MBA BIS Hardware Tg
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Transcript of MBA BIS Hardware Tg
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Eng. Martin Manuhwa
University of Zimbabwe
Hardware Resources
MBA BIS 2011
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Business Information Systems
Eng. Martin Manuhwa
Computer Hardware
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MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?: CPU AND PRIMARYSTORAGE
SECONDARY STORAGE
INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
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Basic Computer Hardware
Components
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Primary Storage (Main Memory)
Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse) Output Devices (Screen, Printer)
Secondary Storage (Disk, Tape)
Buses (connections between components)
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Computer System Components
Central Processing Unit
Output
Devices
CacheMemory
PrimaryStorage
SecondaryStorageDevices
ControlUnit
ALU
SpecialPurposeProcessors
Output
Device
s
Input
Device
s
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Putting the Pieces Together
CPU
Secondary
Storage
Primary
Memory
Output Device
Input Device
DMA
DMA
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BIT:Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not
BYTE:Group of bits for one character
EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded DecimalInterchange Code (8 bits per byte)
ASCII- American Standard Code for Information
Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT:extra bit added to each byte to help detect
errors
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HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED
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INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
POINTING DEVICES
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
OUTPUT DEVICES*
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Input Technology Trends
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
PunchedCardsPaper Tape
PunchedCards
Key to Tape/Disk
Keyboard DataEntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning
VoiceRecognitionTouch DevicesHandwritingRecognition
Trend:Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Naturaland Easy to Use
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Common Input Devices Keyboard
Pointing Devices
Pen Based Computing
Speech Recognition Optical Scanning
Magnetic Ink CharacterRecognition
Smart Cards Digital Cameras
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POINTING DEVICES
KEYBOARD MOUSEWIRED INFRA-REDTRACKBALLTOUCH PAD
JOYSTICK
TOUCH SCREEN*
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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME &PLACE OF TRANSACTION
OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):saves characters, format
BAR CODE: identifies products in stores, warehouses,shipments
MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION(MICR):special ink identifies bank, account, amount
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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
PEN-BASED INPUT:Digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters
into digital form
VOICE INPUT DEVICES:Converts spoken word intodigital form
SENSORS: Devices that collect data fromenvironment for computer input (e.g.,thermometers, pressure gauges)
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Common Output Devices Video Output
CRT
LCD
Printed Output
Inkjet
Laser
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Output Technology Trends
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents
Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents
Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays
Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents
Video DisplaysVoice ResponsesHyperlinkedMultimediaDocuments
Trend:Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,Quickly, and Clearly
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Storage Trends
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
MagneticDrum
MagneticCore
MagneticCore
LSISemiconductorMemory Chips
VLSISemiconductorMemory Chips
Trend:Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits
Trend:Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media
Magnetic TapeMagnetic Drum
Magnetic TapeMagnetic Disk
Magnetic DiskMagnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk
Optical DiskMagnetic Tape
Optical DiskMagnetic Disk
PrimaryStorage
SecondaryStorage
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CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE
CPUPRIMARY
STORAGE
DATA BUS
ADDRESS BUS
CONTROL BUS
INPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT
DEVICES
SECONDARY
STORAGE
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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
RAM
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
CONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGIC
UNIT
ROMCLOCK
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CPU
Does all manipulations Controls other computer components
Components
Arithmetic-Logic UnitControl Unit
Registers
Information must be on the CPU
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ALU & CONTROL UNIT
ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT:CPU component performslogic and arithmetic operations
CONTROL UNIT:CPU component controls, coordinatesother parts of computer system
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Primary Memory
Can be accessed directly by CPU
All commands/data must be in primary memory.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
non-volatile holds OS/BIOS (how to be a computer)
Random Access Memory (RAM) volatile hold high level OS, application, data
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Other Type Primary Memory
ROM PROM - write once
for single & low volume uses
EPROM - rewritable
CMOS
holds setup memory, needs battery
RAM
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Secondary Storage
Sequential Access
9 track reels
tape cartridges
Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD) floppy disk drives
hard disk drives
CD-ROMDVD
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DISK
TAPEOPTICAL STORAGE
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SECONDARY STORAGE
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TRACKS AND SECTORS
EACH TRACK HOLDSSAME AMOUNT OF DATA
SECTOR
TRACKS
DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0
STARTOFTRACKS
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DISK PACK STORAGE
LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE
LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE
TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks
CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces
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CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)
DISK 1DISK 2
DISK 3DISK 4DISK 5
READ/WRITEHEADS
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OPTICAL STORAGE
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CD-ROM:500-660 MEGABYTES
LAND: flat parts of disk surface reflects light PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light
WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):
CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable
CD-RW:CD - Rewritable
DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):CD size, up to 10 gigabytesof data
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OPTICAL STORAGE
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STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS
OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)
RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per
block) GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP
RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME
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HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3
MAGNETIC TAPE
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ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE
USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS
INEXPENSIVE
STORED IN SAFE LOCATION
CAN BE REUSED
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MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE
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STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)
HIGH-SPEED NETWORK CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES
TAPE LIBRARIES
DISK ARRAYS
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Data Bus
Information is moved to/from components on the DataBus via the CPU
Typically want data bus = word size
Some systems have a data bus < word size Some systems allow for Direct Memory Access (DMA)
which bypasses the CPU
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Bus Standards
ISAIndustry Standard Architecture (1984) MCAMicro Channel Architecture (1987)
EISAExtended ISA (1998)
VLBVESA Local Bus (1992)
PCIPeripheral Component Interconnect (1993)
AGPAccelerated Graphics Port (1996)
USBUniversal Serial Bus (1995)
FirewireIEEE 1394 (1994)
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Width Clock Throughput
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Width Clock Throughput
(bits) (MHz) (MB/s)
ISA 16 8 8
MCA 32 10 20
EISA 32 8 33
VLB 32 33 132 PCI 32 33 132
AGP 32 66 256
USB -- -- 12 Firewire -- -- 400
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AGP
Basically an enhancement of the 66 MHz PCI specification Targeted at high performance 3D graphics applications.
Standards exist for 2X (512 MBps) and 4X (1024 MBps).
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USB
Intended to lower costs by using standard connectorsand eliminating add-on cards
Requires compatible BIOS, OS, peripherals
Supports hot swapping of devices
127 devices possible using USB hubs
Max cable length 5 meters
Supports 12 Mbps aggregate data rate, 1.5Mbps for low
speed devices
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IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
Similar concept to USB but directed at high speedperipherals
Supports speeds of 100, 200, and 400 Mbps
63 same-speed devices on single bus
Up to 1,023 buses can be interconnected
Expect future computer to have both a low speed bus(USB) and a high speed bus (FireWire)
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Hard Disk Interfaces
ST-506/ST-412 (MFM, RLL) ESDI - Enhanced Small Device Interface
IDE/ATA - Integrated Drive Electronics / AT
AttachmentATA-2, Fast ATA, Fast ATA-2, ATA-2, Ultra ATA,
ATAPI
16-bit,
EIDE - Enhanced IDE
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S ll C t S t I t f
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Small Computer Systems Interface
SCSI1(8 devices) 8-bit narrow bus, 5 MHZ bus (5MB/s)
SCSI-2Wide-16 bit or 32-bit (not common) Fast - 10MHz bus (10MB/s @ 8bits)
SCSI-3Ultra20MHz bus (20MB/s @ 8 bits)
Serial SCSI (Firewire)Up to 400MHz (50+ MB/s)
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INPUT
DEVICES
SECONDARY
STORAGE
PRIMARYSTORAGE
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
CPU
OUTPUTDEVICES
COMMUNICATIONSDEVICES
BUSES
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I-CYCLE:
1. FETCH
2. DECODE3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER
4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER
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INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE
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E-CYCLE:5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE
REGISTER
6. COMMAND ALU
7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION
8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR
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INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE
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COMPUTER TIME
Millisecond .001 second thousand 15min 40 secMicrosecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 daysNanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years
Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years
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NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND
# PER COMPARED
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VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU
WORD LENGTH:bits processed at one time
MEGAHERTZ:one million cycles per second
DATA BUS WIDTH:bits moved between CPU & other devices
REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):embedsmost used instructions on chip to enhance speed
MultiMedia eXtension (MMX):enhanced Intel chip improvesmultimedia applications
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MICROPROCESSOR
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EXAMPLES OF
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NAME MICROPROCESSOR WORD DATA BUS CLOCK SPEED
MANUFACTURER LENGTH WIDTH (MHz)
PENTIUM INTEL 32 64 75 - 200
PENTIUM (MMX) INTEL 32 64 166 - 233
PENTIUM II INTEL 32 64 233 - 450
PENTIUM III INTEL 64 64 500+
PowerPC MOTOROLA, IBM, APPLE 32 64 100 - 400
ALPHA DEC 64 64 1000+
EXAMPLES OF
MICROPROCESSORS
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PENTIUM PCs
PENTIUM (MMX) MULTIMEDIA
PENTIUM II HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS
PowerPC HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS
ALPHA COMPAC & DEC WORKSTATIONS
PENTIUM III MULTIMEDIA
NAME USE
USES OF MICROPROCESSORS
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SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL
TASK 1
RESULT
TASK 2
RESULT
Program
CPU
Program
CPU
Program
CPU
TASK 2
CPU
TASK 3
CPU
TASK 1
RESULT
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DATA PROCESSING
BATCH PROCESSING:Transaction data stored untilconvenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions.
ON-LINE PROCESSING:Transaction data entered directly
into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-accessdevices.
*
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KEYBOARD INPUT
BATCH OFTRANSACTIONS
SORTED TRANSACTION
FILE
OLD MASTER FILE
NEW MASTERFILE
VALIDATE AND UPDATE
ERRORREPORTS
REPORTS
BATCH PROCESSING
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ON-LINE PROCESSING
TRANSACTIONS
KEYBOARD
PROCESS /UPDATE MASTER
FILE
MASTER FILE
IMMEDIATEINPUT
IMMEDIATEPROCESSING
IMMEDIATEFILE UPDATE
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MAINFRAME
LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS
MASSIVE DATA
COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS
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MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second
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MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER
MIDDLE-RANGE
10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME
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DESKTOP OR PORTABLE
64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM
PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS
AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS
CAN BE NETWORKED
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MICROCOMPUTER
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SUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP:TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND
HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED
COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs
LARGE SIMULATIONS
STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS
EXPENSIVE
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INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA
INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION
STREAMING TECHNOLOGY
MP3: Audio compression standard
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NETWORKED COMPUTERS CLIENT:user (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data,
application, communications it does not have
SERVER:component (computer) having desired data,
application, communications
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CLIENT / SERVER
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CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS
DATA,SERVICE
USER INTERFACEAPPLICATION
FUNCTION
DATAAPPLICATION FUNCTION
NETWORK RESOURCES
CLIENT / SERVER
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WORKSTATION
DESKTOP COMPUTER
POWERFUL GRAPHICS
EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES
MULTI-TASKING
USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION (e.g.;CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS)
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CENTRALIZED:PROCESSING BY CENTRALCOMPUTER SITE
ONE STANDARD
GREATER CONTROL
DISTRIBUTED:PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTERSITES LINKED BY NETWORKS
MORE FLEXIBILITY
FASTER RESPONSE
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CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED
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DOWNSIZING
TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERSTO SMALL
REDUCES COST
SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER
COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST
COOPERATIVE PROCESSING
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NETWORK COMPUTERS
NETWORK COMPUTER:simplified desktop computerstores minimum data to function (uses server)
TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO):total cost ofowning technology resources (hardware, software, upgrades,
maintenance, technical support, training)*
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Evaluating Hardware & Software
Hardware evaluation factors Performance
Speed, capacity, throughput
Cost
Lease or purchase price Cost of operations and maintenance
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Evaluating Hardware & Software
Hardware evaluation factors (continued)Reliability
Risk of malfunction & maintenance requirements
Error control and diagnostic features
Compatibility With existing hardware and software?
With hardware & software provided by competing suppliers?
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Evaluating Hardware & Software
Hardware evaluation factors (continued)Technology
Year of product life cycle
Does it use a new, untested technology?
Does it run the risk of obsolescence?
Ergonomics human factors engineered?
User-friendly?
Safe, comfortable, easy to use?
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Evaluating Hardware & Software
Hardware evaluation factors (continued)Connectivity
Easily connected to WANs and LANs that use different types of networktechnologies and bandwidth alternatives?
Scalability Can it handle the processing demands of end users, transactions, queries,
& other processing requirements?
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Evaluating Hardware & Software
Hardware evaluation factors (continued) Software
Is system and application software available that can best use thishardware?
Support Is support available?
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Evaluating Hardware & Software
Software evaluation factors Quality
Bug free?
Efficiency
Well-developed system of program code that does not use much CPUtime, memory capacity, or disk space?
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Evaluating Hardware & Software
Software evaluation factors (continued) Flexibility
Can it handle our processes easily without major modification?
Security
Does it provide control procedures for errors, malfunctions, andimproper use?
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Evaluating Hardware & Software
Software evaluation factors (continued) Connectivity
Web-enabled?
Language
Is the programming language familiar to internal software developers?
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Software evaluation factors (continued) Documentation
Well-documented? Help screens and helpful software agents?
Hardware
Does existing hardware have the features required to best use thissoftware?
Evaluating Hardware & Software
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TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA VIRTUAL REALITY
ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB
SUPERCHIPS
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS
SMART CARDS
MICROMINIATURIZATION*