1TGD AND FRINGE PHYSICSMatti PitkanenKoydenpunojankatu D 11, 10900, Hanko, FinlandContents0.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Basic Ideas of TGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.1 TGD as a Poincare invariant theory of gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.2 TGD as a generalization of the hadronic string model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.3 Fusion of the two approaches via a generalization of the space-time concept . . 20.3 The ve threads in the development of quantum TGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3.1 Quantum TGD as conguration space spinor geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3.2 p-Adic TGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3.3 TGD as a generalization of physics to a theory consciousness . . . . . . . . . . 30.3.4 TGD as a generalized number theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3.5 Dynamical quantized Planck constant and dark matter hierarchy . . . . . . . . 70.4 Birds eye of view about the topics of the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.5 The contents of the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.5.1 Anomalies related to the classical Z0force and gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . 110.5.2 The notion of free energy and many-sheeted space-time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.5.3 About strange eects related to rotating magnetic systems . . . . . . . . . . . 140.5.4 Did Tesla discover the mechanism changing the arrow of time? . . . . . . . . . 150.5.5 Ufos, aliens, and the new physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Anomalies Related to the Classical Z0Force and Gravitation 211.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.1.1 TGD based view about dark matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.1.2 New Physics eects related to the new space-time concept . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.1.3 Some gravitational anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.1.4 Anomalies related to Z0force in astrophysical length scales . . . . . . . . . . . 231.1.5 Anomalies related to rotating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.2 The new view about inertial and gravitational energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.2.1 Two manners to circumvent the innite vacuum energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.2.2 Zero energy vacuum is matter-antimatter asymmetric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.2.3 Creation of matter from vacuum by annihilation of laser waves and their phaseconjugates? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.2.4 Re-interpretation of TGD inspired cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.3 Some gravitational anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.3.1 Anomalous time dilation eects due to warping as basic distinction betweenTGD and GRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.3.2 Anomalies related to spinning astrophysical objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.4 Is electro-gravity possible in TGD framework? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.4.1 Classical gravitational elds for space-time surfaces for which CP2 projectioncorresponds to a homologically non-trivial geodesic sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.4.2 TGD does not predict anomalously large coupling of gravitation to classicalgauge elds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.4.3 Gravito-Maxwell eld associated with a dipole eld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341.5 Allais eect and TGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351.5.2 Could gravitational screening explain Allais eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.5.3 Allais eect as evidence for large values of gravitational Planck constant? . . . 41iiiiv CONTENTS1.5.4 Could Z0force be present? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.6 Dark Z0force in astrophysical length scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471.6.1 The regularities in radio active decay rates linked to astrophysical cycles . . . . 471.6.2 Torsion elds or Z0elds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501.7 How to test the presence of the Z0force in micrometer-millimeter length scale range? 511.7.1 Scaling law for dark Z0charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521.7.2 How to directly test the presence of classical Z0force? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531.8 Appendix: Allais eect as manifestation of classical Z0force? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581.8.1 Screening of dark Z0MEs emitted by Sun as an explanation of Allais eect? . 581.8.2 Quantitative picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 The Notion of Free Energy and Many-Sheeted Space-Time Concept 672.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672.1.1 Basic new elements of TGD ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672.1.2 Could living systems teach us something about energy technology? . . . . . . . 682.1.3 Various anomalies as support for the picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.1.4 Free energy anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692.2 Basic ontology of TGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702.2.1 T(opological) G(eometro)D(ynamics) very briey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702.2.2 Many-sheeted space-time and the notion of eld body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.2.3 The hierarchy of Planck constants and of dark matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.2.4 Zero energy ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742.2.5 p-Adic physics as physics of cognition and intentionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772.3 Many-sheeted space-time, universal metabolic quanta, and plasmoids as primitive lifeforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782.3.1 Evidence for many-sheeted space-time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782.3.2 Laboratory evidence for plasmoids as life forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812.3.3 Universal metabolic quanta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.3.4 Life as a symbiosis of plasmoids and biological life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852.4 Podletnov eect and Modanese-Podkletnov eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872.4.1 Modanese-Podkletnov eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872.4.2 Podkletnov eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892.4.3 Biefeld-Brown eect, lifters, corona wind, and Modanese-Podkletnov eect . . 912.5 New hydrogen technologies and new physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952.5.1 Anomalies related to the dissociation of water and hydrogen molecules . . . . . 952.5.2 The anomalies associated with the dissociation of water molecules . . . . . . . 962.5.3 The anomaly related to the thermal dissociation of molecular hydrogen . . . . 1002.5.4 Hydrino atoms, anyons, and fractional quantization in many-sheeted space-time 1002.5.5 An explanation of ndings of Mills in terms of quantized Planck constant . . . 1032.5.6 Could q-Laguerre equation relate to the claimed fractionation of the principalquantum number for hydrogen atom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042.5.7 Free energy from atomic hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102.6 Appendix: A generalization of the notion of imbedding space inspired by hierarchy ofPlanck constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102.6.1 The original view about generalized imbedding space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102.6.2 Fractionization of quantum numbers is not possible if only factor spaces areallowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.6.3 Both covering spaces and factor spaces are possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.6.4 Do factor spaces and coverings correspond to the two kinds of Jones inclusions? 1122.6.5 Fractional Quantum Hall eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133 About Strange Eects Related to Rotating Magnetic Systems 1233.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233.1.1 Anomalies associated with rotating magnetic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243.1.2 Possible other similar systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263.2 Summary about the New Physics eects predicted by TGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263.2.1 The new view about the relationship between gravitational and inertial energy 126CONTENTS v3.2.2 Generalized four-wave mechanism as a basic mechanism of remote metabolism 1273.2.3 The classical Z0elds as TGD counterpart for torsion elds . . . . . . . . . . . 1293.2.4 Gravitational anomalies and many-sheeted space-time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293.2.5 Questions related to the vacuum charge densities associated with rotating systems1303.3 About strange eects related to rotating magnetic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323.3.1 The experiment, the observed eects, and their interpretation in TGD framework1333.3.2 The electric elds associated with rotating magnetic elds . . . . . . . . . . . . 1373.3.3 A classical model for the weight change and spontaneous acceleration involvingonly em and Z0elds and Faraday eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1393.3.4 The role of the material composition of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1573.3.5 Magnetic elds associated with the Searl device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643.3.6 Remote energy and angular momentum transfer in rotating magnetic systems . 1653.3.7 Connection with the dark matter hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1693.3.8 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713.4 Eects related to Searl eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743.4.1 N-machine of DePalma and space-energy generator of Tewari . . . . . . . . . . 1743.4.2 Some anomalies related to the behavior of spinning systems . . . . . . . . . . . 1753.5 Project Flyaway and Searl eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1763.5.1 Description of the device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1763.5.2 About the bi-lar coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773.5.3 Trying to explain the claimed eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1783.6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813.6.1 Miscellaneous considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813.6.2 Some general facts about classical solutions of eld equations . . . . . . . . . . 1843.6.3 Could spontaneous acceleration be due to the change of inertial mass? . . . . . 1864 Did Tesla Discover the Mechanism Changing the Arrow of Time? 1974.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974.2 Discussion of the basic ideas and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984.2.1 Do negative energy space-time sheets have counterparts in quantum eld theory?1984.2.2 Is the TGD view about phase conjugate waves consistent with the existentwisdom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004.2.3 Pulses, Tesla transformers, and binary coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2034.2.4 Could negative energy photons induce the transition to eective superconduc-tivity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2064.3 The scalar waves of Tesla in TGD framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2074.3.1 The properties of the scalar waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2074.3.2 Could nonlinearity of TGD allow scalar waves? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2074.3.3 Lowest order solution ansatz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2084.3.4 First order corrections to the solution ansatz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2094.3.5 Properties of the solution ansatz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2104.3.6 More general solutions representing electric eld of constant action density arepossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2114.3.7 Support for Teslas scalar waves/classical Z0MEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2124.4 Does the model explain the basic observations of Tesla? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2144.4.1 Switching the current on as a time reversal for switching the current o . . . . 2144.4.2 Do scalar wave pulses appear also outside electric circuits? . . . . . . . . . . . 2154.4.3 Why the radiation observed by Tesla was so dicult to detect using photography?2154.4.4 How Tesla transformer manages to yield so high voltage amplication? . . . . . 2164.4.5 Why no current was observed in the secondaries of Tesla transformers? . . . . 2164.5 Super-luminal velocities, massless extremals, and quantum jumps between quantumhistories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2174.5.1 General model for super-luminal velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2174.5.2 Quantitative model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2204.5.3 Possible technological implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2224.6 Figures and illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228vi CONTENTS5 Ufos, Aliens, and the New Physics 2315.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2315.2 Basic vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2325.2.1 Quantum-classical correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2325.2.2 Classical physics as exact part of quantum theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2325.2.3 p-Adic physics as physics of cognition and intentionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2345.2.4 The core ideas of TGD inspired theory of consciousness and quantum biology . 2355.3 TGD based view about life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2375.3.1 The notion of magnetic body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2375.3.2 Time mirror mechanism as a fundamental mechanism transforming intentionsto actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2405.3.3 Applications of time mirror mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2415.3.4 Vision about the evolution of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2425.3.5 Could simple life forms be induced by intentional action? . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475.4 How advanced civilization could study cosmos? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2525.4.1 Why space travel is not a good idea? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2535.4.2 Time mirror mechanism as an ideal tool for the study of the Universe . . . . . 2535.4.3 What aliens are? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2535.4.4 Have more advanced civilizations performed genetic engineering at Earth? . . . 2555.4.5 Fermi paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2565.4.6 Dark matter hierarchy as a solution of Fermi paradox? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575.5 What UFOs are? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2595.5.1 UFOs as plasmoids? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2595.5.2 UFOs made of copper and steel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2595.5.3 Are ying saucers necessarily living systems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2605.6 Figures and illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266A Appendix 271A-1 Basic properties of CP2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271A-1.1 CP2 as a manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271A-1.2 Metric and Kahler structures of CP2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271A-1.3 Spinors in CP2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274A-1.4 Geodesic submanifolds of CP2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274A-2 Identication of the electro-weak couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275A-2.1 Discrete symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278A-3 Space-time surfaces with vanishing em, Z0, Kahler, or W elds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279A-3.1 Em neutral space-times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279A-3.2 Space-times with vanishing Z0or Kahler elds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281A-3.3 Induced gauge elds for space-times for which CP2 projection is a geodesic sphere281A-4 Second variation of the Kahler action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281A-5 p-Adic numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284A-6 Canonical correspondence between p-adic and real numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284List of Figures3.1 Variant of one-ring converter(gure 25 in [27]). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333.2 The general view of the converted and its platform (gure 26 in [27]). . . . . . . . . . 1333.3 Magnetic inserts could make possible magnetic cogwheel mechanism(gure 27 in [27]). 1343.4 The development of the change of weight as function of rotation frequency (gure 28in [27]). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353.5 Cusp catastrophe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484.1 Time mirror mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2284.2 a) The structure of bi-lar coils and the mechanical analog of RCL circuit as a harmonicoscillator. b) The reduction of the mass of the harmonic oscillator at the second halfof the magnetic pulse implies acceleration and generation of negative energy photonsin order to get energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2294.3 A mechanism of energy production based on negative energy topological light rays andpopulation inversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2294.4 Constant voltage pulse (a) and the corresponding electric (b) and magnetic (c) pulsesin the bi-lar coil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2294.5 Rational valued points x and y = x + pn, which are close to each other p-adically, arefar from each other in real sense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2304.6 The non-determinism of p-adic dierential equations in the case of a free particle. a)In real case the initial position x0 and and velocity v determine the orbit. b) In thep-adic case x0 and v are piecewise constant functions of time and the orbit resemblesthat associated with Brown motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2304.7 Rational numbers are common to both reals R and all p-adic number elds Rp, p =2, 3, ... These number elds can be glued together along the rational numbers to forma book like structure. Rational numbers correspond to the rim of the book and dierentnumber elds to its pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305.1 Space-times can be regarded as 4-dimensional surfaces in 8-dimensional space H =M4+ CP2 obtained by replacing points of future light cone of Minkowski space withCP2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2665.2 Material objects correspond to the sheets of the many-sheeted space-time. Note thatsheets are extremely near to each other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2665.3 The space-time sheets condensed on larger space-time sheets having no join alongboundaries bonds can be connected by join along boundaries bonds. This forces togeneralize the notion of sub-system and makes possible sharing of mental images. . . . 2675.4 Generalization of the number concept: real and p-adic number elds correspond to thepages of book and the rim of book corresponds to rational numbers common to all ofthem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2675.5 The transformation of p-adic space-time sheet to a real one in quantum jump correspondto the transformation of intention to action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2685.6 Quantum entangled systems lose their identify. Schrodinger cat entangled with thepoisson bottle is neither living nor dead or is both simultaneously. . . . . . . . . . . . 2685.7 Arecibo message provides information about us. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269viiviii LIST OF FIGURES5.8 Chilbolton crop formation of gure a) is made using the same format as Arecibo messageand can be interpreted as providing information about the constructors of the formation.Figure b) is the counterpart of radio antenna used to generate the message. A possibleinterpretation is as magnetosphere which suggests that the conscious entity responsiblefor the generation of crop circles is entity magnetosphere, brain of Mother Gaia. . . . 2695.9 Time mirror mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270A.1 The real norm induced by canonical identication from 2-adic norm. . . . . . . . . . . 2860.1. Background 10.1 BackgroundT(opological) G(eometro)D(ynamics) is one of the many attempts to nd a unied description of basicinteractions. The development of the basic ideas of TGD to a relatively stable form took time of abouthalf decade [33]. The great challenge is to construct a mathematical theory around these physicallyvery attractive ideas and I have devoted the last twenty-three years for the realization of this dream andthis has resulted in seven online books [TGDview, TGDgeom, TGDquant, TGDnumber, TGDclass,TGDpad, TGDfree] about TGD and eight online books about TGD inspired theory of conscious-ness and of quantum biology [TGDconsc, TGDselforg, TGDware, TGDholo, TGDgeme, TGDeeg,TGDmagn, 15].Quantum T(opological)D(ynamics) as a classical spinor geometry for innite-dimensional congu-ration space, p-adic numbers and quantum TGD, and TGD inspired theory of consciousness have beenfor last decade of the second millenium the basic three strongly interacting threads in the tapestry ofquantum TGD.For few yeas ago the discussions with Tony Smith generated a fourth thread which deserves thename TGD as a generalized number theory. The work with Riemann hypothesis made time ripefor realization that the notion of innite primes could provide, not only a reformulation, but a deepgeneralization of quantum TGD. This led to a thorough and extremely fruitful revision of the basicviews about what the nal form and physical content of quantum TGD might be.The fth thread came with the realization that by quantum classical correspondence TGD predictsan innite hierarchy of macroscopic quantum systems with increasing sizes, that it is not at all clearwhether standard quantum mechanics can accommodate this hierarchy, and that a dynamical quan-tized Planck constant might be necessary and certainly possible in TGD framework. The identicationof hierarchy of Planck constants whose values TGD predicts in terms of dark matter hierarchy wouldbe natural. This also led to a solution of a long standing puzzle: what is the proper interpretation ofthe predicted fractal hierarchy of long ranged classical electro-weak and color gauge elds. Quantumclassical correspondences allows only single answer: there is innite hierarchy of p-adically scaled upvariants of standard model physics and for each of them also dark hierarchy. Thus TGD Universewould be fractal in very abstract and deep sense.TGD forces the generalization of physics to a quantum theory of consciousness, and representTGD as a generalized number theory vision leads naturally to the emergence of p-adic physics asphysics of cognitive representations. The seven online books [TGDview, TGDgeom, TGDquant,TGDnumber, TGDclass, TGDpad, TGDfree] about TGD and eight online books about TGD in-spired theory of consciousness and of quantum biology [TGDconsc, TGDselforg, TGDware, TGDholo,TGDgeme, TGDeeg, TGDmagn, 15] are warmly recommended to the interested reader.0.2 Basic Ideas of TGDThe basic physical picture behind TGD was formed as a fusion of two rather disparate approaches:namely TGD is as a Poincare invariant theory of gravitation and TGD as a generalization of theold-fashioned string model.0.2.1 TGD as a Poincare invariant theory of gravitationThe rst approach was born as an attempt to construct a Poincare invariant theory of gravitation.Space-time, rather than being an abstract manifold endowed with a pseudo-Riemannian structure,is regarded as a surface in the 8-dimensional space H = M4+ CP2, where M4+ denotes the interiorof the future light cone of the Minkowski space (to be referred as light cone in the sequel) andCP2 = SU(3)/U(2) is the complex projective space of two complex dimensions [2, 17, 18, 5]. Theidentication of the space-time as a submanifold [20, 21] of M4 CP2 leads to an exact Poincareinvariance and solves the conceptual diculties related to the denition of the energy-momentumin General Relativity [Misner-Thorne-Wheeler, Logunov et al]. The actual choice H = M4+ CP2implies the breaking of the Poincare invariance in the cosmological scales but only at the quantumlevel. It soon however turned out that submanifold geometry, being considerably richer in structurethan the abstract manifold geometry, leads to a geometrization of all basic interactions. First, thegeometrization of the elementary particle quantum numbers is achieved. The geometry of CP2 explains2 LIST OF FIGURESelectro-weak and color quantum numbers. The dierent H-chiralities of H-spinors correspond to theconserved baryon and lepton numbers. Secondly, the geometrization of the eld concept results. Theprojections of the CP2 spinor connection, Killing vector elds of CP2 and of H-metric to four-surfacedene classical electro-weak, color gauge elds and metric in X4.0.2.2 TGD as a generalization of the hadronic string modelThe second approach was based on the generalization of the mesonic string model describing mesonsas strings with quarks attached to the ends of the string. In the 3-dimensional generalization 3-surfaces correspond to free particles and the boundaries of the 3- surface correspond to partons inthe sense that the quantum numbers of the elementary particles reside on the boundaries. Variousboundary topologies (number of handles) correspond to various fermion families so that one obtainsan explanation for the known elementary particle quantum numbers. This approach leads also to anatural topological description of the particle reactions as topology changes: for instance, two-particledecay corresponds to a decay of a 3-surface to two disjoint 3-surfaces.0.2.3 Fusion of the two approaches via a generalization of the space-timeconceptThe problem is that the two approaches seem to be mutually exclusive since the orbit of a particle like3-surface denes 4-dimensional surface, which diers drastically from the topologically trivial macro-scopic space-time of General Relativity. The unication of these approaches forces a considerablegeneralization of the conventional space-time concept. First, the topologically trivial 3-space of Gen-eral Relativity is replaced with a topological condensate containing matter as particle like 3-surfacesglued to the topologically trivial background 3-space by connected sum operation. Secondly, theassumption about connectedness of the 3-space is given up. Besides the topological condensatethere is vapor phase that is a gas of particle like 3-surfaces (counterpart of the baby universiesof GRT) and the nonconservation of energy in GRT corresponds to the transfer of energy between thetopological condensate and vapor phase.0.3 The ve threads in the development of quantum TGDThe development of TGD has involved four strongly interacting threads: physics as innite-dimensionalgeometry; p-adic physics; TGD inspired theory of consciousness and TGD as a generalized numbertheory. In the following these ve threads are briey described.0.3.1 Quantum TGD as conguration space spinor geometryA turning point in the attempts to formulate a mathematical theory was reached after seven yearsfrom the birth of TGD. The great insight was Do not quantize. The basic ingredients to the newapproach have served as the basic philosophy for the attempt to construct Quantum TGD since thenand are the following ones:a) Quantum theory for extended particles is free(!), classical(!) eld theory for a generalizedSchrodinger amplitude in the conguration space CH consisting of all possible 3-surfaces in H. Allpossible means that surfaces with arbitrary many disjoint components and with arbitrary internaltopology and also singular surfaces topologically intermediate between two dierent manifold topolo-gies are included. Particle reactions are identied as topology changes [22, 23, 24]. For instance,the decay of a 3-surface to two 3-surfaces corresponds to the decay A B + C. Classically thiscorresponds to a path of conguration space leading from 1-particle sector to 2-particle sector. Atquantum level this corresponds to the dispersion of the generalized Schrodinger amplitude localizedto 1-particle sector to two-particle sector. All coupling constants should result as predictions of thetheory since no nonlinearities are introduced.b) Conguration space is endowed with the metric and spinor structure so that one can denevarious metric related dierential operators, say Dirac operator, appearing in the eld equations ofthe theory.0.3. The ve threads in the development of quantum TGD 30.3.2 p-Adic TGDThe p-adic thread emerged for roughly ten years ago as a dim hunch that p-adic numbers might beimportant for TGD. Experimentation with p-adic numbers led to the notion of canonical identicationmapping reals to p-adics and vice versa. The breakthrough came with the successful p-adic masscalculations using p-adic thermodynamics for Super-Virasoro representations with the super-Kac-Moody algebra associated with a Lie-group containing standard model gauge group. Although thedetails of the calculations have varied from year to year, it was clear that p-adic physics reduces notonly the ratio of proton and Planck mass, the great mystery number of physics, but all elementaryparticle mass scales, to number theory if one assumes that primes near prime powers of two are in aphysically favored position. Why this is the case, became one of the key puzzless and led to a numberof arguments with a common gist: evolution is present already at the elementary particle level andthe primes allowed by the p-adic length scale hypothesis are the ttest ones.It became very soon clear that p-adic topology is not something emerging in Planck length scaleas often believed, but that there is an innite hierarchy of p-adic physics characterized by p-adiclength scales varying to even cosmological length scales. The idea about the connection of p-adicswith cognition motivated already the rst attempts to understand the role of the p-adics and inspiredUniverse as Computer vision but time was not ripe to develop this idea to anything concrete (p-adicnumbers are however in a central role in TGD inspired theory of consciousness). It became howeverobvious that the p-adic length scale hierarchy somehow corresponds to a hierarchy of intelligences andthat p-adic prime serves as a kind of intelligence quotient. Ironically, the almost obvious idea aboutp-adic regions as cognitive regions of space-time providing cognitive representations for real regionshad to wait for almost a decade for the access into my consciousness.There were many interpretational and technical questions crying for a denite answer. What is therelationship of p-adic non-determinism to the classical non-determinism of the basic eld equationsof TGD? Are the p-adic space-time region genuinely p-adic or does p-adic topology only serve as aneective topology? If p-adic physics is direct image of real physics, how the mapping relating themis constructed so that it respects various symmetries? Is the basic physics p-adic or real (also realTGD seems to be free of divergences) or both? If it is both, how should one glue the physics indierent number eld together to get The Physics? Should one perform p-adicization also at the levelof the conguration space of 3-surfaces? Certainly the p-adicization at the level of super-conformalrepresentation is necessary for the p-adic mass calculations. Perhaps the most basic and most irritatingtechnical problem was how to precisely dene p-adic denite integral which is a crucial element of anyvariational principle based formulation of the eld equations. Here the frustration was not due to thelack of solution but due to the too large number of solutions to the problem, a clear symptom for thesad fact that clever inventions rather than real discoveries might be in question.Despite these frustrating uncertainties, the number of the applications of the poorly dened p-adicphysics growed steadily and the applications turned out to be relatively stable so that it was clearthat the solution to these problems must exist. It became only gradually clear that the solution ofthe problems might require going down to a deeper level than that represented by reals and p-adics.0.3.3 TGD as a generalization of physics to a theory consciousnessGeneral coordinate invariance forces the identication of quantum jump as quantum jump betweenentire deterministic quantum histories rather than time=constant snapshots of single history. Thenew view about quantum jump forces a generalization of quantum measurement theory such thatobserver becomes part of the physical system. Thus a general theory of consciousness is unavoid-able outcome. This theory is developed in detail in the books [TGDconsc, TGDselforg, TGDware,TGDholo, TGDgeme, TGDeeg, TGDmagn, 15].Quantum jump as a moment of consciousnessThe identication of quantum jump between deterministic quantum histories (conguration spacespinor elds) as a moment of consciousness denes microscopic theory of consciousness. Quantumjump involves the stepsi Ui f ,4 LIST OF FIGURESwhere U is informational time development operator, which is unitary like the S-matrix charac-terizing the unitary time evolution of quantum mechanics. U is however only formally analogous toSchrodinger time evolution of innite duration although there is no real time evolution involved. It isnot however clear whether one should regard U-matrix and S-matrix as two dierent things or not: U-matrix is a completely universal object characterizing the dynamics of evolution by self-organizationwhereas S-matrix is a highly context dependent concept in wave mechanics and in quantum eldtheories where it at least formally represents unitary time translation operator at the limit of an in-nitely long interaction time. The S-matrix understood in the spirit of superstring models is howeversomething very dierent and could correspond to U-matrix.The requirement that quantum jump corresponds to a measurement in the sense of quantum eldtheories implies that each quantum jump involves localization in zero modes which parameterize alsothe possible choices of the quantization axes. Thus the selection of the quantization axes performedby the Cartesian outsider becomes now a part of quantum theory. Together these requirements implythat the nal states of quantum jump correspond to quantum superpositions of space-time surfaceswhich are macroscopically equivalent. Hence the world of conscious experience looks classical. Atleast formally quantum jump can be interpreted also as a quantum computation in which matrix Urepresents unitary quantum computation which is however not identiable as unitary translation intime direction and cannot be engineered.The notion of selfThe concept of self is absolutely essential for the understanding of the macroscopic and macro-temporalaspects of consciousness. Self corresponds to a subsystem able to remain un-entangled under thesequential informational time evolutions U. Exactly vanishing entanglement is practically impossiblein ordinary quantum mechanics and it might be that vanishing entanglement in the condition forself-property should be replaced with subcritical entanglement. On the other hand, if space-timedecomposes into p-adic and real regions, and if entanglement between regions representing physics indierent number elds vanishes, space-time indeed decomposes into selves in a natural manner.It is assumed that the experiences of the self after the last wake-up sum up to single averageexperience. This means that subjective memory is identiable as conscious, immediate short termmemory. Selves form an innite hierarchy with the entire Universe at the top. Self can be alsointerpreted as mental images: our mental images are selves having mental images and also we representmental images of a higher level self. A natural hypothesis is that self S experiences the experiencesof its subselves as kind of abstracted experience: the experiences of subselves Si are not experiencedas such but represent kind of averages Sij) of sub-subselves Sij. Entanglement between selves, mostnaturally realized by the formation of join along boundaries bonds between cognitive or material space-time sheets, provides a possible a mechanism for the fusion of selves to larger selves (for instance, thefusion of the mental images representing separate right and left visual elds to single visual eld) andforms wholes from parts at the level of mental images.Relationship to quantum measurement theoryThe third basic element relates TGD inspired theory of consciousness to quantum measurement theory.The assumption that localization occurs in zero modes in each quantum jump implies that the worldof conscious experience looks classical. It also implies the state function reduction of the standardquantum measurement theory as the following arguments demonstrate (it took incredibly long timeto realize this almost obvious fact!).a) The standard quantum measurement theory a la von Neumann involves the interaction of brainwith the measurement apparatus. If this interaction corresponds to entanglement between microscopicdegrees of freedom m with the macroscopic eectively classical degrees of freedom M characterizing thereading of the measurement apparatus coded to brain state, then the reduction of this entanglement inquantum jump reproduces standard quantum measurement theory provide the unitary time evolutionoperator U acts as ow in zero mode degrees of freedom and correlates completely some orthonormalbasis of conguration space spinor elds in non-zero modes with the values of the zero modes. Theow property guarantees that the localization is consistent with unitarity: it also means 1-1 mappingof quantum state basis to classical variables (say, spin direction of the electron to its orbit in theexternal magnetic eld).0.3. The ve threads in the development of quantum TGD 5b) Since zero modes represent classical information about the geometry of space-time surface(shape, size, classical Kahler eld,...), they have interpretation as eectively classical degrees of free-dom and are the TGD counterpart of the degrees of freedom M representing the reading of themeasurement apparatus. The entanglement between quantum uctuating non-zero modes and zeromodes is the TGD counterpart for the mM entanglement. Therefore the localization in zero modesis equivalent with a quantum jump leading to a nal state where the measurement apparatus gives adenite reading.This simple prediction is of utmost theoretical importance since the black box of the quantummeasurement theory is reduced to a fundamental quantum theory. This reduction is implied by thereplacement of the notion of a point like particle with particle as a 3-surface. Also the innite-dimensionality of the zero mode sector of the conguration space of 3-surfaces is absolutely essential.Therefore the reduction is a triumph for quantum TGD and favors TGD against string models.Standard quantum measurement theory involves also the notion of state preparation which reducesto the notion of self measurement. Each localization in zero modes is followed by a cascade of selfmeasurements leading to a product state. This process is obviously equivalent with the state prepa-ration process. Self measurement is governed by the so called Negentropy Maximization Principle(NMP) stating that the information content of conscious experience is maximized. In the self mea-surement the density matrix of some subsystem of a given self localized in zero modes (after ordinaryquantum measurement) is measured. The self measurement takes place for that subsystem of self forwhich the reduction of the entanglement entropy is maximal in the measurement. In p-adic contextNMP can be regarded as the variational principle dening the dynamics of cognition. In real contextself measurement could be seen as a repair mechanism allowing the system to ght against quantumthermalization by reducing the entanglement for the subsystem for which it is largest (ll the largesthole rst in a leaking boat).Selves self-organizeThe fourth basic element is quantum theory of self-organization based on the identication of quantumjump as the basic step of self-organization [I1]. Quantum entanglement gives rise to the generationof long range order and the emergence of longer p-adic length scales corresponds to the emergence oflarger and larger coherent dynamical units and generation of a slaving hierarchy. Energy (and quantumentanglement) feed implying entropy feed is a necessary prerequisite for quantum self-organization.Zero modes represent fundamental order parameters and localization in zero modes implies that thesequence of quantum jumps can be regarded as hopping in the zero modes so that Hakens classicaltheory of self organization applies almost as such. Spin glass analogy is a further important element:self-organization of self leads to some characteristic pattern selected by dissipation as some valley ofthe energy landscape.Dissipation can be regarded as the ultimate Darwinian selector of both memes and genes. Themathematically ugly irreversible dissipative dynamics obtained by adding phenomenological dissipa-tion terms to the reversible fundamental dynamical equations derivable from an action principle can beunderstood as a phenomenological description replacing in a well dened sense the series of reversiblequantum histories with its envelope.Classical non-determinism of Kahler actionThe fth basic element are the concepts of association sequence and cognitive space-time sheet. Thehuge vacuum degeneracy of the Kahler action suggests strongly that the absolute minimum space-timeis not always unique. For instance, a sequence of bifurcations can occur so that a given space-timebranch can be xed only by selecting a nite number of 3-surfaces with time like(!) separations on theorbit of 3-surface. Quantum classical correspondence suggest an alternative formulation. Space-timesurface decomposes into maximal deterministic regions and their temporal sequences have interpre-tation a space-time correlate for a sequence of quantum states dened by the initial (or nal) statesof quantum jumps. This is consistent with the fact that the variational principle selects preferredextremals of Kahler action as generalized Bohr orbits.In the case that non-determinism is located to a nite time interval and is microscopic, this sequenceof 3-surfaces has interpretation as a simulation of a classical history, a geometric correlate for contentsof consciousness. When non-determinism has long lasting and macroscopic eect one can identify it as6 LIST OF FIGURESvolitional non-determinism associated with our choices. Association sequences relate closely with thecognitive space-time sheets dened as space-time sheets having nite time duration and psychologicaltime can be identied as a temporal center of mass coordinate of the cognitive space-time sheet. Thegradual drift of the cognitive space-time sheets to the direction of future force by the geometry of thefuture light cone explains the arrow of psychological time.p-Adic physics as physics of cognition and intentionalityThe sixth basic element adds a physical theory of cognition to this vision. TGD space-time decomposesinto regions obeying real and p-adic topologies labelled by primes p = 2, 3, 5, .... p-Adic regions obeythe same eld equations as the real regions but are characterized by p-adic non-determinism sincethe functions having vanishing p-adic derivative are pseudo constants which are piecewise constantfunctions. Pseudo constants depend on a nite number of positive pinary digits of arguments just likenumerical predictions of any theory always involve decimal cuto. This means that p-adic space-timeregions are obtained by gluing together regions for which integration constants are genuine constants.The natural interpretation of the p-adic regions is as cognitive representations of real physics. Thefreedom of imagination is due to the p-adic non-determinism. p-Adic regions perform mimicry andmake possible for the Universe to form cognitive representations about itself. p-Adic physics space-time sheets serve also as correlates for intentional action.A more more precise formulation of this vision requires a generalization of the number conceptobtained by fusing reals and p-adic number elds along common rationals (in the case of algebraicextensions among common algebraic numbers). This picture is discussed in [E1]. The applicationthis notion at the level of the imbedding space implies that imbedding space has a book like structurewith various variants of the imbedding space glued together along common rationals (algebraics). Theimplication is that genuinely p-adic numbers (non-rationals) are strictly innite as real numbers sothat most points of p-adic space-time sheets are at real innity, outside the cosmos, and that theprojection to the real imbedding space is discrete set of rationals (algebraics). Hence cognition andintentionality are almost completely outside the real cosmos and touch it at a discrete set of pointsonly.This view implies also that purely local p-adic physics codes for the p-adic fractality characterizinglong range real physics and provides an explanation for p-adic length scale hypothesis stating thatthe primes p 2k, k integer are especially interesting. It also explains the long range correlationsand short term chaos characterizing intentional behavior and explains why the physical realizationsof cognition are always discrete (say in the case of numerical computations). Furthermore, a concretequantum model for how intentions are transformed to actions emerges.The discrete real projections of p-adic space-time sheets serve also space-time correlate for a logicalthought. It is very natural to assign to p-adic pinary digits a p-valued logic but as such this kindof logic does not have any reasonable identication. p-Adic length scale hypothesis suggest that thep = 2kn pinary digits represent a Boolean logic Bkwith k elementary statements (the points of thek-element set in the set theoretic realization) with n taboos which are constrained to be identicallytrue.0.3.4 TGD as a generalized number theoryQuantum T(opological)D(ynamics) as a classical spinor geometry for innite-dimensional congura-tion space, p-adic numbers and quantum TGD, and TGD inspired theory of consciousness, have beenfor last ten years the basic three strongly interacting threads in the tapestry of quantum TGD. For fewyeas ago the discussions with Tony Smith generated a fourth thread which deserves the name TGD asa generalized number theory. It involves three separate threads: the fusion of real and various p-adicphysics to a single coherent whole by requiring number theoretic universality discussed already, theformulation of quantum TGD in terms of hyper-counterparts of classical number elds identied assub-spaces of complexied classical number elds with Minkowskian signature of the metric denedby the complexied inner product, and the notion of innite prime.The role of classical number eldsThe vision about the physical role of the classical number elds relies on the notion of number theoreticcompactiction stating that space-time surfaces can be regarded as surfaces of either M8or M4CP2.0.3. The ve threads in the development of quantum TGD 7As surfaces of M8identiable as space of hyper-octonions they are hyper-quaternionic or co-hyper-quaternionic- and thus maximally associative or co-associative. This means that their tangent spaceis either hyper-quaternionic plane of M8or an orthogonal complement of such a plane. These surfacecan be mapped in natural manner to surfaces in M4CP2 [E2] provided one can assign to each pointof tangent space a hyper-complex plane M2(x) M4. One can also speak about M8H duality.This vision has very strong predictive power. It predicts that the extremals of Kahler actioncorrespond to either hyper-quaternionic or co-hyper-quaternionic surfaces such that one can assignto tangent space at each point of space-time surface a hyper-complex plane M2(x) M4. As aconsequence, the M4projection of space-time surface at each point contains M2(x) and its orthogonalcomplement. These distributions are integrable implying that space-time surface allows dual slicingsdened by string world sheets Y2and partonic 2-surfaces X2. The existence of this kind of slicingwas earlier deduced from the study of extremals of Kahler action and christened as Hamilton-Jacobistructure. The physical interpretation of M2(x) is as the space of non-physical polarizations and theplane of local 4-momentum.One can fairly say, that number theoretical compactication is responsible for most of the under-standing of quantum TGD that has emerged during last years. This includes the realization of Equiv-alence Principle at space-time level, dual formulations of TGD as Minkowskian and Euclidian stringmodel type theories, the precise identication of preferred extremals of Kahler action as extremalsfor which second variation vanishes (at least for deformations representing dynamical symmetries)and thus providing space-time correlate for quantum criticality, the notion of number theoretic braidimplied by the basic dynamics of Kahler action and crucial for precise construction of quantum TGDas almost-topological QFT, the construction of conguration space metric and spinor structure interms of second quantized induced spinor elds with modied Dirac action dened by Kahler actionrealizing automatically the notion of nite measurement resolution and a connection with inclusionsof hyper-nite factors of type II1 about which Cliord algebra of conguration space represents anexample.Innite primesThe discovery of the hierarchy of innite primes and their correspondence with a hierarchy dened by arepeatedly second quantized arithmetic quantum eld theory gave a further boost for the speculationsabout TGD as a generalized number theory. The work with Riemann hypothesis led to further ideas.After the realization that innite primes can be mapped to polynomials representable as surfacesgeometrically, it was clear how TGD might be formulated as a generalized number theory with inniteprimes forming the bridge between classical and quantum such that real numbers, p-adic numbers, andvarious generalizations of p-adics emerge dynamically from algebraic physics as various completions ofthe algebraic extensions of rational (hyper-)quaternions and (hyper-)octonions. Complete algebraic,topological and dimensional democracy would characterize the theory.What is especially satisfying is that p-adic and real regions of the space-time surface could emergeautomatically as solutions of the eld equations. In the space-time regions where the solutions ofeld equations give rise to in-admissible complex values of the imbedding space coordinates, p-adicsolution can exist for some values of the p-adic prime. The characteristic non-determinism of thep-adic dierential equations suggests strongly that p-adic regions correspond to mind stu, theregions of space-time where cognitive representations reside. This interpretation implies that p-adicphysics is physics of cognition. Since Nature is probably extremely brilliant simulator of Nature, thenatural idea is to study the p-adic physics of the cognitive representations to derive information aboutthe real physics. This view encouraged by TGD inspired theory of consciousness claries dicultinterpretational issues and provides a clear interpretation for the predictions of p-adic physics.0.3.5 Dynamical quantized Planck constant and dark matter hierarchyBy quantum classical correspondence space-time sheets can be identied as quantum coherence regions.Hence the fact that they have all possible size scales more or less unavoidably implies that Planckconstant must be quantized and have arbitrarily large values. If one accepts this then also the ideaabout dark matter as a macroscopic quantum phase characterized by an arbitrarily large value ofPlanck constant emerges naturally as does also the interpretation for the long ranged classical electro-weak and color elds predicted by TGD. Rather seldom the evolution of ideas follows simple linear8 LIST OF FIGURESlogic, and this was the case also now. In any case, this vision represents the fth, relatively new threadin the evolution of TGD and the ideas involved are still evolving.Dark matter as large phaseD. Da Rocha and Laurent Nottale [50] have proposed that Schrodinger equation with Planck constant replaced with what might be called gravitational Planck constant gr = GmMv0 ( = c = 1). v0 isa velocity parameter having the value v0 = 144.7 .7 km/s giving v0/c = 4.6 104. This is rathernear to the peak orbital velocity of stars in galactic halos. Also subharmonics and harmonics of v0seem to appear. The support for the hypothesis coming from empirical data is impressive.Nottale and Da Rocha believe that their Schrodinger equation results from a fractal hydrodynamics.Many-sheeted space-time however suggests astrophysical systems are not only quantum systems atlarger space-time sheets but correspond to a gigantic value of gravitational Planck constant. Thegravitational (ordinary) Schrodinger equation would provide a solution of the black hole collapse (IRcatastrophe) problem encountered at the classical level. The resolution of the problem inspired byTGD inspired theory of living matter is that it is the dark matter at larger space-time sheets whichis quantum coherent in the required time scale [D6].Already before learning about Nottales paper I had proposed the possibility that Planck constantis quantized [E9] and the spectrum is given in terms of logarithms of Beraha numbers: the lowestBeraha number B3 is completely exceptional in that it predicts innite value of Planck constant. Theinverse of the gravitational Planck constant could correspond a gravitational perturbation of this as1/gr = v0/GMm. The general philosophy would be that when the quantum system would becomenon-perturbative, a phase transition increasing the value of occurs to preserve the perturbativecharacter and at the transition n = 4 3 only the small perturbative correction to 1/(3) = 0remains. This would apply to QCD and to atoms with Z > 137 as well.TGD predicts correctly the value of the parameter v0 assuming that cosmic strings and their decayremnants are responsible for the dark matter. The harmonics of v0 can be understood as correspondingto perturbations replacing cosmic strings with their n-branched coverings so that tension becomesn2-fold: much like the replacement of a closed orbit with an orbit closing only after n turns. 1/n-sub-harmonic would result when a magnetic ux tube split into n disjoint magnetic ux tubes. Alsoa model for the formation of planetary system as a condensation of ordinary matter around quantumcoherent dark matter emerges [D6].Dark matter as a source of long ranged weak and color eldsLong ranged classical electro-weak and color gauge elds are unavoidable in TGD framework. Thesmallness of the parity breaking eects in hadronic, nuclear, and atomic length scales does not howeverseem to allow long ranged electro-weak gauge elds. The problem disappears if long range classicalelectro-weak gauge elds are identied as space-time correlates for massless gauge elds created bydark matter. Also scaled up variants of ordinary electro-weak particle spectra are possible. Theidentication explains chiral selection in living matter and unbroken U(2)ew invariance and free colorin bio length scales become characteristics of living matter and of bio-chemistry and bio-nuclearphysics. An attractive solution of the matter antimatter asymmetry is based on the identication ofalso antimatter as dark matter.p-Adic and dark matter hierarchies and hierarchy of moments of consciousnessDark matter hierarchy assigned to a spectrum of Planck constant having arbitrarily large values bringsadditional elements to the TGD inspired theory of consciousness.a) Macroscopic quantum coherence can be understood since a particle with a given mass canin principle appear as arbitrarily large scaled up copies (Compton length scales as ). The phasetransition to this kind of phase implies that space-time sheets of particles overlap and this makespossible macroscopic quantum coherence.b) The space-time sheets with large Planck constant can be in thermal equilibrium with ordinaryones without the loss of quantum coherence. For instance, the cyclotron energy scale associated withEEG turns out to be above thermal energy at room temperature for the level of dark matter hierarchycorresponding to magnetic ux quanta of the Earths magnetic eld with the size scale of Earth anda successful quantitative model for EEG results [M3].0.3. The ve threads in the development of quantum TGD 9Dark matter hierarchy leads to detailed quantitative view about quantum biology with severaltestable predictions [M3]. The applications to living matter suggests that the basic hierarchy cor-responds to a hierarchy of Planck constants coming as (k) = k(p)0, 211for p = 21271,k = 0, 1, 2, ... [M3]. Also integer valued sub-harmonics and integer valued sub-harmonics of mightbe possible. Each p-adic length scale corresponds to this kind of hierarchy and number theoreticalarguments suggest a general formula for the allowed values of Planck constant depending logarith-mically on p-adic prime [C6]. Also the value of 0 has spectrum characterized by Beraha numbersBn = 4cos2(/n), n 3, varying by a factor in the range n > 3 [C6]. It must be however emphasizedthat the relation of this picture to the model of quantized gravitational Planck constant hgr appearingin Nottales model is not yet completely understood.The general prediction is that Universe is a kind of inverted Mandelbrot fractal for which eachbirds eye of view reveals new structures in long length and time scales representing scaled down copiesof standard physics and their dark variants. These structures would correspond to higher levels in selfhierarchy. This prediction is consistent with the belief that 75 per cent of matter in the universe isdark.1. Living matter and dark matterLiving matter as ordinary matter quantum controlled by the dark matter hierarchy has turned outto be a particularly successful idea. The hypothesis has led to models for EEG predicting correctly theband structure and even individual resonance bands and also generalizing the notion of EEG [M3].Also a generalization of the notion of genetic code emerges resolving the paradoxes related to thestandard dogma [L2, M3]. A particularly fascinating implication is the possibility to identify greatleaps in evolution as phase transitions in which new higher level of dark matter emerges [M3].It seems safe to conclude that the dark matter hierarchy with levels labelled by the values ofPlanck constants explains the macroscopic and macro-temporal quantum coherence naturally. Thatthis explanation is consistent with the explanation based on spin glass degeneracy is suggested byfollowing observations. First, the argument supporting spin glass degeneracy as an explanation ofthe macro-temporal quantum coherence does not involve the value of at all. Secondly, the failureof the perturbation theory assumed to lead to the increase of Planck constant and formation ofmacroscopic quantum phases could be precisely due to the emergence of a large number of new degreesof freedom due to spin glass degeneracy. Thirdly, the phase transition increasing Planck constant hasconcrete topological interpretation in terms of many-sheeted space-time consistent with the spin glassdegeneracy.2. Dark matter hierarchy and the notion of selfThe vision about dark matter hierarchy leads to a more rened view about self hierarchy andhierarchy of moments of consciousness [J6, M3]. The larger the value of Planck constant, the longerthe subjectively experienced duration and the average geometric duration T(k) kof the quantumjump.Quantum jumps form also a hierarchy with respect to p-adic and dark hierarchies and the geometricdurations of quantum jumps scale like . Dark matter hierarchy suggests also a slight modication ofthe notion of self. Each self involves a hierarchy of dark matter levels, and one is led to ask whetherthe highest level in this hierarchy corresponds to single quantum jump rather than a sequence ofquantum jumps. The averaging of conscious experience over quantum jumps would occur only forsub-selves at lower levels of dark matter hierarchy and these mental images would be ordered, andsingle moment of consciousness would be experienced as a history of events. The quantum paralleldissipation at the lower levels would give rise to the experience of ow of time. For instance, hadronas a macro-temporal quantum system in the characteristic time scale of hadron is a dissipating systemat quark and gluon level corresponding to shorter p-adic time scales. One can ask whether even entirelife cycle could be regarded as a single quantum jump at the highest level so that consciousness wouldnot be completely lost even during deep sleep. This would allow to understand why we seem to knowdirectly that this biological body of mine existed yesterday.The fact that we can remember phone numbers with 5 to 9 digits supports the view that self corre-sponds at the highest dark matter level to single moment of consciousness. Self would experience theaverage over the sequence of moments of consciousness associated with each sub-self but there wouldbe no averaging over the separate mental images of this kind, be their parallel or serial. These mentalimages correspond to sub-selves having shorter wake-up periods than self and would be experienced as10 LIST OF FIGURESbeing time ordered. Hence the digits in the phone number are experienced as separate mental imagesand ordered with respect to experienced time.3. The time span of long term memories as signature for the level of dark matter hierarchyThe simplest dimensional estimate gives for the average increment of geometric time in quantumjump 104CP2 times so that 21271 1038quantum jumps are experienced during secondary p-adic time scale T2(k = 127) 0.1 seconds which is the duration of physiological moment and predictedto be fundamental time scale of human consciousness [L1]. A more rened guess is that p =p givesthe dependence of the duration of quantum jump on p-adic prime p. By multi-p-fractality predictedby TGD and explaining p-adic length scale hypothesis, one expects that at least p = 2-adic level isalso always present. For the higher levels of dark matter hierarchy p is scaled up by /0. One canunderstand evolutionary leaps as the emergence of higher levels at the level of individual organismmaking possible intentionality and memory in the time scale dened [L2].Higher levels of dark matter hierarchy provide a neat quantitative view about self hierarchy andits evolution. For instance, EEG time scales corresponds to k = 4 level of hierarchy and a time scale of.1 seconds [J6], and EEG frequencies correspond at this level dark photon energies above the thermalthreshold so that thermal noise is not a problem anymore. Various levels of dark matter hierarchywould naturally correspond to higher levels in the hierarchy of consciousness and the typical durationof life cycle would give an idea about the level in question.The level would determine also the time span of long term memories as discussed in [M3]. k = 7would correspond to a duration of moment of conscious of order human lifetime which suggests thatk = 7 corresponds to the highest dark matter level relevant to our consciousness whereas higher levelswould in general correspond to transpersonal consciousness. k = 5 would correspond to time scale ofshort term memories measured in minutes and k = 6 to a time scale of memories measured in days.The emergence of these levels must have meant evolutionary leap since long term memory is alsoaccompanied by ability to anticipate future in the same time scale. This picture would suggest thatthe basic dierence between us and our cousins is not at the level of genome as it is usually understoodbut at the level of the hierarchy of magnetic bodies [L2, M3]. In fact, higher levels of dark matterhierarchy motivate the introduction of the notions of super-genome and hyper-genome. The genomesof entire organ can join to form super-genome expressing genes coherently. Hyper-genomes wouldresult from the fusion of genomes of dierent organisms and collective levels of consciousness wouldexpress themselves via hyper-genome and make possible social rules and moral.0.4 Birds eye of view about the topics of the bookThe topics of this book could be called fringe physics involving claimed phenomena which do not haveexplanation in terms of standard physics and are usually regarded as non-existing solely on this groundand by the fact that the proposed theories rather rarely satisfy the strict conceptual and technicalstandards of mathematical physics.Many-sheeted space-time with p-adic length scale hierarchy, the predicted dark matter hierarchywith levels partially characterized by quantized dynamical Planck constant, and the prediction of longranged color and weak forces, alone predict a vast variety of new physics eects. Zero energy ontologypredicts that energy can have both signs. The dual view about time predicts that classical signals canalso propagate in reversed time direction at negative energy space-time sheets and a highly attractiveidentication for negative energy signals would be as generalizations of phase conjugate laser beams.This vision leads to a coherent vision about metabolism, memory, and biocontrol and it is natural toask whether the reported anomalies might after all reect genuinely new physics which is also behindthe proposed phenomena explaining the mother of all anomalies, the behavior of living matter.1. The rst class of eects involves coin words like antigravity, strong gravity, and electrogravity.This motivates the discussion of possible anomalous eects related to long range weak elds andmany-sheeted gravitation. The strange eects associated with rotating magnetic systems, suchas the dependence of the direction of generated radial electric eld and corresponding chargedensity on direction of rotation (large parity breaking) observed already by Faraday, spontaneousacceleration, over unity energy production, and generation of plasma phase, and magnetic uxwalls, are reported repeatedly and TGD indeed leads to a many-sheeted model for this involvingalso the notions of magnetic body and dark matter.0.5. The contents of the book 112. Tesla has become a god like character in free energy circles. One basis of his experimentalexperience Tesla did not believe that Maxwells theory was an exhaustive description of elec-tromagnetism. He claimed that experimental ndings related to pulsed systems require theassumption of what he called scalar waves not allowed by Maxwells electrodynamics. TGDhowever allows scalar wave pulses propagating with light velocity. The dropping of particles tolarger space-time sheets liberating metabolic energy, transformation of ordinary charged matterto dark matter and vice versa, dark photons, etc... might be needed to really explain Teslasndings. Also phase conjugate, possibly dark, photons making possible communications withgeometric past might be involved.3. The reports about ufos represent a further application for TGD based view about Universe. Thepresence of innite self hierarchy represented by dark matter hierarchy makes it almost obviousthat higher civilizations are here, there, and everywhere, and that their relationship to us is likethat of our brain to its neurons, so that the well-known Fermi paradox (Where are they all?)would disappear. Although the space travel as we understand it might be quite too primitiveidea for the civilizations at higher levels of hierarchy one can still consider the possibility whetherthe ufos might be real objects and represent more advanced technology rather than plasmoidlike life forms serving as mediums in telepathic communications.The seven online books about TGD [TGDview, TGDgeom, TGDquant, TGDnumber, TGDclass,TGDpad, TGDfree] and eight online books about TGD inspired theory of consciousness and quan-tum biology [TGDconsc, TGDselforg, TGDware, TGDholo, TGDgeme, TGDeeg, TGDmagn, 15] arewarmly recommended for the reader willing to get overall view about what is involved.0.5 The contents of the book0.5.1 Anomalies related to the classical Z0force and gravitationTGD based concept of space-time predicts several new eects.1. The dark matter associated with rotating macroscopic objects should generate Z0magneticelds and this suggests that the behavior of rotating objects should exhibit anomalies. A specialsignature of eects of this kind is parity breaking caused by the parity breaking couplings ofthe classical Z0eld to dark matter. The Z0electric elds generated by astrophysical bodiesare predicted to be completely negligible as compared to gravitational elds but the topologicallight rays carrying Z0elds could induce interactions over astrophysical distances. Z0elds inlength scale below cell size are predicted to be quite strong as compared to gravitation.2. The mere rotation of a 3-surface carrying magnetic or Z0magnetic elds should induce electricor Z0electric elds whose divergence gives rise to vacuum charge density. Charge conservationsuggests that this gauge ux must ow to a second space-time sheet carrying opposite net charge.3. In TGD the time orientation of given space-time sheet need not be the standard one and thisallows the possibility of negative classical energies. If this kind of space-time sheets are created,energy production with apparent eciency greater than unity becomes possible. At the space-time sheets with negative time orientations classical elds should propagate from future topast making in principle possible to see to the geometric future of, say, astrophysical objects.Amazingly, the highly science ctive notion of negative energy space-time sheet nds supportfrom the basic classical physics. The total energy associated with the topological eld quantaemitted by particle a condensed to larger space-time sheets is the natural geometric correlateof potential energy. Potential energy can be negative only if one allows also negative energyspace-time sheets.4. A further TGD based element is related to the fact that 3-surface can be regarded as a gener-alization of point like particle. This means that 3-surface behaves like single coherent whole:in particular, classical elds oscillating coherently in arbitrary long length scales are possibleand can give rise to an apparent propagation of eects with innite velocity. The notion of paircreation from vacuum generalizes. For instance, pairs of space-time sheets with vanishing totalclassical energy can be created from vacuum.12 LIST OF FIGURES1. Some gravitational anomalies1. TGD predicts the possibility of anomalously large time dilation eects due to the warpingof space-time surfaces, and the experimental ndings of Russian physicist Chernobrov aboutanomalous changes in the rate of ow of time provide indirect support for this prediction.2. There are quite puzzling observations related to the behavior of rotating stars. These obser-vations are in a dramatic conict with the standard wisdom about nite propagation velocityof signals and with the idea that classical elds propagate in future direction only. The possi-bility of space-time sheets with negative time orientation and classical elds propagating fromgeometric future to geometric past plus the possibility that 3-surfaces of even astrophysical sizecan behave like particle like objects, could explain these mysterious eects.2. Anomalies related to Z0force in astrophysical length scales1. Allais observed that the oscillation plane of Foucault pendulum changes during solar eclipse.NASA performed the same experiment during 1999 eclipse but the processing of the data is stillgoing on. The presence of moon could cause a modication of dark Z0laser beams emittedby Sun as synchrotron radiation and modify the contribution of Z0electric eld to Z0forceexperienced by dark matter component of the pendulum. The eect is predicted to be observedonly in the shadow of Moon created by Sun. Allais has observed also 24 and 25 hour periodicitiesin the oscillation of Foucault pendulum can be understood in terms of Earths modication andthe lengthening of the period associated with the Moons screening due to the rotational motionof Moon around Earth.2. Shnoll has shown that the rate distributions for radio active decays and chemical and biochemicalprocesses do not converge to single bell curve but to distributions which have several pronouncedpeaks. The shapes of the rate curves seem to be similar for widely dierent reactions (radio-active decays, chemical and biochemical processes) but they uctuate with time and uctuationperiods correspond to various astrophysical periods: day, month, year,... These anomalies canbe understood if astrophysical objects emit Z0topological light rays interacting with ordinarymatter (recall that already nuclei involve dark matter component).3. p-Adic fractality predicts that dark Z0force should become comparable with the gravitationalforce in cell length scale. Tests of the Newtonian form of gravitational force are recently carriedout in length scales 100 m. There are anomalously large dierences related to the measuredvalues of gravitational constant using Cavendish type experiments or their variants. In the clas-sical Cavendish experiment Z0force is eectively eliminated so that most of these discrepanciescould be caused by the redistribution of the gravitational ux between space-time sheets.0.5.2 The notion of free energy and many-sheeted space-timeIn this chapter a general vision about new energy technologies provided by the new ontology forcedby TGD is discussed, some evidence for the new ontology is considered, and models explaining somefree energy anomalies are discussed.There are close connections to the basic mechanisms of energy metabolism in living matter in TGDUniverse and one cannot avoid even reference to TGD inspired quantum theory of consciousness. Thepoint is that so called time mirror mechanism denes a mechanism of remote metabolism as suckingof energy from remote energy storage, a mechanism of memory as communications with geometricpast, and mechanism of intentional action initiating neural activity in geometric past. At the level oftechnology time mirror mechanism would dene a mechanism of energy transfer, communication, andremote quantum control.1. The new ontologyThe ontology of TGD Universe involves several new elements. T