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![Page 1: Maximizing the Contact Opportunity for Vehicular Internet Access Authors: Zizhan Zheng †, Zhixue Lu †, Prasun Sinha †, and Santosh Kumar § † The Ohio State.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e595503460f94b530f0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Maximizing the Contact Opportunity for Vehicular Internet Access
Authors: Zizhan Zheng†, Zhixue Lu†, Prasun Sinha†,
and Santosh Kumar§
† The Ohio State University, § University of Memphis
INFOCOM 2010, San Diego, CA
1
04/21/23
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Outline
Motivation Three Metrics
Contact Opportunity in Distance Contact Opportunity in Time Average Throughput
Evaluations Summary and Future Work
2
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Motivation: Internet Access for Mobile Vehicles
3
Applications Infotainment Cargo tracking Burglar tracking Road surface monitoring
Current Approaches Full Coverage Opportunistic Service Sparse Coverage
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Current Approach I (of III): Full Coverage
4
Wireless Wide-Area Networking 3G Cellular Network 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) WiMAX
Either long range coverage (30 miles) or high data rates (75 Mbps per 20 MHz channel)
3 Mbps downlink bandwidth reported in one of the first deployments in US (Baltimore, MD)
Google WiFi for Mountain View 12 square miles, 500+ APs, 95% coverage 1 Mbps upload and download rate Not very practical for large scale deployment
due to the prohibitive cost of deployment and management
Google Wifi Coverage Maphttp://wifi.google.com/city/mv/apmap.html
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Current Approach II (of III): Opportunistic Service via In-Situ APs
5
Prototype Drive-Thru Internet (Infocom’04,05)
In-Situ Evaluation DieselNet (Sigcomm’08, Mobicom’08)
Interactive WiFi connectivity (Sigcomm’08) Cost-performance trade-offs of three infrastructure enhancement alternatives
(Mobicom’08) MobiSteer (Mobisys’07)
Handoff optimization for a single mobile user in the context of directional antenna and beam steering
Cabernet (Mobicom’08) Fast connection setup (QuickWiFi) and end-to-end throughput improvement
(CTP)
Problems Opportunistic service, no guarantee Unpredictable interconnection gap
Internet
AP
AP
AP
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Current Approach III (of III): Sparse Coverage with Performance Guarantees6
Basic Idea Planned deployment Sparse coverage with performance
guarantees Alpha Coverage (Infocom ’09 mini)
Placing an upper bound on the maximum diameter of coverage holes in a road network
Pure geometric Does not correspond to the quality of data
service directly
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Contact Opportunity: A More Expressive Sparse Coverage Mode
7
Contact Opportunity – fractional distance/time within range of APs Closer to user experience Can be translated to average throughput if all
uncertainties resolved Our Approach
Worst Case perspective Start with distance measure that involves least
uncertainties Extend to time measure by modeling road traffic Further extend to average throughput by also
modeling data rates, user density, and association
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Contributions8
Propose Contact Opportunity, an expressive sparse coverage mode.
Propose efficient solutions with provable performance bounds to maximize the worst-case Contact Opportunity with various uncertainties considered.
Develop the foundations towards providing scalable data service to disconnection-tolerant mobile users with guaranteed performance.
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Outline9
Motivation Three Metrics
Contact Opportunity in Distance Contact Opportunity in Time Average Throughput
Evaluations Summary and Future Work
![Page 10: Maximizing the Contact Opportunity for Vehicular Internet Access Authors: Zizhan Zheng †, Zhixue Lu †, Prasun Sinha †, and Santosh Kumar § † The Ohio State.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e595503460f94b530f0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Models and Assumptions10
Road Network An undirected graph G Assumption 1: A set of candidate deployment
locations is given, denoted as A. Mobile Trace
A set of paths on G Assumption 2: A set of frequently traveled
paths is known, denoted as P. AP Coverage
Geometric model is used Assumption 3: The covered region for each
candidate location is known (but not necessary a disk).
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Contact Opportunity in Distance
11
For a subset S µ A, a path p 2 P, the Contact Opportunity in Distance of p:
- the cost of S
200m 1000
m
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The Properties of Set Function ´d
12
The set function ´d(, p): 2A ! [0,1] is Normalized: ´d(;, p) = 0 Nondecreasing: ´d(S, p) · ´d(T, p) if S µ T Submodular: adding a new AP to a small
set helps more than adding it to a large set
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Submodular Set Function13
A set function F : 2A ! R is submodular if for all S µ T µ A and a 2 AnT, F(S [ {a}) – F(S) ¸ F(T [ {a}) – F(T) Discrete counterpart of convexity Example: F(S) = ´d(S, p)S
T
a
a
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Approximation Algorithm (for a relaxed version)
Hard to approximate directly An instance of budgeted submodular set covering problem No polynomial time approximation unless P = NP
Relaxing the budget B - a binary search based algorithm For a given ¸ 2 [0,1], solve the subproblem - find a
deployment S of minimum cost that provides worst-case Contact Opportunity of ; An instance of submodular set covering problem A greedy algorithm has a logarithmic factor (L.A. Wolsey
1982) If w(S) > B, a lower ¸ is used; otherwise, a higher ¸ is used; Repeat until no higher ¸ can be achieved; output ¸
OPT(B) achieved if ²B is allowed (Andreas Krause 2008) OPT(B) - max-min Contact Opportunity of an optimal
solution ² - a logarithmic function of problem parameters
14
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Contact Opportunity in Time15
For a subset S µ A, a path p 2 P, the Contact Opportunity in Time of p:
Challenge - uncertain contact time and travel time Traffic jams, accidents, stop signs, etc.
Solution Worst-Case perspective Interval based modeling - for each road segment, an
interval of possible travel times is known.
200m
1000m
20s
10s
10s
10s
20s
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Contact Opportunity in Time (Cont.)
16
A traffic scenario k - an assignment of travel time (any value from the interval) to each road segment
kS - the worst traffic scenario
Unfortunately, ´t(S, p, kS) 8S µ A is not submodular Approximation by the “mean” scenario
“mean” scenario assigns the average travel time to each road segment
- an upper bound on the ratios of maximum and minimum travel times for all road segments
Factor achieved by using “mean” scenario
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From Contact Opportunity to Average Throughput
17
More Assumptions Each candidate location a 2 A is associated
with a worst case data rate ra
The maximum number of users moving on each road segment is known The maximum number of users in the range of
an AP at a 2 A can be computed, denoted as va
A user always selects the AP with the highest normalized rate (ra/va) in range to associate
Handoff time is small enough to be ignored
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From Contact Opportunity to Average Throughput (Cont.)
18
For a subset S µ A, a path p 2 P, the Average Throughput when moving through p can be estimated as:
Solution similar to “Contact Opportunity in Time” Limitations
Simplified association protocol Fairness has been ignored
ra = 1 Mbps
200m 1000
m
20s
10s
10s
10s
20s
2 2 3
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Outline19
Motivation Three Metrics
Contact Opportunity in Distance Contact Opportunity in Time Average Throughput
Evaluations Summary and Future Work
![Page 20: Maximizing the Contact Opportunity for Vehicular Internet Access Authors: Zizhan Zheng †, Zhixue Lu †, Prasun Sinha †, and Santosh Kumar § † The Ohio State.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e595503460f94b530f0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Simulations20
Baseline Algorithms Uniform random sampling Max-min distance sampling
Road network A 6x6km2 region, 1802 intersections, Obtained from 2008 Tiger/Line Shapefiles Each edge is associated with an interval of travel
speed [-5, ] (m/s), 2 [10,20] Movements: all pair shortest paths ¸
2km Each AP has unit cost and a sector
based coverage model with radius in [100,200](m)
To evaluate average throughput Ns-2 based simulation Restricted random waypoint 1Mbps for each AP CBR traffic
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Simulation Results21
A small controlled experiment in a parking lot at OSU (result in paper)
Min Contact Opp in Time Avg Contact Opp in Time Avg Throughput (2x2km2, 20 APs, 5 users)
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Outline22
Motivation Three Metrics
Contact Opportunity in Distance Contact Opportunity in Time Average Throughput
Evaluations Summary and Future Work
![Page 23: Maximizing the Contact Opportunity for Vehicular Internet Access Authors: Zizhan Zheng †, Zhixue Lu †, Prasun Sinha †, and Santosh Kumar § † The Ohio State.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e595503460f94b530f0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Summary and Future Work23
We have proposed Contact Opportunity, an expressive sparse coverage mode for providing data service to mobile users, and efficient solutions that maximize the worst-case Contact Opportunity with various uncertainties considered.
Future Work - Expected Contact Opportunity or Throughput Offline - stochastic modeling of
uncertainties on mobility and data flows Online scheduling to improve fairness
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Contact Opportunity in Time (Cont.)
24
A traffic scenario k - an assignment of travel time (any value from the interval) to each road segment
KS - the worst traffic scenario that minimizes ´t (S, p) for each p, which assigns the minimum travel time to every segment covered by S and maximum travel time to every segment not covered
![Page 25: Maximizing the Contact Opportunity for Vehicular Internet Access Authors: Zizhan Zheng †, Zhixue Lu †, Prasun Sinha †, and Santosh Kumar § † The Ohio State.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e595503460f94b530f0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Contact Opportunity in Time (Cont.)
25
Unfortunately, ´t(S, p, kS) 8S µ A is normalized, nondecreasing, but not submodular
Approximation by a single scenario independent of S “mean” scenario assigns the average travel time to
each road segment, denoted as k0
S0 - optimal deployment with respect to k0
S* - optimal deployment with respect to kS If the ratio between the maximum and the
minimum travel time is bounded by for all road segments, then ´t(S*, p, kS*) · ´t(S0, p, kS0).