MATTER

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that it undergoes.

Matter is anything that has mass and and volume.

Mass is a measurement that reflects the amount of matter.

Volume is a measurement that reflects the amount of

space filled.

MATTER

All matter is composed of atoms.

Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

THE ATOM

Matter that exists on Earth can be classified as one of the three physical forms, known as the States of Matter:

1) Solid – Definite shape & Definite volumeDefinite (for both shape and volume) means that the container

makes no difference whatsoever.

2) Liquid – Indefinite shape & Definite volumeIndefinite shape means that the sample takes on the shape of the

container.

3) Gas – Indefinite shape & indefinite volumeIndefinite volume means the sample would expand to fill the entire

container. Only gases do this.

STATES OF MATTER

SHAPE & VOLUME OF MATTER

Matter can change states when energy is added or removed.

For example: As ICE, a solid, is heated, it is converted into a liquid,

known as WATER. As WATER, a liquid, is heated, it is converted into a gas,

known as STEAM.

And the opposite when cooled.

MATTER CAN CHANGE STATES

Matter can be further classified into two categories: Pure Substances and Mixtures

Pure Substances can be further classified into two categories:

Elements and Compounds

Mixtures can be further classified into two categories:Homogeneous mixtures and Heterogeneous mixtures

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Pure Substances can be classified into two categories:Elements and Compounds

Pure Substances always have the same composition. This is known as the Law of Constant Composition.

For example: The compound water is always composed of 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom

PURE SUBSTANCES

Elements contain only one type of atom.

For example: The element gold is only made of gold atoms.

ELEMENTS

Some elements only exist in nature as diatomic elements.

This means that they have 2 atoms of one element bonded together.

These 7 elements are H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, & I

DIATOMIC ELEMENTS

Compounds contain two or more different types of atoms bound together in a particular way.

For example: The compound carbon dioxide is made of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

COMPOUNDS

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains (keeps) its individual chemical

properties. It is a combination of elements and compounds.

A mixture has variable composition.

For example:In a mixture of ocean water collected at the beach,

there is salt, water, and sand.

Mixtures can be separated physically by filtration & distillation.

Mixtures can be further classified into two categories:Homogeneous mixtures and Heterogeneous mixtures

MIXTURES

Homogeneous mixtures have the same consistency throughout.

Homogeneous mixtures can either be a solution or an alloy.

Solutions may contain solids, liquids, or gases.

Alloys are a mixture of metals.

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES

Solutions may contain solids, liquids, or gases.

For example: AIRA mixture of gases: Helium (He), Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2),

Neon (Ne), Water vapor (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2), & Argon (Ar)

For example: Coca-ColaA mixture of gas & liquid: carbon dioxide (CO2) and soda.

For example: Salt waterA mixture of liquid & solid: water (H2O) and salt (NaCl)

SOLUTIONS

Alloys are a mixture of two metals or a metal and a nonmetal.

For example: BrassA mixture of two metals: zinc and copper

For Example: SteelA mixture of a metal and a nonmetal: iron and carbon

ALLOYS

A physical property of matter can be observed or measured without changing the sample’s composition.

Observations usually consist of some type of numerical measurement (quantitative) although sometimes there is a

characteristic (qualitative description) of the property.

Groups of similar elements & compounds can be characterized by the physical properties that they have in common.

Examples: Color, odor, volume, state (solid, liquid, gas), luster (shiny), density, solubility, melting point, boiling point, electrical

conductivity, malleability, and ductility (ability to form wires)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

A chemical property of matter is the ability of a substance to combine with or change into a new substances.

Examples: Flammability (burning), rusting, digestion, growth, fermentation, combustion, neutralization

CHEMICAL PROPERTIESOF MATTER

A physical change alters a substance without changing its composition.

The most common physical changes are those that involve a state change:

Solid Liquid (melting, fusion), Liquid Gas (boiling, evaporation)Solid Gas (sublimation) - Example: Dry ice

Gas Solid (deposition) - Example: FrostGas Liquid (condensation), Liquid Solid (freezing)

Other examples of physical changes are: Grinding something into powder, chopping wood, etc.

PHYSICAL CHANGES

A chemical change involves one or more substances changing into a new substance.

A chemical change means that the reacting compound(s) are changed into new compounds or products.

A chemical change obeys the Law of Conservation of Mass because matter is neither created nor destroyed, just rearranged. The actual

atoms involved remain, but they are rearranged into the new compounds.

The rearrangement is called a chemical reaction.

A chemical change is a process in which chemical bonds are broken and new ones are made.

Chemical changes are called REACTIONS.

CHEMICAL CHANGES

Examples: Silver tarnishing, a plant growing a leaf,

electrolysis (the splitting of a water molecule), combustion, iron rusting

CHEMICAL CHANGES