Mauryan Architecture a presentation.

7/21/2019 Mauryan Architecture a presentation.

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THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF MAURYAN EMPIRECONSTITUTES THE CULMINATING POINT OF THE PROGRESSOF INDIAN ART . THE PERIOD WAS MARKED BY MATURE USE

OF STONE AND PRODUCTION OF MASTERPIECES.

GEOGRAPHY MAURYAN EMPIRE LASTED FROM 322 B.C TO 185 B.C..ORIGINATED FROM THE KINGDOM OF MAGADHA.

SOUTHERN ASIA AND PARTS OF CENTRAL ASIA.SITUATED ON RICH ALLUVIAL SOIL AND MINERAL DEP

OSITS.



GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

FIRST KING: CHANDRAGUPTA

ESTABLISHED A CENTRALIZED STATE, UNITING NORTHERN INDIA.

HAD STATE REGULATED TRADE THAT PROSPERED.

SECOND KING: BINDUSARA

ETENDED KINGDOM TO THE SOUTH.

THIRD KING:ASHOKA

HELPED BY A COUNCIL OF MINISTERS WHO WERE THE HEAD OF DIFFERENT

MINISTRIES.

HE WAS CONCERNED WITH THE WELFARE OF HIS PEOPLE.



DEVELOPMENT OF BUDDHISM

! TH CENTURY B.C IS OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE IN THE ANNALS OF HISTORYOF INDIA AS IT USHERED AN ERA OF SPIRITUAL REVOLUTION .

BY THE END OF THE ! TH CENTURY B.C KING OF MAGADH DYNAST Y RULINGFROM PATILPUTRA HAD ESTABLISHED THE FIRST GREAT EMPIRE IN INDIA BYETENDING THEIR REIGN OVER MOST OF GANGES BASIN.



DEVELOPMENT OF BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE

BUDDHISM GAVE IMPETUS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE ,ART ANDCRAFT AND VICE VERSA. BUDDHIST MONKS LIVED AND PRAYED IN VIHARASAND CHAITYAS BUILT IN ROCKS OF THE DISTANT MOUNTAINS AWAY FROM THEHUSTLE AND BUSTLE OF CROWDED AND HEAVILY POPULATED URBAN AND

RURAL CENTERS. THEY CREATED ROCK CUT ARCHITECTURE IN THE FORM OFROCK CUT CAVES WHICH IN TURN DEVELOPED THE INTEREST OF MASSES INBUDDHISM.

SANCHI STUPA

AMARAVATH



DEVELOPMENT OF BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE

BUDDHISM GAVE IMPETUS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE ,ART ANDCRAFT AND VICE VERSA. BUDDHIST MONKS LIVED AND PRAYED IN VIHARAS ANDCHAITYAS BUILT IN ROCKS OF THE DISTANT MOUNTAINS AWAY FROM THE HUSTLEAND BUSTLE OF CROWDED AND HEAVILY POPULATED URBAN AND RURAL

CENTERS. THEY CREATED ROCK CUT ARCHITECTURE IN THE FORM OF ROCK CUTCAVES WHICH IN TURN DEVELOPED THE INTEREST OF MASSES IN BUDDHISM.

DHARMARA"IKA, TA



BHARHU



BHARHU

MEDIVEABHUDDA



TORA

UTTARNORTSANC

BUILT ASHOCENTU



THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF THOSE TIMES DEVELOPED

AND MANIFESTED IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT FORMS.

1. EDICTS INSCRIBED ON THE ROCKS2.STUPAS

3.MONOLITHIC PILLARS

#.MONOLITHIC ACCESSORIES TO SHRINES

5.CASTLES AND PALACES

!.ROCK CUT CHAMBERS

$.BUDDHIST MONASTRIES



1. EDICTS INSCRIBED ON THE ROCKS



2.STUPAS



PILLARS



CITYPLANNIN

G



CITY PLANNINGACCORDING TO MEGASTHENIES, PATILPURA WAS SITUATED THE CONFLUENCE OF RIVER GANGES AND SONE.

THE CITY WAS LAID OUT IN THE SHAPE OF A PARALLELOGRAMWHICH WAS NINE AND HALF MILE LONG AND TWO MILES WID

THE ENCLOSURE ALL AROUND THE CITY WAS MADE OF TIMBWHICH HAD 5$% BASTIONS AND !# GATES.



CITY PLANNING



CLASSIFICATION: THE MAURYAN PERIOD ART AND ARCHITECTURE, ECE THAT OF THE RELICS OF THE PALACE OF CHANDRAGUP

MAURYA AT PATALIPUTRA, IS MAINLY ASOKAN. IT CAN BCLASSIFIED INTO STUPAS, PILLARS, CAVES, PALACES ANPOTTERY.



STUPAS

ORTHERN GATEWAY,

REAT STUPA, SANCHI

DHARMAKSHA STUPA,

SARNATH



MAURYAN STUPAS:

THE STUPAS WERE SOLID DOMES

CONSTRUCTED OF BRICK ORSTONE, VARYING IN SIZES. SAMRAT

ASHOKA BUILT NUMEROUS STUPAS

SCATTERED OVER THE COUNTRY.BUT MOST OF THE STUPAS HAVENOT SURVIVED THE RAVAGES OF

TIME. THE ASHOKAN STUPAS WERECONSTRUCTED TO CELEBRATE THE

ACHIEVEMENTS OF GAUTAMA

BUDDHA.



MAURYAN PILLARS: THE MOST



MAURYAN PILLARS: THE MOST

STRIKING MONUMENTS OF MAURYAN ARTARE THE CELEBRATED PILLARS OF DHARMA. THESE PILLARS WERE FREE STANDINGCOLUMNS AND WERE NOT USED ASSUPPORTS TO ANY STRUCTURE. THEY HAD TWO MAIN PARTS, THE SHAFT AND THECAPITAL. THE SHAFT IS MONOLITH COLUMNMADE OF ONE PIECE OF STONE WITHE(UISITE POLISH. THE ART OF POLISHINGWAS SO MARVELOUS THAT MANY PEOPLEFELT THAT IT WAS MADE OF METAL.

SOME OF THE PILLARS MARK THE STAGES OFASOKA)S PILGRIMAGE TO VARIOUS CENTERSOF BUDDHISM.



ROCK CUT CAVES

INDIAN ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE IS MORE VARIOUS AND FOUND IN GREATER ABUNDANCE THAN ANY

FORM OF ROCK'CUT ARCHITECTURE AROUND THE WORLD.

ROCK'CUT ARCHITECTURE IS THE PRACTICE OF CREATING A STRUCTURE BY CARVING IT OUT OF SOLID N

INDIAN ROCK'CUT ARCHITECTURE IS MOSTLY RELIGIOUS IN NATURE

THERE ARE KNOWN MORE THAN 1,5%% ROCK CUT STRUCTURES IN INDIA



ROCK CUT CAVES * BARABAR CAVES

THE OLDEST ROCK'CUT ARCHITECTURE IS THE BARABAR CAVES, BIHAR

BUILT AROUND 3RD CENTURY BC MAURYAN PERIOD +322185 BCE-

THE BARABAR CAVES ARE THE OLDEST SURVIVING ROCK'CUT CAVES ILOCATED IN THE BELA GAN" BLOCK OF GAYA DISTRICT OF BIHAR, INDIA

2# KM NORTH OF GAYA.

CAVES AT BARABAR CONSIST OF TWO CHAMBERS,

CARVED ENTIRELY OUT OF GRANITE, WITH A HIGHLY POLISHED INTERN

SURFACE AND ECITING ECHO EFFECT

THE FIRST CHAMBER WAS MEANT FOR WORSHIPPERS TO CONGREGAT

LARGE RECTANGULAR HALL SECOND, A SMALL, CIRCULAR, DOMED CHAMBER FOR WORSHIP

INNER CHAMBER PROBABLY HAD A SMALL STUPA LIKE STRUCTURE.



CAVES AT BARABAR HILLLOMAS RISHI CAVE* THE ARCH'LIKE SHAPE FACADE OF LOMAS RISHI CAVES, IMITATE THE

CONTEMPORARY TIMBER ARCHITECTURE. ON THE DOORWAY, A ROW OF ELEPHANTS PROCEED

TOWARDS STUPA EMBLEMS, ALONG THE CURVED ARCHITRAVE.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architrave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architrave



CAVES AT BARABAR HILL SUDAMA CAVE* THIS CAVE WAS DEDICATED BY MAURYAN EMPEROR, ASHOKA IN 2!1 BC.

THE ARCHES OF SUDAMA CAVE ARE OF BOW SHAPE. THE CAVES CONSIST OF A CIRCULAR

VAULTED CHAMBER WITH A RECTANGULAR MANDAPA.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandapa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandapa



VIHARAS



VIHARAS OR MONASTERIES CONSTRUCTED WITH BRICK OR ECAVATED F

ROCKS ARE FOUND IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF INDIA. USUALLY BUILT TO A SET PLAN, THEY HAVE A HALL MEANT FOR

CONGREGATIONAL PRAYER WITH A RUNNING VERANDAH ON THREE SIDEAN OPEN COURTYARD SURROUNDED BY A ROW OF CELLS AND A PILLAREVERANDAH IN FRONT.

THESE CELLS SERVED AS DWELLING PLACES FOR THE MONKS. THESEMONASTIC BUILDINGS BUILT OF BRICKS WERE SELF'CONTAINED UNITS A

A CHAITYA HALL OR CHAITYA MANDIR ATTACHED TO A STUPA ' THE CHIEF

OB"ECT OF WORSHIP.

SOME OF THE IMPORTANT BUDDHIST VIHARAS ARE THOSE AT AJANTA, ELLORA.

KARLE, KANHERI, BAGH AND BADAMI.

VIHARAS



ROCK-CUT

NASIK

VIHARAS



TWENTY'FIVE OF THE ROCK'CUT CAVES OF A"ANTA ARE VIHARAS AND A

THE FINEST OF MONASTERIES.

THE FINEST OF THEM. CAVE 1, OF THE MAHAYANA TYPE CONSISTS OF A

VERANDAH, A HALL, GROUPS OF CELLS AND A SANCTUARY. IT HAS ADECORATED FACADE.

THE PORTICO IS SUPPORTED BY E(UISITELY CARVED PILLARS.

THE COLUMNS HAVE A S(UARE BASE WITH FIGURES OF DWARFS AND

ELABORATELY CARVED BRACKETS AND CAPITALS.

BELOW THE CAPITAL IS A S(UARE ABACUS WITH FINELY CARVED MAKA

MOTIFS.

VIHARAS



THREE STOR

ELLORA

CHAITYAS



CHAITYAS

CHAITYA GRIHAS OR HALLS OF WORSHIP WERE BUILT ALL OVER TH

COUNTRY EITHER OF BRICK OR ECAVATED FROM ROCKS.

RUINS OF A LARGE NUMBER OF STRUCTURAL BUDDHIST CHAITYAGRIHAS ARE FOUND IN THE EASTERN DISTRICTS OF ANDHRA PRA

IN VALLEYS, NEAR RIVERS AND LAKES.

THE RUINS LOCATED IN THE DISTRICTS OF SRIKAKULAM AT SALIHUOF VISAHKAPATNAM AT KOTTURU, OF WEST GODAVARI AT GUNTAP

OF KRISHNA AT VI"AYAWADA, OF GUNTUR AT NAGAJUNAKONDA AAMARAVATI BELONG TO THE 3RD CENTURY BC AND LATER.

THE LARGEST BRICK CHAITYA HALL WAS ECAVATED AT GUNTAP

CHAITYAS



CHAITYAS

SOME OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL ROCK'CUT CAVES ARE THOSA"ANTA, ELIORA, BHA"A, KARLE, BAGH, NASIK AND KANHERI.

SOME OF THE CHUNAR SAND'STONE ROCK'CUT CHAITYAS OBHA"A. KONDANE. KARLE AND A"ANTA, ALL IN MAHARASHTRASTATE ARE EARLIER ECAVATIONS AND BELONG TO THE FIRSPHASE OR HINAYANA CREED OF BUDDHISM AND ARE SIMILA THE BRICK AND WOODEN STRUCTURES OF ASHOKAN TIMES

SOME OF THE CHAITYAS SHOW THAT WOOD HAD BEEN USED THE ROOFING AND ENTRANCE ARCHES.

CHAITYAS



BHAJA, RO

CHAITYA H

CHAITYAS



CHAITYAS

THE SECOND PHASE OF BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE IS MARKE THE MAHAYANA CREED OF BUDDHISM SEEN IN SOME OF TH

ECELLENT ROCK'CUT CHAITYAS AT A"ANTA IN AURANGABADDISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA ECAVATED BETWEEN 5TH AD ATH CENTURY AD DURING THE RULE OF THE VAKATAKAS, THGUPTAS AND THE RASHTRAKUTAS.

THE CAVES ARE ECAVATED FROM A SEMI-CIRCULAR STEE

ROCK WITH A STREAM FLOWING BELOW, AND WERE MEANT THE USE OF THE MONKS WHO SPENT THE RAINY SEASON THIN MEDITATION.

CHAITYAS



KARLE, CHA

CHAITYAS



THE MOST PERFECT OF THIS GROUP OF CHAITYA GRIHAS IS CAVE 1.

IT IS SIMILAR TO THE OTHER CHAITYAS IN ITS PLAN AND RIBBED VAULTE

CEILING ECEPT FOR ITS SINGLE DOORWAY AND ELABORATE ORNAMENT

IT HAS A PILLARED PORTICO IN FRONT LEADING INTO A COURTYARD WIT

WALLS ON EITHER SIDE HEAVILY SCULPTURED WITH FIGURES.

THE INTERIOR PILLARS ARE WELL DECORATED WITH CUSHION SHAPEDCAPITALS.

TWO FIGURES OF STANDING BUDDHA FLANK THE ENTRANCE.

THE WALLS OF THE HALL AND THE CEILING OF THE AISLES IS RICHLY PAI

WITH FIGURES OF BUDDHA, FLORAL MOTIFS, ANIMALS AND BIRDS.

CHAITYAS



FACADE, CAVE 1, AJANTA

CHAITYAS



AJANTA CAVES

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