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Mating Biology II€¦ · Honey production and brood area Oldroyd, B. P. et al. 1992. Effects of...
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11/13/19 1 Honey bee mating biology (And why you should care about it) Ben Oldroyd, Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Lab University of Sydney 1 Outline of talk • When and where? • How far do drones and queens fly? • How can we use drones to assess the number of colonies in an area? • Why so many? • Are our commercial queens mated enough? • Interspecific matings • Lock and key • Apis cerana in Queensland 2 Part 1. Where and when? 3 When a queen is five days old, things start to change in her brain • Attracted to light • Wants to fly Manfredini F, Brown MJF, Vergoz V, Oldroyd BP (2015). BMC Genomics 16:563 4
Transcript of Mating Biology II€¦ · Honey production and brood area Oldroyd, B. P. et al. 1992. Effects of...
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Honey bee mating biology
(And why you should care about it)
Ben Oldroyd,Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects LabUniversity of Sydney
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Outline of talk
• When and where?• How far do drones and queens fly?
• How can we use drones to assess the number of colonies in an area?
• Why so many?• Are our commercial queens mated enough?
• Interspecific matings• Lock and key• Apis cerana in Queensland
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Part 1. Where and when?
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When a queen is five days old, things start to change in her brain
• Attracted to light
• Wants to fly
Manfredini F, Brown MJF, Vergoz V, Oldroyd BP (2015). BMC Genomics 16:563
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Flies to a drone congregation area
• Mates with 30-50 drones
• Mating is random• Mating is fatal to males
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Our beehives
Drone congregation
area since 1979!
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Honey bees mate on the wing at Drone Congregation Areas
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Part 2. How far do drones fly?
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• Catch drones• Genotype drones at
microsatellite loci• Use complicated
maximum likelihood program
• Number of feral colonies in flying range
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From how far can we attract males?
1 km
Density = 3/3.14= 1 colony km2
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From how far can we attract males?
Density = 6/(3.14x22)= 0.5 colonies km2
1 km
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45 km.
7 km.
500 m.
Murrumbidgee River, Wagga Wagga, NSW
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7 km.
500 m.
We caught drones from the same colony at both ends
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Determining flight range of drones from a focal colony
Location: Garland Rd., Lyndhurst, NSWPeriod: Mid September-October 2018
The landscape (upper)Marked drones coming out of the hive (lower)
Drone marking
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Experimental design
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Experimental design
Maximum distance from hive= 3.75 km
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Drone flight range
• 3.75 km is the appropriate flight range for density estimates• Number of families in the trap/π * 3.752
• From the Wagga transect data we find 4.04 feral colonies per square kilometer
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What about mating your queens?
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Ben-recommended distances
• Drone-source colonies should be within 1-2 km from mating nucs
• Isolation can be achieved if mating nucs are more than 7 km from all unwanted drones.
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Part 3. Why so many?
20+, up to 100. Seems excessive!
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Why so many?
• Avoid inbreeding and ‘spotty brood’• Sperm need (must mate for life)• Task allocation• Disease resistance
Spotty brood (queen mated to brother)
Nice brood (queen naturally mated)
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The cause of spotty brood
CSD CSDCSD
CSDCSD
x
Beye, M. et al. 2003. The gene csd is the primary signal for sexual development in the honeybee and encodes an SR-type protein. — Cell 114: 419-429.
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Task allocation• The offspring of different drones differ in task
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Are genetically diverse colonies more stable than uniform ones?
• 4 genetically uniform colonies
• 4 genetically diverse coloniesJones, J. et al. 2004. Honey bee nest thermoregulation: diversity promotes stability. — Science 305: 402-404.
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DIVERSE VERSUS UNIFORM
32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5
35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Time (days)
Colony temperature
Diverse
Uniform
Jones, J. et al. 2004. Honey bee nest thermoregulation: diversity promotes stability. — Science 305: 402-404.
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DIVERSE VERSUS UNIFORM
One patriline
Multiple patrilines
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Hygienic Behaviour
Non-hygienic colony Hygienic colonyOxley, P. R. et al. 2010. Six quantitative trait loci influence task thresholds for hygienic behaviour in honeybees (Apis mellifera). — Mol. Ecol. 19: 1452-1461.
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Honey production and brood area
Oldroyd, B. P. et al. 1992. Effects of intracolonial genetic diversity on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony performance. — Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 85: 335-343.
Honey Brood
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One has to wonder if there are enough genetically diverse drones provided by commercial queen producers
• 400 nucs• 20 drones per queen• =8000 drones per catch
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Mating quality of early and late season queens
glaciercountyhoney.wordpress.com/tag/honey-production
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October April
2 NSW producers
1 NSW producer
2 QLD producers
3 QLD producers
2015-16
Progeny of 17-20 queens per queen producer. 96 workers per queen (this was a big project people)
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Early spring 2016
Breeder Drones
Average Range
1 19.0 12-25
2 17.9 13-26
3 16.5 9-30
4 15.6 8-28
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Part 4 Inter-specific matings
(i.e. when different species mate)
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Honey bees of the world10cm 50cm 10cm
Exithole
A. B. C.
A. florea
A. andreniformis
A. dorsata
A. laboriosa
A. mellifera
A. koschevnikovi
A. nuluensis
A. nigrocincta
A. cerana
Dwarf bees
Giant bees
Cavity nesting bees
6 million years
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Apis florea
Apis dorsata
Apis cerana
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Thailand
Borneo
Sri Lanka
MalaysianPeninsula
Sulawesi
Japan
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0:100 0
11: 0
12:00 3:1
00 4:100
15:00 6:1
0017:00 8:1
00 9:100
A. floreaA. andreniformis A. cerana
A. dorsata A. nuluensis A. koschevnikovi
A. nigrocincta time of sunset
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A. florea
A. andreniformis
A. dorsataA. laboriosa A. mellifera
A. koschevnikovi
A. ceranaA. nuluensisA. nigrocincta
Dwarf bees
Giant bees
Cavity nesting bees
vestibulum
bulbus
cervix
cornua
notched lobe
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40
30
20
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Heigh
t (m)
A. dorsata
A. koschevnikovi
A. cerana
A andreniformis ??
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Original distributions of A. cerana and A. mellifera
A.melliferaA. cerana
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Current distributions of A. cerana and A. mellifera
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A. florea
A. andreniformis
A. dorsataA. laboriosa A. mellifera
A. koschevnikovi
A. ceranaA. nuluensisA. nigrocincta
Dwarf bees
Giant bees
Cavity nesting bees
vestibulum
bulbus
cervix
cornua
notched lobe
Can A. cerana and A. mellifera mate and what happens if they do?
Endophallus of A. mellifera vs A. cerana
A. mellifera A. cerana
A. florea
A. andreniformis
A. dorsataA. laboriosa A. mellifera
A. koschevnikovi
A. ceranaA. nuluensisA. nigrocincta
Dwarf bees
Giant bees
Cavity nesting bees
vestibulum
bulbus
cervix
cornua
notched lobe
(Koeniger and Koeniger, 2000)(Oldroyd and Wongsiri, 2006)
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Mating time: count the drones as they leave the colony
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Drone flight times in Cairns
A.cerana
A. mellifera
Data of Anna Koetz, Biosecurity Queensland.
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Conclude
• Plenty of opportunity for interspecific matings
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Spermatheca dissections
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Interspecific matings
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So…. Do A. mellifera mate with A. ceranamales?• Yes! Definitely happens in
China and Cairns• Eggs don’t hatch• Will potentially see a retreat
of queen rearing away from A. cerana infestation
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Honey bee mating biology
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