Mc Design Engineers Guide

7/25/2019 Mc Design Engineers Guide

1/19

Page

Cylinder Basics

Cylinder Loading & Sizing

Mounting Modifications / Accessories

Custom Product Examples

Cylinder Force & Speed (Air and Hydraulic)

Rod Boot Data

Power Units: Gear and Vane Info

Fluids and Seals

Non-Rotating Cylinder Design

Valves: D03 and D05 Info

Fluid Power Formulas

Glossary of Fluid Power Terms

Tie Rod Mount

Flange Mount

Side Mount and Lug Mounts

Pin Mount and Trunnion Mount

Solid Flange Mount, Key Mount and Double Rod End Cylinder

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

177

Design Engineering Guide

178

179

180-181

182-183

184

185

186

187

188-189

190

191

192

193

General

Standard

NFPA

Mounting

Additional

Information


2/19178178

BASIC CYLINDER OPERATING PRINCIPLES

TYPES OF CYLINDERS

Cylinder Basics

Cylinders are used to convert fluid power into mechanical motion. A cylinder consists of a cylindrical body, closures at each

end, movable piston, and a rod attached to the piston.

When fluid pressure acts on the piston, the pressure is transmitted to the piston rod, resulting in

linear motion. The piston rod thrust force developed by the fluid pressure acting on the piston is

easily determined by multiplying the line pressure by the piston area.

FORCE =PRESSURE x AREA or F = PA

EXAMPLE: Find the thrust force of a 4" diameter piston operating with a line pressure of 100 psi.

The piston area has to be determined first to solve this problem. The area of a circular surface is r2, where r is the radius.

In the case of a 4" diameter piston, the area equals 12.57 square inches (r2). Since a pressure of 100 psi acts on each square

inch, the total thrust force will be 100 x 12.57 or 1257 lbs.

When calculating the pull force of a cylinder, the area covered by the piston rod must be subtracted from the total area of the

piston. The pressure does not act on the area covered by the piston rod.

Tables are provided on pages 182-183 (as well as within each Series' Section) to save mathematical calculations for

determining thrust force, pull force, and cylinder speed. See page 31, Series H; page 67, Series LH; and page 97,

Series A and Series MN.

SINGLE-ACTING CYLINDER

The single-acting

cylinder is pressurized

at one end only, with the

opposite end vented to

atmosphere through a

breather filter (air cylinder)

or vented to a reservoir

(hydraulic cylinder).

The return stroke of thecylinder is accomplished

by some external means.

SPRING RETURN CYLINDER

The spring return cylinder is normally

considered a single acting cylinder.

The operation of this type of cylinder

is the same as a single acting

cylinder, except that a spring is used

to accomplish the return stroke.

DOUBLE-ACTING CYLINDER

The most familiar double acting

cylinder is the single rod end. This

type of cylinder provides power in

both directions, with a pressure port

at either end. Single rod end cylindersexert greater forces when extending

than when retracting, since the piston

area on the blind end is larger than

the piston area on the rod end (due to

the area covered by the piston rod).

DOUBLE ROD END CYLINDER

The double rod end cylinder is usedwhen it is necessary for the cylinder

to exert equal force and operate at

equal speed in both directions. It also

can be used to operate limit valves or

switches.

POSITIONAL OR DUPLEX

CYLINDER

Duplex cylinders are similar to

tandem cylinders in that both are

cylinders connected in line, but the

pistons of a duplex cylinder are notphysically connected; the rod of one

cylinder protrudes into the non-rod

end of the second, and so forth. A

duplex cylinder may be more than

two in-line cylinders and the stroke

lengths of the individual cylinders

may vary. This results in a component

that can achieve a number of different

fixed stroke lengths depending on

which of the cylinders and on which

end the cylinders are pressurized.

TANDEM CYLINDER

A tandem cylinder consists of two

cylinders mounted in line with the

pistons, connected by a common

piston rod. The main advantage of

this cylinder is the multiplication

of force, during the entire stroke,

without requiring higher operating

pressures or larger bores.

Standard cylinders have been designed to meet the wide range of applications. The following types of cylinders provide an

overview of what is available.


3/19179

www.milwaukeecylinder.com179

NFPA MT1 NFPA MT4

NFPA MT2NFPA MP1pin mount

NFPA ME6NFPA ME5

NFPA MDX

NFPA MXno mount NFPA MX2

NFPA MX3NFPA MX1

NFPA MS2 NFPA MT3

NFPA MS7NFPA MS4side mount

NFPA MF6 NFPA MF2

NFPA MF1NFPA MF5

DESIGN INFORMATION

TIE ROD MOUNT

When using tie rods extended on

the rod end, the best application

is a tension load. For a thrust load

application, the tie rods should be

extended on the blind end of the

cylinder. Tie rod mounts are suited for

many applications, but it should be

noted that they are not as rigid as flange

mounted cylinders and often require

additional support for long

stroke applications.

FLANGE MOUNT

The flange mount is one of the

strongest, most rigid methods of

mounting. With this type of mount,

there is little allowance for

misalignment. When long strokes are

required, the free end opposite the

mounting should be supported to

prevent sagging and possible bindingof the cylinder. When the cylinder is

used in a thrust load application, a blind

end flange should be used. For tension

applications, rod end flange mounts

should be used.

SIDE AND LUG MOUNTS

The side or lug mounted cylinder

provides a fairly rigid mount. This type

of mount can tolerate a slight amount

of misalignment when the cylinder is

fully extended, but as the piston moves

toward the blind end, the tolerance for

misalignment decreases. It is important

to note that if the cylinder is used

properly (without misalignment), the

mounting bolts are either in simple shear

or tension without compound stresses.

PIN AND TRUNNION MOUNT

All pin and trunnion mounted cylinders

need a provision on both ends for

pivoting. This type of mounting is

designed to carry shear loads and

requires that the trunnion or pivot pins

are rigidly held by closely fit bearings for

the entire pin length.

SOLID FLANGE MOUNT

The solid flange mount is the strongest,

most rigid method of mounting a

cylinder. Industry standards for this

type of mounting only cover 1" through

8" bore cylinders. Milwaukee Cylinder,

however, offers this mount on cylinders

up to 12" bore.

KEY MOUNT

The key mount retainer

plate is a mounting

option designed to

add stability to foot

and side mountedcylinders. The retainer

plate is extended below the mounting

surface of the cylinder. This extension

may be fit into a milled keyway,

eliminating the need for welded keys

or locator pins.

DOUBLE ROD

END CYLINDERS

Double rod end

cylinders are available

in every mounting

style except the clevismount (61) and fixed eye mount (62).

It should be noted by the designer that

when a double flange mount is required,

there will be tie rod nuts protruding on

one end.

Standard NFPA Mountings


4/19180180

MOVING LOAD

SLIDING LOAD

Cylinders perform a wide variety of applications and are

often used in place of larger, more expensive mechanical

systems. One such application is when a cylinder is used

to move a high friction sliding load. Some examples of this

are: machine slides, pallet shuttle systems on automated

machinery, milling machine tables, and grinder tables.

There are a number of things to consider when sizing a

cylinder for a sliding load application. These include the

unit weight (load), lubrication, and required speed. For

applications where there is light lubrication, the cylindershould provide a thrust force capable of moving a load equal

to 50% to 75% of the actual load. Once in motion, a thrust

force capable of moving 20% of the actual load weight

is adequate.

Because air is a compressible medium, air cylinders should

not be used for slow or controlled feed or motion in a sliding

load application. The designer should be aware that a jerky

motion will result if an air cylinder is used to perform this

type of work. Because oil is non-compressible, a hydraulic

cylinder with a metered out speed control would be more

effective. For indexing applications, from one positive stop

to another, air cylinders usually provide better response andmore rapid action than hydraulic cylinders.

ROLLING LOAD

Cylinders can be used to move rolling loads or loads

which are moved on low friction bearings. For this type of

application, the cylinder should have a thrust force capable

of moving a load equal to 10% of the actual load. When

using a cylinder to move a rolling load, some means of

deceleration at the end of the cylinder stroke should be used

to prevent the momentum of the load from damaging either

the cylinder or the machine.

CYLINDERS FOR LIFTING

VERTICAL LIFTING

Air cylinders must be sized to

have more force than needed

to just balance the load it must

move. The more the cylinder isoversized, with respect to the

load, the faster it can move the

load (this is not true of hydraulic

cylinders).

In the figure at the right, the

cylinder has enough upward

force to just balance the weight

of the load. It cannot move the

load upward, it can only hold it

from dropping. To start the load

in motion, it will have to have

additional force. This can beprovided by increasing the air

pressure to more than 80 psi or

by use of a larger bore cylinder.

The exact speed of an air cylinder cannot be calculated.

Air cylinder sizing depends on the degree of overpowering

to move the load, valving, piping, and other factors which

usually are unknown and cannot be measured. For further

information on air cylinder sizing and speed, refer to page 100.

An air cylinder should not be used for a platform or hoist lift

application. If the lift is stopped in mid stroke, it will have a

tendency to drift due to the compressibility of air. A hydraulicsystem or air over oil system should be used in these types

of applications, since force applied to a confined liquid

exhibits about the same effect of rigidity as a solid.

Cylinder Loading

1000 lbs.


5/19


6/19182182

Air Cylinder Force and Speed

AIR CYLINDER FORCE

An air cylinder must be oversized to move a load. As illustrated,

a 4" bore air cylinder will balance a 1000 pound load with 80 psi

of air pressure. To move this load at a slow rate of speed, the

cylinder must be oversized.

The designer should remember that when calculating cylinder

force on the return (pull) stroke, the rod area must be deducted

from the piston area. When a double rod end cylinder is used,

deduct for both directions of stroke when calculating the

thrust force.

AIR CYLINDER SPEED

The exact speed of an air cylinder cannot be calculated.

Air cylinder sizing depends on the degree of overpowering

required to move the load at the desired speed, valving, piping,

and other factors which usually are unknown and cannot

be measured.

When a fast speed is required, the bore size and line pressure

should be twice that which is needed to balance the load

resistance. The lines to the valve and cylinder should be as short

as possible. When selecting the directional valve to be used in

an air application, the orifice of the valve should be equal to the

cylinder port size. The air cylinder speed chart shows the proper

port size under average conditions.

Note: This Air Cylinder Speed Chart is based on average

conditions. Conditions where the cylinder is operating at

twice the thrust force required and a line pressure of 80

to 100 psi.

ACTUAL VALVE ORIFICE SIZE

BORE

DIA / / / / / / / 1

1/ 5 12 28 85

1/ 3 7 16 50 125

2 1 4 9 28 70 112

2/ 2 6 18 45 72 155

3/ 3 9 22 36 78 165

4 2 7 17 28 60 130

5 1 4 11 18 40 82

6 3 7 12 26 55

8 1 4 7 15 32

4 2 4 9 20

12 1 3 6 14

AIR CYLINDER SPEED CHART

Above figures are in inches per second.


7/19183


Hydraulic Cylinder Force and Speed

HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SPEEDS(inches per minute)

PISTON DIA ROD DIA 1 GPM 3 GPM 5 GPM 8 GPM 12 GPM 15 GPM 20 GPM 25 GPM 30 GPM 40 GPM 50 GPM 75 GPM

HYDRAULIC CYLINDER FORCE

Table 3 on page 31 or 67 shows the thrust force developed by

various bore diameters when working at various pressures.

These figures do not include a factor covering a reduction in

force due to seal or packing friction in the cylinder. This type

of friction is estimated to affect the cylinder thrust force by

10%. Additional pressure must be developed by the pump,

not only to overcome frictional loss, but also flow lossesin the circuitry. The engineer should realize that the usable

pressure in the cylinder may be from 10% to 25% less than

the pump and relief valve gauge reading.

This type of friction is estimated to affect the cylinder thrust

force by 10%. Additional pressure must be developed by

the pump, not only to overcome frictional loss, but also flow

losses in the circuitry. The engineer should realize that the

usable pressure in the cylinder may be from 10% to 25%

less than the pump and relief valve gauge reading.

HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SPEED

Figures shown in the body of this chart are cylinder rod travel

speeds in inches per minute. The extension speeds represent

the net piston area for the various rod diameters shown.

1

2

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

none

1

none

1

1

none

1

1

1

none

1

1

2

none

1

2

2

none

2

2

3

3

none

2

3

3

4

none

3

3

4

4 5

none

3

4

4

5

5

none

4

5

5

7

130

158

235

73

97

139

47

56

67

92

28

34

39

44

18

22

24

30

12

14

16

18

22

8

10

11

12

15

6

7

8

9

10

12

4

5

6

6

7

8

3

3

4

4

5

392

476

706

221

294

418

131

168

203

277

83

102

118

134

55

68

73

90

35

42

47

55

66

24

30

33

37

44

18

22

24

27

31

37

14

17

18

20

22

26

9

11

12

13

17

654

792

1176

368

490

697

235

280

339

463

139

170

196

224

92

113

122

150

58

70

78

92

111

41

50

54

62

73

30

37

40

45

51

61

23

28

30

33

38

43

15

18

20

21

29

1034

1265

1880

588

782

1115

376

448

542

740

223

271

313

358

147

182

196

241

94

112

125

147

178

65

79

87

99

117

48

59

64

71

82

98

36

45

49

53

60

70

23

29

31

34

46

883

1175

1673

565

672

813

1110

334

407

472

537

220

273

294

362

141

168

188

220

266

98

118

130

148

176

72

88

96

107

122 147

55

68

73

80

90

104

35

44

47

50

69

1120

1465

2090

675

840

1015

1385

417

510

588

672

276

339

366

450

174

210

235

275

333

123

150

165

185

220

90

110

120

135

153 185

69

85

90

100

114

129

44

55

60

63

87

940

1120

1355

1850

557

680

784

896

368

452

488

600

232

280

315

365

444

162

200

206

245

295

120

145

160

180

205 245

92

115

122

135

150

172

60

75

80

84

115

1175

1400

1695

2310

696

850

980

1120

460

565

610

750

290

350

390

460

555

202

250

270

310

365

150

185

200

225

255 305

115

140

150

165

185

215

73

92

100

105

145

836

1020

1176

1344

552

678

732

900

348

420

470

550

665

245

300

325

370

440

180

220

240

270

305370

135

170

180

200

225

255

88

111

120

132

174

1115

1360

1568

1792

736

904

976

1200

464

560

630

730

888

320

400

435

495

585

240

295

320

360

410 490

185

230

240

265

300

345

115

150

155

165

230

920

1130

1220

1500

580

700

780

920

1110

405

495

545

615

735

300

365

400

445

515 615

230

285

305

335

375

430

145

185

195

210

285

870

1050

1170

1380

1665

606

750

810

830

1095

450

555

600

675

765 915

345

420

450

495

555

645

220

275

300

315

435


8/19184184

SEAL COMPATIBILITY with COMMON FLUIDS

FLUID NAMEMILITARY

SPECIFICATIONTRADE NAME/NUMBER BUNA-N POLYURETHANE EP

VITON

FLUROCARBON

Houghto-Safe 600 Series Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended Satisfactory

Water GlycolHoughto-Safe 500 Series Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended Insufficient data

MIL-H22072 Houghto-Safe 271 Series Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended Satisfactory

Ucon Hydrolube Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended Recommended

Celluguard Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended Recommended

Water Oil/Emulsion Houghto-Safe 5040 Series Recommended Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Recommended

Gulf FR Recommended Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended

Water Soluble Oil Recommended Insu ff ici en t da ta Recommended Insuf fi cie nt dat a

Water, Fresh Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended Satisfactory

Water, Salt Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended Satisfactory

Houghto-Safe 1000 Series Unsatisfactory In su fficient data Recommended Recommended

Phosphate EsterMIL-19547B Houghto-Safe 1120 Series Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Recommended Recommended

Pyrogard 42, 43, 53, 55 Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Recommended Recommended

Skydrol 500 Type 2 Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Recommended Unsatisfactory

Skydrol 7000 Type 2 Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Recommended Unsatisfactory

Diester MIL-H-7808 Lube Oil Aircraft Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Satisfactory

Silicate Ester MIL-H-8446B Brayco 846 Satisfactory Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended

Kerosene Recommended Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended

Jet Fuel MIL-J-5624 JP-3, 4, 5 (RP-1) Recommended Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Recommended

Diesel Fuel Recommended Marginal Unsatisfactory Recommended

Gasoline Recommended Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Recommended

Petroleum BaseMIL-H-6383 Preservative Oil Recommended Recommended Unsatisfactory Recommended

MIL-H-5606 A ircraft Hyd. Fluid Recommended Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Recommended

Note: This chart is for general information and should n ot be taken as warranty or representation for which legal responsibility is assumed. The chart and the information on this page is offered only for your

convenience, consideration, investigation and verification.

Fluids and Seals

FLUIDS

Hydraulic fluid heats, cools, lubricates, and sometimes

corrodes mechanical components, picks up and releases

gases, and sweeps sludge into supposedly free clearances.

The fluid is just as important as any other part of the hydraulic

system. In fact, a major portion of hydraulic problems stem

from the use of improper types of fluids or fluids containing

dirt and other contaminants.

To understand the fluids used in todays industry, you have

to divide them into two general areas: petroleum fluids and

fire resistant fluids. These in turn break down into a number

of different types with different properties. Not all fluids are

compatible with the standard seal combinations offered by

cylinder manufacturers.

In the chart below is a small sample of the fluids available and

the seals with which they are compatible. Specific information

on seal compatibility is available from either the fluid supplier

or the component manufacturer.

SEALS

BUNA N SEAL This type of seal is excellent with petroleum

products. The seal is rated for a temperature range from -20F

to +200F, but when used for low temperatures, it is necessary

to sacrifice some low temperature resistance. It is a superior

material for compression set, cold flow, tear and abrasion

resistance. This seal is generally recommended for petroleum,

water, diester and water-glycol.

POLYURETHANE SEAL The polyurethane seal provides

excellent mechanical and physical properties. Polyurethane

does not provide a good low pressure seal, due to its poor

compression and permanent set properties. This seal

is generally recommended for petroleum, water/oil, and

phosphate ester.

ETHYLENE PROPYLENE This seal is excellent when used

with Skydrol 500 and Phosphate Ester Fluids. The seal is

rated for a temperature range from -65 F to +350 F. This

seal is generally recommended for phosphate ester, steam

(to 400 F), water, and ketones.

VITON SEAL Viton seals are compatible with a wide range of

fluids. This seal is rated for a temperature range from -15 F

to +350F. This seal is generally recommended for petroleum,

silicate ester, diester, halogenated hydrocarbons, and most

phosphate esters.


9/19185


Mounting Modifications/Accessories

FEATURES:

End of stroke indication for all sizes of cylinders Pneumatic or hydraulic operation (3000 psi)

Choice of rod end, cap end or both ends

Cushioned or non-cushioned cylinders available

Switches are permanently set at factory noadjustments necessary

No special filtration required any cylinderoperating fluid acceptable

Operating point repeatable to.002"

Quick Response

Operating temperature range of -4F to +158F

Sensing range .08"

Short circuit protected

Immunity to weld field noise

Typical switching range: 20 to 250 volts AC/DC

OPTIONS:

Low profile, 1" high above surface(for certain cylinder sizes)

Mini or micro connections

Reduced switching voltage available to 10 vdc

Supplied with or without switches

FEATURES:

High immunity to shock and vibration Non-contacting design, no wear

3000 psi operating pressure

24 VDC operating voltage

Analog or digital output

Strokes up to 200 inches

SOLID STATE END OF STROKE LIMIT SWITCHES TRANSDUCERS

MOUNTING MODIFICATIONS

SPECIAL CYLINDER MOUNTINGS

The standard NFPA (National Fuid Power Association)

mountings satisfy a wide range of mounting applications and

can be easily modified to suit specific design requirements.

As a machine or equipment designer, you may encounter

various situations where a standard or a modified standard

mounting will not satisfy your design requirements.

Milwaukee Cylinderspecializes in meeting your needs in this

area by providing cylinders custom designed to suit your

specific applications.

For information on what data is required by Milwaukee

Cylinder to develop a design to suit your specific

requirements, contact either your local Milwaukee Cylinder

Distributor or the factory.

COMBINED MOUNTINGS

Milwaukee Cylinderoffers the designer the ability to combine

standard mountings to meet special design requirements.

Some examples of this are:

These and other combinations can be readily made from

standard parts. If you are unsure of a possible combination

or its suitability to your application, consult your local

Milwaukee CylinderDistributor or the factory.

An MF1 mount constructed

with an MS2 mount blind

end cap.

An MP1 mount constructed

with an MS4 mount rod

end cap.

Design compatible with major brands.

Other styles and configurations of

cylinders modified for embedded or

external transducers are available.

Contact your local Milwaukee Cylinder

Distributor or the factory.


10/19186186

Rod Boot Data

ROD BOOT DATA CHART

ROD

DIA.

(in)

COVER

I.D

COVER

O.D

ROD BOOT

STYLE

MINIMUM LENGTH

FACTOR

3 RA-15 .07

1 1 3 RB-15 .07

1 1 3 RC-15 .07

1 1 4 RD-15 .07

2 2 4 RE-15 .07

2 2 5 RF-15 .07

3 3 7 Consult Factory






Standard Material:

Neoprene Nylon

Special Material:

Consult Factory

NOTE: RODEXTENSIONMUSTBEINCREASEDTOACCOMMODATEBOOT

To Compute: W = (Stroke x Min. Length Factor) + 1"

Round up to the nearest "

Example: A61, 3" bore x 12" stroke x 1" rod

W = (12 x 0.07) + 1.375 = (.84) + 1.375 = 2.22"

Round up to the neareset "

W = 2.25"

ROD BOOTS

When cylinders are used in

areas of high contamination or

where contaminants have an air

hardening property, the exposed

piston rod should be covered

with a rod boot to protect the rod

bearing and seals. A rod boot

is simply a collapsible cover. It

is of sewn construction made

from a neoprene coated fabric.

The rod boots are impervious to

oil, grease and water. They will

operate effectively from 0F to

+200F without cracking.


11/19187


Non-Rotating Cylinder Design

FEATURES:

All cylinder series

Cushioned or non-cushioned cylinders

All bore and rod combinations except

" diameter rod

Spline shaft and mating sleeve prevent

natural rotation of piston rod during stroke

Mounting styles 11, 21, 31, 35, 41, 42, 43, 71, 72,

73, 74. Consult factory for other mounting styles

Engineering dimensional drawing provided with

each cylinder ordered

NOTE: Not available in double rod end cylinders or

with stroke lengths over 45 inches. Rotational

limits or torsional load information must be

supplied to factory.

FEATURES:

All cylinder series

Cushioned or non-cushioned cylinders

All mounting styles

Double rod end cylinders

All bore and rod combinations 8-inch bore and larger

Guide rod design through piston prevents natural

rotation of piston rod

Engineering dimensional drawing provided with each

cylinder ordered

NOTE: Rotational limits or torsional load information

must be supplied to factory.

SPLINE SHAFT

GUIDE ROD

GUIDE ROD

SPLINE SHAFT SPLINE SLEEVE

/BORE DIA. /ROD DIA. AVAILABILITY

1 N/A

1 N/A

2

N/A

1 N/A

1 N/A

2

Yes

1 N/A

1 N/A

1 N/A

3

1 Yes

1 N/A

1 N/A

2 N/A

4

1 Yes

1 Yes

1 Yes

2 N/A

2 N/A

5

1 Yes

1 Yes

1 Yes

2 Yes

2 Yes

3 N/A

3 N/A

6

1 Yes

1 Yes

2 Yes

2 Yes

3 Yes

3 Yes

4 N/A

7

3 Yes

3 Yes

4 Yes

4 Yes

5 N/A


12/19188188

Custom Products

ADJUSTABLE STROKE CYLINDER

In this application, the extend cycle of the cylinder had to be

adjustable for different lengths. Milwaukee Cylinderattacheda special, welded stop around one of the double rod ends.

The rod end going through the stop has an easily adjustable

nut that will precisely set the length of the extend cycle.

ADJUSTABLE STOP CYLINDER

Like the cylinder above, this one does not require specialvalving to achieve an adjustable stroke length. But unlike the

other cylinder, the length of the stroke had to be adjustable

in both directions. In this case, the blind end flange had

an extension added through which one of the double rod

ends passed. Around the rod were attached two, threaded,

locking collars for quick and easy adjustment of the rod

travel in either direction.

NOSE MOUNTED CYLINDER

Quite often, cylinders designed and manufactured overseas

do not conform to NFPA specifications. Milwaukee Cylinder

is able to design a replacement non-NFPA cylinder.

This particular cylinder was designed to replace a cylinder

built in Europe. A special threaded nozzle was required for

mounting purposes.

Milwaukee Cylinderhas two basic identities as a

cylinder producer. The first is a supplier of standard

Hydraulic and Air Cylinders. The second is as a

specialist in the design and manufacture of totally

unique cylinders. For information on what data is

required to develop a design to suit your needs,

contact either your local Milwaukee Cylinder

representative, or the factory.

Contact Milwaukee Cylinder for all your Custom Cylinder needs.


13/19189


Specials are Our Standard Custom Products

HEAVY-DUTY CYLINDER

The Series HD cylinder is a heavy-duty, non-tie rod

design rated for continuous 5,000-psi operation. It hasbeen designed specifically for punching and piercing

operations in thick metal requiring tonnage ratings from

17-1/2 to 100 tons.

CONTROLLED ROTATING CYLINDER

Sand shell cores for casting turbine rotors required alarge cam roll and three men to turn the cope. Due to

the curved blades on the rotor, the cope of the pattern

had to be rotated as it was being removed. Milwaukee

Cylinderengineered a precision cylinder in which the rod

would rotate during the first two inches of upward travel

and then travel straight up for eleven more inches. This

controlled rotation released the blades in the pattern from

the sand core without incurring breakage.

TILT SYSTEM CYLINDER

Milwaukee Cylinder was chosen to design and

manufacture a custom hydraulic cylinder functioning

as the tilting mechanism. We developed a cylinder that

could extend and retract a precise distance, allowing a

specific degree of tilt in either direction.

Whether you require a different material, seals,

mounting, other modification or a completely

unique custom product, Milwaukee Cylinderhas

the resources to meet your needs. We also offer

mechanical locking, position sensing, non-

rotatingand other specialty cylinder types.


14/19190190

Power Units: Gear and Vane Info

HOW A VANE PUMP WORKS

The MCVEV series uses a vane style pump element that has

both volume adjustment and maximum pressure adjustment.

The output flow and pressure are determined by the position

of the cam ring and the vane rotor.

HOW A GEAR PUMP WORKS

The MCVEG series uses a gear style pump element. The

driven gear is coupled to the motor. The idler gear is driven

by the rotation of the driven gear. Oil is pulled into the suction

port, carried in the gap between the gear teeth, and comes

out of the pressure port. Adjustment of the system pressure

requires a relief valve in the circuit.

A. To adjust the volume output, the position of the cam ring

is moved to reduce the clearance between the vane rotor

and the cam ring.

B. To adjust the maximum output pressure, the spring

adjustment is set so the internal pressure in the cam ring

centers the cam ring around the rotor.

Hydraulic Power Units from Milwaukee Cylinderare available in Gear Pump and Vane Pump designs.

A

Suction Suction

Pressure Pressure

B

Calculating System Requirements

Cylinder Area (in)*= r2

Cylinder Volume = (in3) = Cylinder Area x Stroke

Flow Requirement (gpm) =

Cylinder Volume x # of Cylinders x (60Speed Required**)

231 in3 per gal

* Alternate formula: (Bore Diameter)2x 0.7854** In seconds

Example:

Cylinder Bore: 4.00" Stroke Length: 12"Number of Cylinders: 4 Speed Required = 6 sec.

Cylinder Radius (r) = 4" bore diameter 2 = 2" radius

Cylinder Area = x 2" x 2" = 3.14 x 4 in2= 12.56 in2

Cylinder Volume = 12.56 in2x 12" = 150.72 in3

Flow Requirement = 150.72 in3x 4 x (60 6 sec)

231 in3per gal

= 602.88 in3x 10 = 6028.8 in3

231 in3

per gal 231 in3

per gal

= 26 gpm

Calculating Reservoir Size

The oil capacity of the reservoir used in a hydraulic

power unit (HPU) provides the oil volume required to

operate the cylinders and other devices in a system, and

also absorbs and radiates the heat produced during the

operation of the HPU. Using a small reservoir may result

in an overheated system. The guideline for sizing the

reservoir is 3 to 4 times the flow rate of the pump (gpm).

For example, a 5 gpm HPU should use a 15-20 gallon

reservoir. Further reduction of heat buildup in the

reservoir may require the use of a heat exchanger. A low

oil level and high temperature switch in the reservoir can

be used to shut the system down if the oil level in the

reservoir falls below a usable level or if the oil temperature

rises to a unsafe temperature.


15/19191


Valves: D03 and D05 Info

D03 AND D05 DIRECTIONAL VALVES

Spool type valves are typically used with a hydraulic power

unit (HPU) where the system provides continuous flow. This

helps to compensate for losses due to internal leakage in

the valves. Milwaukee Cylinder offers spool valves in two

industry standard sizes:

D03: Flow rates of 12-17 gpm

D05: Flow rates of 25 gpm

The operation of a valve is described by the flow paths to

the circuit ("way"), the number of valve operating positions

("position") and the type of flow path in the center position

("center"). Other characteristics used in describing a valve

describe the type of operator used: solenoid, manual lever, cam,

air, and operator options such as spring centered and detented.

Common valve configurations are:

4 way / 3 position / TANDEM Center

CENTER POSITION: Pessure to Tank

USES: Idles pump in the center position

4 way / 3 position / OPEN Center

CENTER POSITION: All ports to Tank

USES: Idles pump in the center position

commonly used with pilot operated check valve

4 way / 3 position / CLOSED Center

CENTER POSITION: All ports blocked

USES: Used in system with multiple valves

4 way / 3 position / FLOAT Center

CENTER POSITION: A & B to to Tank, P blocked

USES: Used in system with mulitple valves with pilot

operated check valves

4 way / 2 position

NO CENTER POSITION

USES: Used in systems where cylinders are always

either advanced or retracted

ACCESSORY VALVES

In many circuits, accessory valves are used with the

directional valve to provide additional control of the flow in

the system:

Holding:

Check valve on the pressure port

Dual pilot operated check valves on "A" and "B"

Control of flow rate:

Control of pressure (on pressure port)

Manifolds

Manifolds are available for D03 and D05 size valves as eitherpump mounted or remote mounted. They are available in

single and multiple valve models. For systems operating

up to 3000 psi, choose an aluminum manifold. The pump

mounted manifolds used on the Milwaukee Cylinderpower

units are aluminum, as these units operate at 3000 psi or

below.

For applications using higher pressure power units, up to

5000 psi, select the remote mount ductile iron manifolds.

Porting:

D03:

P and T: #10 SAEA and B: #8 SAE

D05:

P and T: #12 SAE

A and B: #8 SAE

A B

P T

A B

P T

A B

P T

A B

P T

A B

P T

A P T B

A P T B

A P T B

A P T B


16/19192192

Fluid Power Formulas

FORMULA WORD FORMULA LETTER FORMULA

FLUID PRESSURE(pounds per square inch)

PRESSURE = force (pounds)unit area (square inches)

P = F or psi = FA A

CYLINDER AREA(square inches)

AREA = x radius2 (inches)A = r2

= /4 x diameter2(inches)A = D2 or A = .785d2

4CYLINDER FORCE(pounds, push or pull) FORCE = pressure (psi) x net area (square inches) F = psi x A or F = PA

CYLINDER VELOCITYor SPEED (feet per second)

VELOCITY = 231 x flow rate (GPM)12 x 60 x net area (square inches)

v = 231Q or v = .3208Q720A A

CYLINDER VOLUMECAPACITY (gallons of fluid)

VOLUME = x radius2(inches) x stroke (inches) 231

v = r2L231

= net area (inches) x stroke (inches)231

v = AL L = length of stroke231

CYLINDER FLOW RATE(GPM)

FLOW RATE = 12 x 60 x velocity (feet/second) x net area (square inches)231

Q = 720vA or Q = 3.117vA 231

FLUID MOTOR TORQUE(inch pounds)

TORQUE = pressure (psi) x f.m. displacement (cu. in./rev.)2

T = psi d or T = Pd2 2

= horsepower x 63025rpm

T = 63025 HPn

= flow rate (gpm) x pressure (psi) x 36.77rpm

T = 36.77QP or T = 36.77psin n

FLUID MOTOR TORQUE/100 psi (inch pounds)

TORQUE = f.m. displacement (cu. in./rev.).0628 (cu. in./rev.)

T100psi

= d.0628

FLUID MOTOR SPEED(revolutions per minute)

SPEED = 231 x flow rate (gpm)f.m. displacement

n = 231Qd

FLUID MOTOR POWER(horsepower output)

HORSEPOWER = torque output(inch pounds) x rpm63025

HP = Tn63025

PUMP OUTLET FLOW(gallons per minute)

FLOW = rpm x pump displacement (cu. in./rev.)231

Q = nD231

PUMP INPUT POWER(horsepower required)

HORSEPOWER INPUT = flow rate output (gpm) x pressure (psi)1714 x efficiency (overall)

HPIN

= QP or GPM x psi1714Eff 1714Eff

FLOW RATE throughPIPING (additional required oilto reach pressure)

ADDITIONAL VOLUME = pressure (psi) x volume of oil under pressure250,000

VA = PV Approx. %

250,000 per 1000 psi

GAS LAWS for ACCUMULATOR SIZING: Where P = psia (absolute) = psig (gauge pressure) + 14.7 psi

FORMULA WORD FORMULA LETTER FORMULA

PRESSURE or VOLUME(W/Constant T) Temperature Original Pressure x Original Volume = Final Pressure x Final Volume P1V1 = P2V2 [isothermic]

PRESSURE or TEMPERATURE(W/Constant V) Volume Original Pressure x Final Temperature = Final Pressure x Original Temperature P1T2

= P2V1 [isochoric]

VOLUME or TEMPERATURE(W/Constant P) Pressure Original Volume x Final Temperature = Final Volume x Original Temperature V1T2

= V2T1 [isobaric]

PRESSURE or VOLUME(W/Temperature change due to heatof compression

Original Temperature x Final Volume n = Final Pressure x Final Volume n P1V1n = P2V2 n

Final Temperature Original Volume n-1 Final Pressure n-1/n

Original Temperature = Final Volume = Original PressureT2 = V1 n-1 = P2 n-1/n

T1 V2 V1

For Nitrogen in the Exponent: n = 1.4 For full adiabatic conditions i.e., the FULL HEATING theoretical condition

n = 1.3 For rapid cycling (most heating normally experienced)

n = 1.1 For NORMAL cycling

n = 1.0 Where gas time to return to normal temperature before discharge or recharge

)) ) (( ( )(


17/19193


AACCUMULATOR a container in which fluidis stored under pressure as a source of fluid

power.

AIR, COMPRESSED air at any pressuregreater than atmospheric pressure.

BBLEEDER, AIR a device for the removal ofair from an oil system.

BREATHER, AIR a device permitting air

movement between the atmosphere and

the component in which it is installed, while

preventing contaminations from entering the

component.

CCAP, BLIND END a cylinder end closure

which completely covers the bore area.

CAP, ROD END the cylinder and enclosure

which covers the differential area between

the bore area and the piston rod area.

CAVITATION a localized gaseous condition

within a liquid stream which occurs where thepressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.

CLEVISa U shaped mounting device which

contains a common pin hole at right angle or

normal to the axis of symmetry through eachextension.

COMPRESSIBILITY the change in volume of

a unit of volume of a fluid when subjected to aunit change of pressure.

CUSHIONa device which provides controlledresistance to motion.

CUSHION, CYLINDER a cushion built into

the cylinder to restrict flow at the outlet port,thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.

CYCLE a single complete operation

consisting of progressive phases, startingand ending at the neutral position.

CYLINDER a device which converts fluidpower into linear mechanical force and

motion.

CYLINDER, ADJUSTABLE STROKE a

cylinder in which fluid force can be applied

to the moveable element in either direction.

CYLINDER, NON-ROTATING a cylinder

in which the relative rotation of the cylinder

housing and the piston and piston rod,

plunger or ram, is fixed.

CYLINDER, SINGLE ACTING a cylinder in

which the fluid force can be applied to the

moveable element in only one direction.CYLINDER, TANDEM two or more cylinders

with interconnected piston assemblies.

DDUROMETER HARDNESS a measure of

elastomer hardness by use of a durometer.

FFILTER a device whose primary function is

the retention by porous media of insoluble

contaminants from a liquid.

FITTING a connector or closure for fluid

power lines and passages.

FLOW, LAMINAR a flow situation in which

fluid moves in parallel laminar or layers.

Flow Rate the volume, mass, or weight of a

fluid passing through any conductor, per unitof time.

FLOW, TURBULENTa flow situation in which

fluid particles move in a random manner.FLUID FRICTIONfriction due to the viscosity

of fluids.

FLUID STABILITY resistance of a fluid to

permanent changes in properties.

GGAGEan instrument or device for measuring,

indicating, or comparing a physicalcharacteristic, such as pressure or volume.

HHYDRAULIC PUMPa device which converts

mechanical force and motion into fluid power.

IINTENSIFIER a device which converts low

pressure fluid power into high pressure fluid

power; also called a booster.

LLUBRICATOR a device which addscontrolled or metered amounts of lubricant

into an air system.

MMANIFOLD a conductor which provides

multiple connection ports.

MUFFLER a device for reducing gas flow

noise.

PPACKINGa sealing device consisting of bulkdeformable material or one or more mating

deformable elements, reshaped by manually

adjustable compression to obtain andmaintain effectiveness. It usually uses axial

compression to obtain radial sealing.

PORT an internal or external terminus of a

passage in a component.

PORT BLEED a port which provides apassage for the purging of gas from a system

or component.

PORT, CYLINDER a port which provides a

passage to or from an actuator.

PORT, EXHAUST a port which provides a

passage to the atmosphere.PRESSURE force per unit area, usuallyexpressed in pounds per square inch.

PRESSURE, BURST the pressure which

creates loss of fluid thru the componentenvelope, resulting from failure.

PRESSURE, CRACKING the pressure atwhich a pressure operated valve begins to

pass fluid.

PRESSURE, OPERATING the pressure at

which a system is operated.

PRESSURE, PEAK the maximum pressure

encountered in the operation of a component.

PRESSURE, RATED the qualified operating

pressure which is recommended for a

component or a system by the manufacturer.

PRESSURE, SHOCKthe pressure existing in

a wave moving at sonic velocity.

PRESSURE, STATIC the pressure in a fluid

at rest.

PRESSURE, SURGE the pressure existing

from surge conditions.

PRESSURE, WORKING the pressure atwhich the working device normally operates.

PRESSURE VESSELa container which holdsfluid under pressure.

RRESERVOIRa container for the storage of

liquid in a fluid power system.

RESTRICTOR a device which reduces the

cross-sectional flow area.REYNthe standard unit of absolute viscosityin the English system. It is expressed in

pound-seconds per square inch.

SSERVOVALVE a valve which modulates

output as a function of an input command.

Silencer a device for reducing gas flow

noise. Noise is decreased by tuned resonantcontrol of gas expansion.

SUBPLATE an auxiliary ported plate for

mounting components.

SURGEa transient rise of pressure or flow.

TTUBEa line whose size is its outside diameter.

Tube is available in varied wall thicknesses.

VVALVE a device which controls fluid flowdirection, pressure, or flow rate.

VALVE, DIRECTIONAL CONTROL a valvewhose primary function is to direct or prevent

flow through selected passages.

VALVE, FLOW CONTROL a valve whoseprimary function is to control flow rate.

VALVE, SEQUENCEa valve whose primaryfunction is to direct flow in a predetermined

sequence.

VALVE POSITION, DETENTa predeterminedposition maintained by a holding device,

acting on the flow-directing elements of a

directional control valve.

VALVE POSITION, NORMAL the valve

position when signal or actuating force is not

being applied.

VISCOSITY a measure of internal friction or

the resistance of a fluid to flow.

Terms and definitions are extracted from ANSI Glossary of Terms for Fluid Power with permission

of the publisher, National Fluid Power Association, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53222.

Fluid Power Glossary


18/19194194

Website Highlights

MilCad software

Product specifications

Product literature

Online quote request

Distributor locator

Design Engineering Guide to assist

with product application selection

2D and 3D cylinder configurator

- Hydraulic and pneumatic

- NFPA and ISO

- Accessories

Download your selections

- Over forty 3D formats

- Twenty-five 2D formats

One-time registration required

www.milwaukeecylinder.com


19/19

Mc Design Engineers Guide

Documents

Transcript of Mc Design Engineers Guide