering task force)

IRTF (Internet research task force)


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Who Cares for Internet? (Contd..)

IETF does a documentation of the Internet known as RFC (Request For Comments), named

so because it is a set of open-ended documents always available to public for their comments

and thus the standards keep continuously evolving.

Apart form maintaining protocols and norms/standards, another important function ofcommonality is assigning unique names and addresses to computers connected on the Net.

This function is performed by InterNIC (Internet network information centre) which is a

group of three organizations.

General Atomics, CA: Provides Information Services

AT & T., NY : Provides Directory & Database Services

Network Solutions, VA : Provides Registration Service

The services of InterNIC group are available on the Internet itself.


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The concept, which gave birth to Internet of today, started with a project, called

the ARPANET (around late 1960s) which was sponsored by the United States

Department of Defence, Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA).

The Department of Defense (DOD) was interested in building a network that could

maintain itself under adverse conditions.

Contd..


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Until late 1970s, ARPANET operated to provide connection facility to around a-dozen of

research sites.

Later in 1982, ARPA established the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and InternetProtocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP a connection protocol

between sites that is still in use today and is the primary method of connecting to the Internet.

A wider clientele slowly adopted this information access technique, which started as a method

of sharing files amongst researchers, and after 1982, the network started expanding faster than

the big bang.

National Science Foundation (NSF), USA, whose network of strategically located

supercomputers, NSFnet, allowed the people to share information from home or their

institutions.

Contd..


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How old is the Internet? Contd..

The other networks, which developed in parallel, like BITNET of IBM, X.25, based in Europe

and UUCP based in Bell Labs got slowly absorbed or been connected to Internet, in order to

provide a unified information sharing medium.

Internet in India started on an auspicious day, 15th August, 1995.

This in a way marks the beginning of free information flow from every nook and corner of the

world and thus could well be called an Independence Day for Information Age in the

country.

Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited, VSNL started a service called GIAS (Gateway Internet

Access Service) to allow the Indian users a bite of Internet.


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What is TCP/IP?

TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating computers to shareresources across a network. It was developed by a community of researchers centeredaround the ARPAnet.

Certainly the ARPAnet is the best- known TCP/IP network. However as of June, 87, at

least 130 different vendors had products that support TCP/IP, and thousands ofnetworks of all kinds use it.

Protocols are the rules that all networks use to understand each other.

IP - is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node.

IP forwards each packet based on a four byte destination address (the IP number).

The Internet authorities assign ranges of numbers to different organizations. Theorganizations assign groups of their numbers to departments. IP operates on gatewaymachines that move data from department to organization to region and then around theworld.

Contd..


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What is TCP/IP? Contd..

TCP - is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to server. Data can

be lost in the intermediate network.

TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to trigger retransmission until the data is

correctly and completely received.

Sockets - is a name given to the package of subroutines that provide access to TCP/IP on

most systems.


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Summary

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Introduction

What is Internet?

Definition

Internet from practical and technical angle

From the practical AngleFrom the Technical Angle


Owning of internet




What is TCP/IP?

MC0064_-UNIT-1-Lecture-01

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