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Biodiversity in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
Megan Childers
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Outline• History of National Marine Sanctuaries• What is a NMS?• Monterey Bay NMS• Biodiversity
– Wetlands– Beaches & Dunes– Rocky Shores– Coral Reefs– Kelp Forests– Sandy Sea Floor
• Octopus– Open Waters– Deep Sea
• Monterey Bay Aquarium• Conclusion
History
Santa Barbara Oil Spill
• Jan. 29, 1969
• 3 million gallons of oil
• Severe impacts on wildlife
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Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA)• 1972• National Marine Sanctuaries Act• Ecologically or culturally significant• Resource protection, research, education,
public use• NMS Mission:
– “…to manage marine areas of special national significance to protect their ecological and cultural integrity for the benefit of current and future generations.”
What is a NMS?
• Undersea counterpart to National Parks
• Unique/unusual habitats
• Sensitive or endangered species
• Rich biological diversity
• Open to the public
Federal Organization
NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS
Sanctuaries & Reserve Division
National Ocean Service (NOS)
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Department of Commerce (DOC)
National Marine Sanctuaries
• USS Monitor (NC)- 1975• Channel Islands (CA) - 1980• Gulf of the Farallones (CA)- 1981• Gray’s Reef (GA)- 1981• Fagatele Bay (American Samoa) - 1986• Cordell Bank (CA) - 1989• Florida Keys (FL)- 1990• Flower Garden Banks (Gulf of Mexico)- 1992• Monterey Bay (CA)- 1992• Stellwagen Bank (MA)- 1992• Hawaiian Island Humpback Whale (HI)- 1992• Olympic Coast (WA)- 1994• Thunder Bay (MI)- 2000
Monterey Bay NMS
• Established 1992
• Largest of the 13 NMS
• 5,300 sq mi
• 275 mi along CA coastQuickTime™ and a
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Monterey Submarine Canyon
• 10,633 ft (~2 mi) deepest point– Twice as deep as the Grand Canyon!
• Area of continued research– Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
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Code of Conduct
• Allowed activities:– Fishing (recreational and commercial)
• Prohibited activities:– NO exploring for or developing or producing oil, gas, or
mineral resources– NO discharging or depositing any materials in the water– NO altering the seabed or constructing new structures
(ex: piers)– NO harassing marine mammals, sea turtles, sea birds– NO operating personal watercraft except in designated
areas
Habitats
Wetlands
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Elkhorn Slough
• Break down pollutants and purify water• Nutrient rich
– Decaying plants and animals - detritus
• Feeding ground for birds• 4 subhabitats
– Waterways– Mud flats– Salt marshes– Uplands
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Snowy Egret
Bat RayPacific Herring
Fat Innkeeper WormMud Crab
Beaches & Dunes
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• Sand dunes constantly changing– Waves– Wind
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Marbled Murrelet*
California Least Tern*
Peregrine Falcon
Smith’s Blue Butterfly*
Steller Sea Lion*
Black Legless Lizard*
Rocky Shores
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• Tide pools
• 4 intertidal zones– Splash zone– High intertidal zone– Middle intertidal zone– Low intertidal zone
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Splash Zone
• Crashing waves
• Covered by water for a few hours/day
• Hardy animals
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Acorn Barnacle Limpet
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High Intertidal Zone
• Covered by water about 1/2 the day
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Aggregating Anemone
Ochre Star
Shore Crab
Middle Intertidal Zone
• Covered by water most of the day
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Sea Urchin
Red Abalone
Coralline Sculpin
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Low Intertidal Zone
• Normally always covered by water
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Opalescent NudibranchSea Sponge
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Orange Sea Cucumber
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Harbor Seal Sea Otter*
California Sea LionBrown Pelican Brandt’s Cormorant
Coral Reefs
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• Home to larger animals
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Giant Green Anemone
Giant Sea Star
Giant Acorn Barnacle
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Blue Rockfish
Giant Octopus Leopard Shark
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Wolf-Eel
Kelp Forests
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• Brown algae
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Giant Kelp Macrocystis
Bull Kelp Nereocystis
• Nutrients absorbed throughout plant– Holdfasts, stipes, blades
• MB is perfect habitat– Cold water– Nutrient-rich– Rocks for holdfasts
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Garibaldi
Sheephead
Giant Kelpfish
Sea Urchins
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Sandy Sea Floor
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“Flat things and squishy things”
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Sand Dollar Thornback Ray
California Halibut
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Angel Shark
Flat fish
• The migrating eye…
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Moon Snail Rainbow Nudibranch
Sea Pen
Sea Cucumber Market Squid
Meet the Octopus
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California Two-Spot Octopus Octopus bimaculoides
Red Octopus Octopus rubescens
Giant Pacific Octopus Enteroctopus dofleini
Octopus Outline
• Classification
• Habitat
• Appearance
• Diet
• Reproduction
Classification
• Phylum Mollusca
• Class Cephalopoda
• Order Octopoda
• Genus Octopus, Enteroctopus, etc.
Habitat
• Found in every ocean at every depth
• Live in dens
• Burrow in mud, hole in rock, empty shell, coral, beer bottle
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Appearance
• Camouflage
• Change entire appearance in <1 sec.
• Color, texture, shape
• Move arms
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Mimic Octopus Thaumoctopus mimicus
Diet
• Eat almost anything that can’t get away
• Crabs, clams, fish
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Sex at Last!
• Mating and reproduction occurs at end of life• Males die after mating - senescence• Females die after eggs hatch• Males have erectile tissue - ligula
– First finding in invertebrate
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Now, back to our regularly scheduled program…
Open Waters
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Green Sea Turtle*
• Floaters, drifters, and swimmers
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Plankton
Egg-Yolk Jelly
Bluefin Tuna
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Purple-Striped Jelly Pacific White-Sided Dolphin
Ocean Sunfish Blue Shark
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Sperm Whale*California Gray Whale
Humpback Whale* Blue Whale*
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Killer Whale
Deep Sea
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• Great pressure
• Cold (39°F)
• Dark
• Bioluminescence
• Food scarcity– Detritus and drift kelp from above
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AnglerfishCock-Eyed Squid
Northern Lampfish Midwater Jelly
Dumbo Octopus
Monterey Bay Aquarium
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Open Sea Exhibit
• 1 million gallon tank
• Pumps in water straight from Bay
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Kelp Forest Exhibit
• 28 ft tall tank
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Giant Pacific Octopus
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Outdoor Exhibits
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“The mission of the nonprofit Monterey Bay Aquarium is to inspire conservation of the oceans.”
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Conclusion
• National Marine Sanctuaries Act– Ecological and cultural importance
• Monterey Bay NMS is made up of a variety habitats– Wetlands to Deep Sea
• Remarkable biodiversity– Octopus
• Monterey Bay Aquarium inspires conservation
References• Ambrose, R.F. 1984. Food preferences, food availability and the diet of Octopus bimaculatus Verrill.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 77: 29-44.• Craig, J., A.J. Jamieson, P.M. Bagley, and I.G. Pirede. 2011. Naturally occurring bioluminescence on
the deep-sea floor. Journal of Marine Systems 88 (4): 563-567.• Hanlon, R. 2007. Cephalopod dynamic camouflage. Current Biology 17 (11): 400-404.• Jessup, D. A., M. Miller, J. Ames, M. Harris, C. Kreuder, P.A. Conrad, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2004.
Southern sea otter as a sentinel of marine ecosystem health. EcoHealth 1: 239-245.• Mather, Jennifer A., Roland C. Anderson, and James B. Wood. Octopus: The Ocean’s Intelligent
Invertebrate. Portland: Timber Press, 2010. Print.• Mautner, Don. ENVS 282 - Monterey Bay: A Case Study in Environmental Science and Policy.
California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA. Jan.-May 2012. Lecture/Class.• McDonnell, P.J. 2008. Symmetrical versus asymmetrical globe placement: It’s no fluke.
Ophthalmology Times 33 (22): 4-4. 2/3 p.• Monterey Bay Aquarium. A Natural History of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.
Monterey, CA: Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation, 1997. Print.• NOAA. 2009. Nat’l Marine Sanctuaries – America’s ocean and Great Lakes treasures. NOAA Fact
Sheet, 2 p.• http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/• http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/
Questions?
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