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MathWorks®
MATLAB®
R2012a (7.14)DIVYANSHU RASAURIAROOL NO. 1313231814
ID 213507BRANCH -EC
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MATLAB
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computing 2
Is an integrated technical computing environment that combines numeric computation, advanced graphics and visualization, and a high-level programming language.
The MathWorks, Inc. High-level language of technical computing
Development environment for engineers, scientists
Interactive tools for design, problem solving
Mathematical function libraries
Graphics and data visualization tools
Custom GUIs
External Interfaces: C, C++, Fortran, Java, COM, Excel, .NET
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MATLAB product family
Toolboxes: Collections of specialized Functions
Graphics
2D Graphics3D GraphicsColor & LightingAnimationImage, Audio & Video
ComputationsLinear AlgebraData AnalysisPolynomialsInterpolationsSolutions of ODE
External Interfaces
CC++JAVA.netMicorosoft Excel
Parallel ComputingMath, Statistics, and OptimizationControl System Design and AnalysisSignal Processing and CommunicationsImage Processing and Computer VisionTest and Measurement
Built-in Functions
User-written Functions
MATLAB
Computational FinanceComputational Biology
Code Generation and VerificationApplication Deployment
Database Connectivity and Reporting
MATLAB Programming Language
Parallel Computing ToolboxMATLAB Distributed Computing Server
Parallel Computing Symbolic Math ToolboxPartial Differential Equation ToolboxStatistics ToolboxCurve Fitting Toolbox
Optimization ToolboxGlobal Optimization ToolboxNeural Network ToolboxModel-Based Calibration Toolbox
Math, Statistics, and OptimizationControl System ToolboxSystem Identification ToolboxFuzzy Logic Toolbox
Robust Control ToolboxModel Predictive Control ToolboxAerospace Toolbox
Control System Design and Analysis Signal Processing ToolboxDSP System ToolboxCommunications System ToolboxWavelet Toolbox
Fixed-Point ToolboxRF ToolboxPhased Array System Toolbox
Signal Processing and CommunicationsImage Processing ToolboxComputer Vision System ToolboxImage Acquisition ToolboxMapping Toolbox
Image Processing and Computer Vision
Data Acquisition ToolboxInstrument Control ToolboxImage Acquisition ToolboxOPC ToolboxVehicle Network ToolboxTest and Measurement
Financial ToolboxEconometrics Toolbox
Datafeed ToolboxDatabase Toolbox
Computational FinanceSpreadsheet Link EX (for Microsoft Excel)Fixed-Income Toolbox
Financial Derivatives Toolbox
Bioinformatics ToolboxSimBiology
Computational BiologyMATLAB CoderHDL Coder
HDL VerifierFilter Design HDL Coder
Code Generation and Verification
MATLAB CompilerMATLAB Builder NE (for Microsoft .NET Framework)
MATLAB Builder JA (for Java language)MATLAB Builder EX (for Microsoft Excel)
Spreadsheet Link EX (for Microsoft Excel)
Application DeploymentDatabase ToolboxMATLAB Report Generator
Database Connectivity and Reporting
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computing 3
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
4
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
MATLAB DesktopComputing with MATLAB
5
Array – creation & workingPlotting – creating & visualizingAutomating commands – creating, saving & executing script fileConditional control statementsLoop control statementsFunctions – creating & executing a function fileMATLAB for Image Processing
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
MATLAB DesktopComputing with MATLABArray – creation & workingPlotting – creating & visualizingAutomating commands – creating, saving & executing script file
Functions – creating & executing a function file
6
Conditional control statementsLoop control statements
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The main window characterized by the MATLAB command prompt (>>)Command Window
This is where you write, edit, create, and save your own script or programs in files called m-files.
Editor Window
This is where all your files from the current directory are listed.Current Directory
All commands typed on MATLAB prompt in the command window get recorded, even across multiple session in this window.
Command History
This subwindow lists all variables that you have generated so far along with there type and size.
Workspace
MATLAB - Desktop
Minimal MATLAB 7
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MATLAB - Desktop
The main window characterized by the MATLAB command prompt (>>)Help Window
Minimal MATLAB 8
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
MATLAB DesktopComputing with MATLABArray – creation & workingPlotting – creating & visualizingAutomating commands – creating, saving & executing script file
Functions – creating & executing a function file
9
Conditional control statementsLoop control statements
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Basic Data and Variables Computing with MATLAB
Class
Variable
SizeValue
Minimal MATLAB 10
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Basic Data and Variables Computing with MATLAB
Multidimensional Array[full or sparse] Scalar
logical
ab
char
{ }cell struct
functionhandle (@)numeric
int8, uint8,int16, unit16,int32, unit32,int64, unit64
single double
Minimal MATLAB 11
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Arithmetic Operator & Their Precedence
Computing with MATLAB
Operations Operators Examples
AdditionSubtractionMultiplicationRight DivisionLeft DivisionExponentiation
*/\^
>> >> >> >> >> >> (means )
Precedence Order Operators
1
234
Parentheses ( ). For nested parentheses, the innermostare executed first.Exponentiation, ^Multiplication, *; Division, /,\Addition, +; Subtraction, -
help precedenceMinimal MATLAB 12
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Computing with MATLABMathematical Functions
Trigonometry
sindcosdtandcotdsecdcscd
Degree
sincostancotseccsc
sinhcoshtanhcothsechcsch
asinacosatanacotasecacsc
Basic Hyperbolic Inverse
Radian
Basic
Exponential
exploglog10log2sqrt
Complex
absconjimagrealangle
Matrix
dettracerankinvexpmsqrtm
Discrete Math
factorialgcdlcmprimes
help <type function name>Minimal MATLAB 13
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Predefined Variables and Keywords
ans
pieps
infi,jNaN
A variable that has the value of the last expression that was not assigned to aspecific variableThe number π.The smallest difference between two numbers. Equal to 2^(–52), which isapproximately 2.2204e–016.Used for infinity.Defined as , which is: 0 + 1.0000i.Stands for Not-a-Number. Used when MATLAB cannot determine a validnumeric value. Example: 0/0.
Predefined Variables
break case catch classdef continue else elseif end for function global if otherwise parfor persistent return spmd switch try while
Keywords
iskeyword
help <Predefined Variable Name>
Computing with MATLAB
Minimal MATLAB 14
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Managing Variables
clearclear x y zclear allwho
Clears the workspace, all variables are removed from the memoryClears only variables x, y, and zClears all variables and functions from workspaceLists variables currently in the workspace
Command Outcome
Computing with MATLAB
Minimal MATLAB 15
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
MATLAB DesktopComputing with MATLABArray – creation & workingPlotting – creating & visualizingAutomating commands – creating, saving & executing script file
Functions – creating & executing a function file
16
Conditional control statementsLoop control statements
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Overview Array
5
5745 7 4
5 10 566 4 67 78 86
Scalar of 1 X 1 Row Vector of 1 X 3 Column vector of 3 X 1
One Dimensional Matrix of 3 X 3
5 10 56 85 236 4 6 23 27 78 86 53 6
5 14 12 10 566 10 504 4 6 89 0
Two Dimensional Matrix of 3 X 5
5 10 56 85 236 4 6 23 27 78 86 53 6
5 14 12 10 56 6 0
5 14 12 10 56 89 0
Three Dimensional Matrix of 3 X 5
Minimal MATLAB 17
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Creation Array
One Dimensional Array
variable_name = [ type vector elements ]
Minimal MATLAB 18
Two Dimensional Array
variable_name = [1st row elements; 2nd row elements; 3rd row elements; ... ; last row elements]
from a known list of numbers with constant spacing by specifying the first term, the spacing, and the
last term
Known lists of numbers
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Array
Minimal MATLAB 19
Creation
Creating a vector with constant spacing by specifying the first term, the spacing, and the last term:
variable_name = [m:q:n]
or
variable_name = m:q:n
m = first term
q = spacing
n = last term
: (colon operator)Constant spacing
Creating a vector with linear (equal) spacing by specifying the first and last terms, and the number of terms:
variable_name = linspace(xi, xf, n)
xi = first element
xf = Last elementn = number of elements
linspaceConstant spacing
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Array
Minimal MATLAB 20
Array Operators
+ Addition- Subtraction.* Element-by-element multiplication./ Element-by-element division.\ Element-by-element left division.^ Element-by-element power‘ Transpose
Operations Operation
𝐴=1 34 2
𝐵=2 35 7
𝐶=𝐴 .∗𝐵= 2 920 14
𝐶=1×2 3×34×5 2×7
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Data Manipulation Array
Minimal MATLAB 21
Addressing - Extraction (Subset)
Addressing an element(s) individually or in subgroups: To redefine only some of the elements, When specific elements are to be used in calculations, When a subgroup of the elements is used to define a new variable.
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Array
Minimal MATLAB 22
Address vector
>> ve = [35 46 78 23 5 14 81 3 55]
ve =
35 46 78 23 5 14 81 3 551 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 position or index of element
Data Manipulation
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Array
Minimal MATLAB 23
Address matrix )
(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4)
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4)
3 11 6 5
4 7 10 2
13 9 0 8
MAT =
Data Manipulation
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Array
Minimal MATLAB 24
Addressing vector : (colon operator)
Data Manipulation
Addressing matrix : (colon operator)
A(:,n) Refers to the elements in all the rows of column n of the matrix A.
A(n,:) Refers to the elements in all the columns of row n of the matrix A.
A(:,m:n) Refers to the elements in all the rows between columns m and n of the matrix A.
A(m:n,:) Refers to the elements in all the columns between rows m and n of the matrix A.
A(m:n,p:q) Refers to the elements in rows m through n and columns p through q of the matrix A.
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
MATLAB DesktopComputing with MATLABArray – creation & workingPlotting – creating & visualizingAutomating commands – creating, saving & executing script file
Functions – creating & executing a function file
25
Conditional control statementsLoop control statements
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Creation Plotting
Minimal MATLAB 26
ExampleDamped Oscillation equation: 𝒚=𝒆−𝒂𝒕𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒃𝒕)
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Creation Plotting
Minimal MATLAB 27
ExampleDamped Oscillation equation: 𝒚=𝒆−𝒂𝒕𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒃𝒕)
a = 0.1; b = 1;t = 0:0.1:20;y = exp(-a*t).*cos(b*t);plot(t,y)grid on;xlabel('Time in second');ylabel('Response in mm');title('Damped Oscillation');legend('a = 0.1,b = 1)');
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-
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Creation Plotting
Minimal MATLAB 28
Overview
ylabel xlabel
title
legend
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Graphing Plotting
Minimal MATLAB 29
Plot function plot(x,y)where the variables x and y are vector and must be of same size i.e the number of elements should be equal.
x=[1 2 3 5 7 7.5 8 10];y=[2 6.5 7 7 5.5 4 6 8];plot(x,y)
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Graphing Plotting
Minimal MATLAB 30
Plot function
plot(x,y,‘line specifiers’,‘PropertyName’,PropertyValue)
Line specifiers are optional and can be used to define the style and color of theline and the type of markers (if markers are desired).
Line specifiers
solid (default)dasheddotteddash-dot
Line Style Specifier
---:-.
redgreenbluecyan
Line color Specifier
rgbc
magentayellowblackwhite
Line color Specifier
mykw
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Graphing Plotting
Minimal MATLAB 31
Plot function
plot(x,y,‘line specifiers’,‘PropertyName’,PropertyValue)
Line specifiers are optional and can be used to define the style and color of theline and the type of markers (if markers are desired).
Line specifiers
plus signcircleasteriskpointcrosstriangle (pointed up)triangle (pointed down)
Marker type Specifier
+o*.
^v
squarediamondfive pointed starsix pointed startriangle (pointed left)triangle (pointed right)
Marker type Specifier
sdph<>
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Graphing Plotting
Minimal MATLAB 32
Plot function
plot(x,y,‘line specifiers’,‘PropertyName’,PropertyValue)
To specify the thickness of the line, the size of the marker, and the colors of the marker’s edge line and fill
Property Name
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
MATLAB DesktopComputing with MATLABArray – creation & workingPlotting – creating & visualizingAutomating commands – creating, saving & executing script file
Functions – creating & executing a function file
33
Conditional control statementsLoop control statements
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Creation Script
Minimal MATLAB 34
OverviewSequence of MATLAB statements in fileScript
A script file is an external file that contains a sequence of MATLAB statements. Script files have a filename extension of .m.
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Basics Script
Minimal MATLAB 35
variable_name = input(‘prompt message’)
Accepting input from user
Displaying output to user
disp(name of a variable)
disp(‘text as string’)
Saving script file
Creating script file
Executing script file
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
MATLAB DesktopComputing with MATLABArray – creation & workingPlotting – creating & visualizingAutomating commands – creating, saving & executing script file
Functions – creating & executing a function file
36
Conditional control statementsLoop control statements
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Creation Script
Minimal MATLAB 37
Conditional StatementConditional expression consisting of relational and/or logical operators.
Operations Operators
Less thanGreater thanLess than or equal toGreater than or equal toEqual toNot Equal to
><=>===~=
Relational OperatorsOperations Operators
AndOrNot
&||~
Logical Operators
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Creation Script
Minimal MATLAB 38
Example
𝑔 (𝑡 )=¿{0 , 𝑡<−2
−4−2𝑡 ,−2<𝑡<0 −4−3 𝑡 ,0<𝑡<4 16−2𝑡 ,4<𝑡<8
0 , 𝑡>8 }Plot
g1g2g3
t = linspace(-5,10);g1 = -4 - 2*t;g2 = -4 + 3*t;g3 = 16 - 2*t;g = g1.*(-2<t & t<=0)... + g2.*(0<t & t<=4)... + g3.*(4<t & t<=8);plot(t,g)
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g1
g2
g3
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if/elseif/else Statement Script
Minimal MATLAB 39
ifstatement
StatementGroup 1
False
True
End
StatementGroup 2
if expression statementselseif expression statementselse statementsend
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Creation Script
Minimal MATLAB 40
Switch Statement
False
True
Flowchart
matchcase, k
caseend
False
case statement, k
True
switch switch_expression case case_expression statements case case_expression statements : otherwise statementsend
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
MATLAB DesktopComputing with MATLABArray – creation & workingPlotting – creating & visualizingAutomating commands – creating, saving & executing script file
Functions – creating & executing a function file
41
Conditional control statementsLoop control statements
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Loop control statements Script
Minimal MATLAB 42
for (Iterative Loop)
while (Conditional Loop)
continue, break
for index = start:increment:endstatements
end
while expression statementsend
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Agenda
Introducing MATLAB – Language of technical computingMinimal MATLAB
MATLAB DesktopComputing with MATLABArray – creation & workingPlotting – creating & visualizingAutomating commands – creating, saving & executing script file
Functions – creating & executing a function file
43
Conditional control statementsLoop control statements
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Creation Function
Minimal MATLAB 44
Overview
SYSTEM[Mathematical model of Physical Phenomenon]
(function file)
Set of inputs Set of outputs123
m
123
n
[System]Electrical NetworksCommunication SystemControl SystemThermodynamic SystemComputer system, etc
[Input variables]current, voltage,power, energy,temperature, data
[Output variables]current, voltage,
power, energy,temperature,
Processed data
function [out1, out2, ...] = func_name(in1, in2, ...)
declares the function func_name, and its inputs and outputs
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Creation Function
Minimal MATLAB 45
Example
𝐻=|𝑦𝑥 |= 1
√1+(𝜔𝑅𝐶)2Black BoxX Y
function H = lp(R,C)w = logspace(-2,6);H = 1./sqrt(1 + (w*R*C).^2);semilogx(w,H)xlabel('Angular frquency, w (rad/s)');ylabel('System Response');title('Low-Pass frequency response');
1-2-3-4-5-6-
Source: MATLAB An Introduction with Applications, Amos Gilat, 4e
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Creation Function
Minimal MATLAB 46
Example
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Creation Function
Minimal MATLAB 47
Example
Black Box𝑇 𝑇 𝑑𝑇𝑤𝐵𝑃 𝑅𝐻
𝑅𝐻=100 𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝑇 𝑑=243.5 ln ( 𝑒
6.112 )
17.67− ln ( 𝑒6.112
)
, dew point temperature
, dry-bulb temperature
, wet-bulb temperature
, barometric temperature in millibars
, relative humidity in %
𝑃𝑠=6.112 exp17.67𝑇𝑇 +243.5
𝑃𝑤=6.112 exp17.67𝑇𝑤
𝑇𝑤+243.5
𝑒=𝑒𝑤−𝐵𝑃 (𝑇 −𝑇𝑤)0.00066 (1+0.00115𝑇𝑤)
Source: MATLAB An Introduction with Applications, Amos Gilat, 4e
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Creation Function
Minimal MATLAB 48
Example
function [Td, RH] = DewptRhum(T,Tw,BP)es = 6.112*exp((17.67*T)/(T + 243.5));ew = 6.112*exp((17.67*Tw)/(Tw + 243.5));e = ew - BP*(T - Tw)*0.00066*(1 + 0.00115*Tw);RH = 100*(e/es);Td = (243.5*log(e/6.112))/(17.67 - log(e/6.112));
1-2-3-4-5-
𝑇=25 °𝐶 ,𝑇𝑤=19°𝐶 ,𝐵𝑃=985𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑟Calculate
𝑇=36 °𝐶 ,𝑇𝑤=31°𝐶 ,𝐵𝑃=1020𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑟
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Creation Function
Minimal MATLAB 48
Visualization and Graphics
• plot(x,y),plot(x,sin(x)) – plot 1D function• figure, figure(k) – open a new figure• hold on, hold off – refreshing• axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) – change axes• title(‘figure titile’) – add title to figure• mesh(x_ax,y_ax,z_mat) – view surface• contour(z_mat) – view z as topo map• subplot(3,1,2) – locate several plots in figure
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• MATLAB can import/export several image formats:
– BMP (Microsoft Windows Bitmap)
– GIF (Graphics Interchange Files)– HDF (Hierarchical Data Format)– JPEG (Joint Photographic
Experts Group)– PCX (Paintbrush)– PNG (Portable Network
Graphics)– TIFF (Tagged Image File
Format)– XWD (X Window Dump)– raw-data and other types of
image data
• Typically switch images to double to perform any processing and convert back to unsigned integer
• Data types in MATLAB– Double (64-bit double-precision
floating point)– Single (32-bit single-precision
floating point)– Int32 (32-bit signed integer)– Int16 (16-bit signed integer)– Int8 (8-bit signed integer)– Uint32 (32-bit unsigned integer)– Uint16 (16-bit unsigned integer)– Uint8 (8-bit unsigned integer)
Images in MATLAB
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• Binary images : {0,1}• Intensity images : [0,1] or uint8, double etc. • RGB images : m × n × 3• Multidimensional images: m × n × p (p is the number of layers)
Images in MATLAB
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Image Import and Export
• Read and write images in Matlabimg = imread('apple.jpg');dim = size(img);figure;imshow(img);imwrite(img, 'output.bmp', 'bmp');
• Alternatives to imshow imagesc(I) imtool(I) image(I)
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Images and Matrices
Column 1 to 256
Row 1 to 256
o
[0, 0]
o
[256, 256]
How to build a matrix(or image)?Intensity Image:
row = 256;col = 256;img = zeros(row, col);img(100:105, :) = 0.5;img(:, 100:105) = 1;figure;imshow(img);
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Images and Matrices
Binary Image:
row = 256;col = 256;img = rand(row, col);img = round(img);figure;imshow(img);size(im)
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Image Display
• image - create and display image object• imagesc - scale and display as image• imshow - display image