Matter Notes Create pages 22 and 24 in your

notebook and title it “Matter Notes”

Create an entry for these pages in your Table of Contents complete with date, title, page #s

Turn to page 22 so Mr. Herlihy knows you are ready to begin

Matter

• anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)– Examples:

• a brick has mass and takes up space • a desk has mass and takes up space• a pencil has mass and takes up space• air has mass and takes up space

All of the above examples are considered matter because they have mass and take up space. Can you

think of anything that would not be considered matter?

Mass vs. Weight

Atoms• smallest possible unit

into which matter can be divided, while still maintaining its properties

• over 100 different kinds of atoms exist (≈ 90 occur naturally and ≈ 25 made in labs)

• cannot be seen by the naked eye or even an optical microscope

• can combine, or bond, to create additional types of matter

• always moving when above the temperature of absolute zero

For example, what is the smallest possible unit

into which a long essay can be divided and still have some meaning?+

++

-

-

- -+

Taking a closer look will reveal that atoms are composed of

smaller parts

Atoms are so small that…• it would take a stack of about

50,000 aluminum atoms to equal the thickness of a sheet of aluminum foil from your kitchen.

• if you could enlarge a penny until it was as wide as the US, each of its atoms would be only about 3 cm in diameter – about the size of a ping-pong ball

• a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide.

• a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion atoms.

• a speck of dust might contain 3x1012 (3 trillion) atoms.

• it would take you around 500 years to count the number of atoms in a grain of salt.

www.deckersfoods.com

C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more

1 trillion atoms

. Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms

Just one of these grains

Let’s Experiment

1. Cut a strip of 11 in. paper in half.2. Place one half on the table.3. Cut the remaining piece in half.4. Continue cutting and placing the

strips on the table as many times as you can.

5. Make all cuts parallel to the first one.

In order to try to gain an idea of how small an atom really is, you will complete the following activity.

1st cut

2nd cut3rd

cut

Results

• How many cuts were you able to make?

• Do you think you could keep cutting the paper forever? Why or why not?

You would have to cut the paper in half around thirty-one (31) times to

get to the size of any atom.

Combining Atoms• There are over one hundred different types of atoms

and they oftentimes combine to make new substances known as molecules and compounds

Molecule

Results from the bonding (covalent) oftwo or more atoms

Compound

A substance that contains two or more different elements

(atoms)

Compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

Example – Oxygen Gas (O2) Example – Water (H2 O)

Element

• a pure substance made up of one kind of atom

• cannot be broken down or separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means

• Over 100 kinds of elements exist– 90 occur naturally on Earth– 25 were made by scientists in labs

http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html

Comparing Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, and Elements

Atom

Element Compound(or

molecule)

Molecule

What’s the

matter?

Combining Molecules/Compounds

• a combination of two or more substances that do not combine chemically, but remain the same individual substances is known as a mixture

• can be separated by physical means• two types

• Heterogeneous• Homogeneous

Based on the prefixes“hetero” and “homo,” what do you think are characteristics of thesetwo types of mixtures?

Mass vs. WeightMass

• a measure of how much matter an object is made of

• does not change, regardless of where something or someone is

Weight

• the force of gravity on an object

• equal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity

http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html

Why do you think

the person’s weight is

less on the moon?

Mass = 59 kg Mass = 59 kg

Weight = 579 N Weight = 96 N

Misconception Alert!

Does gravity always pull

things down?

TIME FOR A MINI-LAB

Get out your Lab License

Pay attention and read directions, it is a simple lab but will be messed up if not done carefully

You should be able to finish before the end of class, so no fooling around or you will not get done and will not have another chance to finish in this classroom

Heterogeneous Mixture

• “hetero” means different• consists of visibly different substances

or phases (solid, liquid, gas) • a suspension is a special type of

heterogeneous mixture of larger particles that eventually settle

• Example:

Trail Mix

Notice thevisibly

differentsubstance

s

Homogeneous Mixture

• has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout; maintain one phase (solid, liquid, gas)

• commonly referred to as solutions• Example:

Salt WaterNotice theuniform

appearance

Physical Properties of Matter

• any property of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter

• Examplescolor shapetaste

state/phasedensity D = m

V

Chemical Properties of Matter

• any property of matter that describes a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance

• Examplesflammability

reactivity with vinegarreactivity with oxygen

Iron + Oxygen Iron oxide (rust)4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

Chemical or Physical Property?

1. Paper is white

2. Boiling point of H2O is 100oC

3. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid and creates hydrogen gas

4. Nitrogen does not burn

5. Sulfur smells like rotten eggs

Physical Property

Physical Property

Physical Property

Chemical Property

Chemical Property

Physical Change

• a change in shape, size, color, or state• a change without a change in chemical

composition• a change that is reversible• Examples

tearing paper cutting your hair change in state

Chemical Change

• a change in which a substance becomes another substance having different properties

• a change that is not reversible using ordinary physical means

• Changes that usually cause heat, sound, light, odor, fizzing/foaming, color changes

You usually need more than one of the above characteristics to be considered a chemical

change!

• Examplescombining sulfuric acid and sugar

burning a piece of woodsoured milk

Chemical or Physical Change?

1. Bending a Paper Clip

2. Baking a cake

3. The sublimation of carbon dioxide

4. Crushing an aluminum can

5. Vinegar and baking soda combining to create salt and water

Physical Change

Chemical Change

Chemical Change

Physical Change

Physical Change

5 Physical States of Matter

•Bose-Einstein

•Solid •Liquid•Gas

•Plasma

(Newest State)

Solid

• particles are tightly compact

• particles vibrate without the ability to move freely

• definite shape and volume

• Solid Animation

Liquid

• particles are tightly compact, but able to move around close to each other

• no definite shape, but definite volume

• Liquid Animation

Gas

• particles can easily spread out or move close together

• particles move freely and with a lot of energy

• no definite shape or volume

• Gas Simulation

States of Matter Continuum

Taken from: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_becondensate.html

The physical states of matter result from the amount of energy the particles composing the matter have. Basically, more energy means more movement for the particles and less energy means less movement.

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

On the front for each phase/state you should have…

A picture of what the molecules look like2 descriptions of how the molecules “behave/act/move” and whyOn the bottom for each phase/state you should

have…

3 examples of each phase/stateOne characteristic that makes that phase DIFFERENT from the other two phases

Create page 23 in your ISN and title it Solid/Liquid/Gas Descriptions and create a table of contents entry. Cut out the identical rectangles and glue them on this page