Final Examination In EnglishClausesHIGH SCHOOL ''SVETI SAVA'' POEGA

FINAL EXAMINATION IN ENGLISH

CLAUSES

Date CandidateMay 2013. Katarina RadosavljeviMentorDuica Sineli

CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION2. NOUN CLAUSES 2.1. NOUN CLAUSES DERIVED FROM STATEMENTS2.2. NOUN CLAUSES DERIVED FROM QUESTIONS2.3. NOUN CLAUSES AS SUBJECT2.4. NOUN CLAUSES AS OBJECT2.5. NOUN CLAUSES IN APPOSITION TO THE SUBJECT2.6. NOUN CLAUSES IN APPOSITION TO THE OBJECT2.7. NOUN CLAUSES AS COMPLEMENT2.8. NOUN CLAUSES AS OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION2.9. NOUN CLAUSES USED WITH A NUMBER OF PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES SUCH AS: CERTAIN, GLAD, SORRY, AFRAID AND POSSIBLE3. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES3.1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME3.2. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PLACE3.3. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER3.4. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON OR CAUSE3.5. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION (CONTRAST)3.6. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE3.7. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF RESULT3.8. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF COMPARISON3.9. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION4. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES4.1. RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND CLAUSES5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. INTRODUCTION

A clause is a part of a sentence. There are two main types: independent (main clauses), dependent (subordinate clauses).An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning.Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form complex or compound sentences: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usually joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.Dependent clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction (after, although, as, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order that, once, provided that, rather than, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether, while, why) or relative pronoun (that, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whose, whosever, whomever) that makes the clause unable to stand alone.

Example:

I got a good grade even though I didn't study much.

Dependent (Subordinate) clause (even though - subordinating conjunction)

Independent (Main) clause

2. NOUN CLAUSES

A noun clause is a clause that has a function of a noun in a sentence. They answer questions such as 'whom?' or 'what?'.

2.1 NOUN CLAUSES DERIVED FROM STATEMENTS

Examples:1. I knew that she is going to say that. (derived from the sentence: She is going to say that.)2. I see that he is running late for the meeting. (derived from the sentence: He is running late for the meeting.)

We often use Noun clauses after ''reporting verbs'' such as: say, tell, know ..

We can leave out that:

I know (that) he is going to cinema.

2.2 NOUN CLAUSES DERIVED FROM QUESTIONS

a) Yes/ No questions

To change ayes/no questionto a noun clause, useiforwhether after the reporting words such as: tell me, ask, want to know.

Have you done your homework? I wanted to know whether you have done your homework.b) Wh- questions

To change awh-questionto a noun clause, use thewh-word:

When does the show start? I don't know when the show starts.

2.3 NOUN CLAUSES AS SUBJECT

What you concluded is very substantial.

Main clause Noun clauseThe clause "what you proposed'' has the function of subject.The Main clause cannot stand alone.

Examples:That Jonas found his shoe is a lucky coincidence.Where Maria goes on Saturdays is a secret to all of us.How long will the conference last is unknown to the press.

2.4 NOUN CLAUSES AS OBJECT

I have always thought that Mike is Sarah's brother. Noun clause Main clause The clause ''that Mike is Sarah's brother'' has the function of object.

Examples:I know that you will be late for your appointment.My friend said that Anna has cut her hair.I hate putting other people in front of myself.

2.5 NOUN CLAUSES IN APPOSITION TO THE SUBJECT

Example:

It seems unlikely that she would hurt him in such a terrible way.

subordinate clause

Here, the subordinate clause can be replaced by 'it' in the main clause. That makes it a noun clause in apposition to a subject.

Example of non-finite noun clauses in apposition to a subject:

It is so interesting reading a book that you like.

2.6 NOUN CLAUSES IN APPOSITION TO THE OBJECT

Example:

I didn't like the idea that John would be dismissed.

The main clause 'I didn't like the idea' is complete because it contains subject, verb and object. The subordinate clause only describes the idea subject didn't like and that makes it an aposition to the object.

2.7 NOUN CLAUSES AS COMPLEMENT

Example:Kelly's suggestion was that we should stick to the plan.

Subordinate clause

Subordinate clause 'that we should stick to the plan' completes the predicate 'was' and that makes it a complement of the verb.

Examples of non-finite noun clauses as a complement:Her plan was to make him embarrassed.Our mistake was not finishing the test.

2.8 NOUN CLAUSES AS OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

Nelly is not responsible for Mike failing the test.

Subordinate clause

Clause 'Mike failing the test is the object of the preposition 'for'.

2.9 NOUN CLAUSES USED WITH A NUMBER OF PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES SUCH AS: CERTAIN, GLAD, SORRY, AFRAID AND POSSIBLE

Examples:I'm glad that you found a job.She is sorry that he messed your pants.I am very afraid that you will screw things up.

3 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Adverbial clauses show relationships such as time, cause and effect, contrast, and condition. An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that has the function of an adverb. It contains subject and predicate. It modifies a verb.

3.1 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

The Adverbial Clauses of time answer the question when? and we can also call them Temporal Clauses. We use these clauses to refer to a past time or to another event.

The conjunctions we use with these clauses are: after, before, when, while, as, by the time, whenever, since, until, as soon as, once, as long as, etc.

After (After that moment):After takes the present tense for future events and the past tense for past events. She wrote her assignment after she realized the due is tomorrow.You shall eat after you wash your hands.

Adverbial ClausesBefore ( Before that moment) :

Before takes either the simple past or the present tense.Johnny noticed me before I was about to scare him.

When:When takes either the simple past or the present tense. The dependent clause changes tense in relationship to the adverbial clause with -when- conjunction.

I was about to go home when Jenna finally arrived.Susie says that she will wash the dishes when we are done eating lunch.

While, as:These two conjunctions have the same meaning and it is 'during that time'. They are both usually used with the past continuous tense.

I have considered his offer while I was having breakfast yesterday.As I was slowly beginning to fall asleep, she took my glasses and put them next to the bed.

By the time:"By the time" expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another and the idea of something happening up to a certain point in time.

By the time the catering arrives, we will have eaten all the snacks.I had had my essay done by the time my mom fell asleep.

Whenever:"Whenever" means "every time something happens". It is used with the simple present tense to express present time and with past simple tense to express past time because it is related to a habitual action.

Whenever I go visit my parents, they make a dinner party for our relatives and ourselves.

Since:The meaning of "Since'' is "From that time" . It can be used to express a certain point in time. It is used with the present perfect continuous tense.

Melissa has been attending dance classes since she was a young girl.

Until:The meaning of "Until" is "Up to a certain time". We use the simple present tense or simple past tense to express either present or past time.

As soon as:The meaning of "As soon as" is "Immediately after something happens" . It is very similar to the "when" conjunction.

Please, let us know as soon as the results arrive.

3.2 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PLACE

The adverbial clauses of place answer the question "where?". The conjunctions often used with these clauses are: where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc.

The boys look at her wherever she goes.I wish I could go on vacation anywhere I liked.You should consider going to a place where somebody really knows how to repair a car.

3.3 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER

The Adverbial Clauses Of Manner answer the question "how?'' . They describe the way something is done. Conjunctions are usually : as, the way that, the same way, as if, etc.

You should listen to me and do this the way I explained to you.She is acting as if she was depressed.

3.4 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON OR CAUSE

This type of clauses answer the question "why?". They are used to express the reason for something. They are introduced with following words/expressions: because, as/since, the reason for/why, because of, on account on, due to, now that, for etc.

Examples:

She proposed the meeting to be canceled because she couldn't be there on time.The reason for breaking the agreement is that the clients found a better offer.The President of The USA was upset, for the people were about to start a riot. (For is used in formal written style)They bought a new car since the old one stopped working.

3.5 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION ( CONTRAST)

Clauses of concession are used to express a contrast. That is why we can call them Clauses Of Contrast. They are introduced with the following conjunctions: but, although, though, even though, in spite of, despite, however, while, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand.

Examples:

It was raining heavily but she wasn't using an umbrella.

Even though is more empathic than although. Though is informal and is often used in everyday speech.Even though it was winter, the temperature was above 15 degrees.

In spite of his qualifications, he couldn't get a job.However hard he tried, he couldn't get a job.They were fond of white roses while the other half of the bridesmaids were more in the mod for the red ones.The rain was awfully heavy, yet no flood has appeared.Katie and James didn't love each other. On the other hand, Miles and Jenna did.

3.6 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

Clauses of purpose is used to describe the purpose of an action. they are introduced with the following conjunctions: to, in order to, so that, in case, etc.

Examples:He went to a mechanic to repair his car.I haven't had lunch in order to be able to eat at my grandma's house.She has her beauty sleep every day so that she doesn't get wrinkles.Take your shirt in case it gets too hot.

3.7 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF RESULT

Adverbial Clauses of Reason are used to express the result of something. They are introduced with the following conjunctions: as a result, therefore, so, etc.

Examples:

I was going swimming and as a result I returned home all wet and tired.I have finished high school, therefore I'm going to apply for college.She doesn't eat chocolate so she always orders vanilla ice-cream.

3.8 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF COMPARISON

Adverbial clauses of degree or comparison answer the questions How much? , How many? and How little?. The conjunctions that are used to introduce these clauses are : as, as...as, so..as and than.

Examples:

He is not as fat as I am.The popsicle is twice as expensive as the lollipop.

3.9 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION

Full conditional sentences in English consist of a condition clause specifying a condition or hypothesis, and a consequence clause specifying what follows from that condition. The condition clause is a dependent clause, most commonly headed by the conjunction if, while the consequence is contained in the main clause of the sentence. Either clause may appear first.Different types of conditional sentences (depending largely on whether they refer to a past, present or future time frame) require the use of particular verb forms (tenses and moods) to express the condition and the consequence. In English language teaching the most common patterns are referred to as first conditional, second conditional and third conditional; there is also a zero conditional and mixed conditional.

Zero conditional (general truth)Zero conditional refers to conditional sentences that express a fact, rather than describing a hypothetical situation or potential future circumstance . The term is used particularly when both clauses are in the present tense.

If + Present Simple ... Present Simple

Examples: If you heat ice, it melts.If you go out when it's raining, you get wet.If the weather is good, I go swimming.

First Conditional (real present)We use the First Conditional to talk about a future situation that is possible. The verb in the if-clause is in the present tense; the verb in the main clause is in the Future Simple. It doesn't matter which comes first. There is usually a comma between the two clauses.

If + Present Tense ... Future Tense/Imperative/Can/May/ Might/Must/Should/Could+ Present Bare Infinitive

If you study, you will get good grades.If the climate keeps warming, the Arctic might be warm enough for swimming.If it stops raining, we can go out.

Second Conditional (unreal past)We use the Second Conditional to give advice or to talk about a future situation that is unlikely to happen. The verb in the if-clause is in the past tense; the verb in the main clause is in the conditional tense.

If + Past Simple/ Continuous ... Would/Could/Might + Perfect Bare Infinitive

If someone stole my bag, I would immediately contact the police.If I were you, I would plant some trees in your garden.If you tried again, you would succeed.

Third Conditional (unreal past) We use The Type 3 Conditional when talking about a past condition that cannot be fulfilled, because the action in the if-clause didn't happen.

If+ Past Perfect Simple/ Continuous ... Would/ Could/ Might +Perfect Bare Infinitive

If I hadn't missed the train, I wouldn't have been late for the meeting.If I had been able to change the past, I would have never been miserable.If you had obeyed orders this disaster would not have happened.

Mixed ConditionalsMixed conditionals are those unreal conditional sentences whose time in the if-clause is different than the time in the main-clause. They refer to the present, the future or the past. If we mix the sentences, we get mixed conditionals.

Past and PresentIf my father hadn't lost his job, we wouldn't have to worry about the bills. (But my father lost his job and therefore we have to worry about the bills.)Past and FutureIf our house had located by the sea, we wouldn't have to travel to get to the beach.(But our house isn't located by the sea and we have to travel to get to the beach.)Present and PastIf I were more friendly, I would have had a lot of friends.( But I am not more friendly and therefore I don't have a lot of friends.)

Present and FutureIf you had more time, I would go to the beach with you.(But you don't have more time and I won't go to the beach with you.)

4.1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they modify nouns.

The maid has a pen. (Pen is a noun.)Its a blue pen. (Blue is an adjective which modifies pen.)The pen that she is writing with is not hers.(That she is writing with is an adjective clause which modifies pen. Its a clause because it has a subject (she) and a predicate (is writing); its an adjective clause because it modifies a noun.)Note that adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify; adjective clauses always follow the nouns they modify.

The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns.These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which.These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs. When they are objects of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition.

WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. In informal writing it can be used as the object of a verb.

WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be the subject of a verb.

WHICH replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition.

THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that cannot follow a preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow a preposition).

The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where.

WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns. It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object. Whose cannot be omitted. Example:The man is satisfied. + I found the mans wallet. =The man whose wallet I found is satisfied.

WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted. Example:I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.=I will never forget the day when I graduated.

WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added.Example:The building is yellow. + He works in the building. =The building where he works is yellow.

Adjective clauses can be restrictive or nonrestrictive.

A restrictive adjective clause contains information that is necessary to identify the noun it modifies. A restrictive adjective clause is not separated from the main clause by a comma. Example:The man whose shirt is blue shouldn't have came to the funeral.

A nonrestrictive adjective clause gives additional information about the noun it modifies but is not necessary to identify that noun. A nonrestrictive adjective clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or commas. The relative pronoun that cannot be used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted from a nonrestrictive clause. Example:Meggy, whose father works in a bank, wears a blue shirt.

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet: A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986.

Simon Haines, Barbara Steward: First Certificate ( Student's book), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.

Virginia Evans, Bob Obee: Upstream (Student's book), Express Publishing, 2008.

www.wikipedia.com

www.eslbee.com

Datum predaje: ________________

Komisija:

Predsednik __________________________

Ispitiva ___________________________

lan ___________________________

Komentar:

Datum odbrane: ________________ Ocena: ____________ ( __ )

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