University of Zagreb

Centre for Croatian Studies

Department of Communication Studies

Matija Grebenić

THE PARALYMPIC MOVEMENT AND THE

MEDIA

Bachelor’s Thesis

Lecturer:

Spomenka Bogdanić

Zagreb, September 2016

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Content

1. Summary 3

2. Introduction 5

3. The history of the Paralympic Games 6

4. Paralympic sports and athletes 8

5. The International Paralympic Committee and the media 11

6. Marketing 14

7. Situation in Croatia 15

8. Case Study 16

9. Conclusion 21

10. References 22

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1. Summary

This thesis covers the Paralympic movement in the world and in Croatia and its

relationship with the media.

Firstly, the history of the Paralympic Games is explained. It is explained how Dr Ludwig

Guttmann's vision from a small wheelchair archery competition has grown into world's third

largest sports competition.

In the second section of the thesis, the Paralympic sports and athletes are described and explained.

Paralympic sports, or para-sports as they are occassionally referred to, sometimes have to have

their rules adjusted to various disabilities of the participants, but the (para) Olympic spirit is the

same in all of them.

Then I have explained the organizational tree and how the International Paralympic Committee

cares deeply about communication. Therefore, their relationship with the media is absolutely vital

for its existence and improvement.

After that I wrote about the role of marketing and how it greatly improved the Paralympic

experience around the world.

From then on I focused on Croatia, Croatian Paralympic Committee and its struggles with Croatian

media. I have developed a small case study, analyzing the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Paralympic Games

and how they have been covered by the Croatian media. The results show just how much the

Croatian media are behind their worldwide counterparts.

And lastly, I gave my conclusion on the topic. What I hope to achieve is perhaps best described in

Mihovil Španja's documentary film „Beyond Medals“.

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“In life you remember two dates. The first one is when you were born, and the second one is when

you realize what you were born to do. [...] Let’s not concentrate on the “drawers”, on the prejudice,

let’s focus on people themselves. [...] If only one person changes their attitudes towards breaking

stereotypes, respecting people of all diversities, regardless of their disabilities, religion, nation and

language, I will consider this film a success!”

In my case, the “film” is this thesis. I hope it changes some perspectives and how the media and

the public see athletes with disabilities.

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2. Introduction

In this thesis I will be writing about the Paralympic movement and its relationship with the media.

Firstly I will go through the history of the Paralympic Games thus showing its evolution from a

small competition in archery to the 3rd greatest worldwide sports event. Next, I will mention all

the Paralympic sports and their similarities and differences from their Olympic counterparts. A

few famous Paralympic athletes will be mentioned as well, including their inspiring stories.

After that, I will write about the relationship between the International Paralympic committee, the

head organization of the paralympic sport, and the media. Then, I will try to explain why the

London 2012 Paralympic games were so powerful and why they were called “the best Paralympic

Games ever“. In the final chapters I will emphasize the role of marketing in the paralympic sport.

The analysis of the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Paralympic Games will serve as a case study in which I

will analyze how the Croatian media have covered the first 24 hours of the Games. I will finish

my thesis with the current state in Croatia and then I will conclude.

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3. The history of the Paralympic Games

So what exactly are the Paralympic Games and how did it all begin? The Paralympic

Games are the legacy of dr Ludwig Guttmann. Dr Ludwig Guttmann was a German doctor that

deflected Germany after Hitler's rise to power. In 1944 he started working at a hospital in Stoke

Mandeville. As it was the middle of World War II, there were a lot of wounded soldiers coming

to the hospital. He did not agree with the public opinion, also shared by his colleagues, that the

paralyzed veterans had no future nor chance of becoming a valuable part of the society as they

once were. As he said in the book “Spirit of Stoke Mandeville“, by Susan Goodman, “They could

not understand how I could leave Oxford University to be engulfed in the hopeless and depressing

task of looking after traumatic spinal paraplegics“.

As a doctor that did fencing in his youth, Guttmann knew all too well how a physical activity can

have positive and psychological benefits on people. And because of that he decided to organize an

archery contest between two teams of disabled athletes. Geniusly, he did it on the same day as the

4000 able-bodied athletes took part in the Opening Ceremony of the XIV Olympic Games at

Wembley. And that moment will go down in history as the beginning of the paralympic sport as

well as the beginning of the Paralympic movement.

After that the paralympic sport just kept on growing. The term “Paralympic Games“ was first used

for the 1960 Games that were organized in Rome. The term “Paralympic“ was first taken out of

the condition most athletes had – the paraplegia, and the word “Olympic“. Later, when the Games

became much larger than just 1 type of diagnosis, the term “Paralympic“ was explained as deriving

from the Latin and Greek word “para“ which means beside, giving the Paralympic Games a new

meaning – becoming beside and parallel, equal to the Olympic Games.

The first summer Paralympic Games that took part at the same venues as the Olympic Games were

the 1988 Summer Games of Seoul, Republic of Korea. As for the winter Paralympic Games, the

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Games of 1992 in Albertville, France, had the honor. That was due to an agreement between the

International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee.

Picture 1 – Sir Ludwig Guttmann

The Paralympic movement chose the Agitos as their symbol. The symbol is composed of three

„agitos“, colored red, blue and green, encircling a single point, on a white field. The „agito“ („I

move“ in Latin) is a symbol of movement in the shape of an asymmetrical crescent. It perfectly

rounds up the newest motto of the Paralympic Games – „Spirit in motion“, introduced in 2004 at

the Paralympic Games in Athens. The previous motto was „Mind, Body, Spirit“, introduced in

1994.

Picture 2 – Agitos

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4. Paralympic sports and athletes

The athletes who participate in Paralympic sport are grouped into ten major

categories, based on their type of disability. There are eight different types of physical impairment

– impaired muscle power, impaired passive range of movement, loss of limb or limb deficiency,

leg-length difference, short stature, hypertonia (e.g. cerebral palsy), ataxia and athetosis. Then

there are also visual impairment and intellectual disability. But, in order for athletes with

intellectual disability to compete at the Paralympic Games, they have to be elite athletes with

disability diagnosed before the age of 18. However, the IOC-recognized Special Olympics World

Games are open to all people with intellectual disabilities.

The sports that are represented at the summer Paralympic Games are: archery, athletics, boccia,

cycling, equestrian, football 5-a-side, football 7-a-side, goalball, judo, paracanoe, paratriathlon,

powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, volleyball, wheelchair basketball,

wheelchair rugby, wheelchair tennis.

The sports that are represented at the winter Paralympic Games are: alpine skiing, para-

snowboarding, ice sledge hockey, nordic skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing and wheelchair

curling.

All these sports are adjusted to fit the athlete's disabilities. For example, football 5- and 7-a-side

are only for visually impaired athletes. The coaches can yell and give them directions and only the

goalkeepers can see. Wheelchair rugby and wheelchair basketball are incredibly intense and bring

something new to the table, or should I say bench, that their Olympic counterparts do not – a

welder. A welder is needed because of the huge impacts these athletes are a part of when they

collide. Welder is there to weld and mend any “injured“ wheelchairs. And talking about new sports,

for the Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in September 2016, the new sports will be the

paracanoe and paratriathlon. But that does not mean that the Paralympics are just following trends,

far from it. Table tennis has been a part of the Paralympic Games from the Games in Rome in

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1960. To compare, table tennis has been a part of the Olympic Games from the Seoul Games of

1988. That is full 28 years difference of acknowledging a sport is worthy of being a part of the „-

lympic“ family.

As far as the athletes go, the most famous Paralympian ever is Oscar Pistorius. The athlete shocked

everyone by competing at the Olympic Games in London 2012. He entered men's 400 meters and

4x400 meters relay races, thus becoming the first double amputee to compete at the Olympic

Games. As far as the Paralympic Games are concerned, he won six gold, one silver and one bronze

medal in 2004, 2008 and 2012 Games.

Croatia's most famous Paralympians come from two sports – athletics and swimming. Croatian

Darko Kralj had an amazing streak in Beijing in 2008, throwing the ball 6 times in a row, breaking

his own world record each time and winning the gold medal. In London 2012 he won the silver

medal. The other famous Croatian Paralympian is Mihovil Španja. The Dubrovnik-based swimmer

staggered the world in 2004 by winning 3 bronze medals. In 2012 he won another one, thus

becoming the most decorated Croatian Paralympian.

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Picture 3 – A collage

representing some of the

paralympic sports and athletes

(Ana Sršen, Oscar Pistorius,

Wheelchair rugby, Boccia,

Kristijan Vincetić, Mihovil

Španja and Matija Grebenić,

Paracanoe, Darko Kralj,

Powerlifting, Alex Zanardi)

Paralympic athletes as such

are very inspirational and tough people. It took a lot of effort, even more so than being an able-

bodied athlete, to come to the level they are at. Ana Sršen was only 13 years old when her leg was

amputated due to bone cancer. Today she is one of the most respected sports officials in Croatia,

governing her club as well as the national swimming committee. Darko Kralj went through the

hell that is war, but he came back, did not give in to depression and became an incredible athlete.

Alex Zanardi, an Italian para-cyclist, was a Formula One driver until his crash in 2001 when his

both legs were amputated. He did not give in but rather took on a different sport and really excelled

at it – he won the gold medal in London 2012 Paralympic Games.

All these people would make for incredible role models for children and athletes all around the

world. So why are they not more frequently in the media, or at all?

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5. The International Paralympic Committee and the media

The start of the relationship between the International Paralympic Committee (the

IPC) and the media was tough. Television broadcasts of the Summer Paralympic Games began in

1976. The data that shows what a rough start it was – in 1992, the Paralympic Games got only 45

hours of live coverage, and only in Europe. That was full 16 years after the Games were started

being broadcast at all. For the 1992 Games in Barcelona and 1996 Games in Atlanta, the organizers

had to pay a substantial amount of money to the media so they would agree to cover the event.

Everything changed for the Paralympic Games in Sydney in 2000. Those Games represented a

turning point, they represented a significant increase in global media exposure for the Paralympic

Games. A deal was reached between the Sydney Paralympic Organizing Committee and All Media

Sports to broadcast the Games internationally. That meant that Asia, South America and Europe

were all given the opportunity to watch the Paralympic Games live. The Games were even webcast

for the first time in history. This access to the Paralympic Games had a result in over 300 million

viewers worldwide and was a huge success.

To show the statistical data I created a table based on the data from the IPC website, the Channel

4’s website, as well as the book „The Paralympic Games – Empowerment or side show?“ by Keith

Gilbert and Otto J. Schantz.

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Games Athletes Number of

nations

Number of

sports

Tickets

sold

TV rights –

fees

Accredited

media

1988 Seoul 3053 62 17 Nil / 1672

1992

Barcelona

3020 82 15 Nil / 1499

1996

Atlanta

3310 103 17 388 373 $ 500 000 2088

2000

Sydney

3843 122 18 1 160 000 $ 4 200 000 2440

2004

Athens

3837 136 19 800 000 / 3000

2008

Beijing

3951 146 20 1 162 000 3500

2012

London

4302 164 20 2 700 000 £ 7 000 000

(only for

UK)

6500

Although the start has been rough for the media and the IPC, the numbers do not lie and show an

increasing number of support and coverage. I should also mention that the London Paralympics

were the first Games to be broadcast in the UK by someone else than BBC, Channel 4 to be exact.

The BBC did a terrible job broadcasting the winter Paralympic Games of 2010 where they only

had one one-hour show a day, summarizing all the events that took place on that day. In contrast,

when they were broadcasting the winter Olympic Games, the amount of live coverage was

somewhere around 160 hours. So Channel 4 outbid the BBC, won the broadcasting rights and they

made it worth their while.

Channel 4 did the job of broadcasting very systematically. They made a plan, stuck to it, and made

an incredible contribution to promoting paralympic sports in the world. They started off by

searching for disabled people that were willing to be their anchors and journalists. For an entire

year before the London 2012 Games, they had a special weekly show promoting and teaching

people about paralympic sports. By doing that, they made the public curious and hyped for the

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games. A few months before the Games, they released a trailer video called „Meet the

Superhumans“ where they presented their nation with their most successful and most awarded

Paralympians that would compete at the Games. Recognizing the new media and how influential

they were to the younger generations, unlike radio or even television, they developed a special

mobile app. The app was a huge success because it showed all the scheduled sports, their locations

and it gave a streaming option as well, so people could have watched live streams.

Ultimately, Channel 4 had over 150 hours of live coverage and just over 500 hours in general.

They also enabled 4 streaming channels on their website to enable people to watch sports that may

have been at the same time as another one. The numbers speak for themselves – the opening

ceremony of the London 2012 Paralympic Games had 11.2 million viewers on Channel 4 alone,

making it the most viewed event ever shown on that network. The closing ceremony had 7.7

million viewers. The average live coverage had 3.3 million viewers, peaking at 6 and a half million

viewers the night the British para-athlete Jonnie Peacock beat Oscar Pistorius in the 100m race.

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6. Marketing

Another reason why London was such a media success were the social media. The

IPC as well as the organizing committee recognized the importance and global reach of the social

media and used that to their advantage. The social media marketing campaigns were a lot cheaper

than on the other media channels, but so much more effective. #Paralympics was the most used

hashtag on Twitter in 2012.

Another brilliant marketing move was the contract between Samsung and the International

Paralympic Committee. The IPC made a list of the best and most charismatic athletes, 47 of them,

and they were given new Samsung Galaxy Note mobile phones. In return, they had to make

„behind the scenes“ videos. And it worked tremendously. The video of a Spanish swimmer Teresa

Perales, who is in a wheelchair, winning a silver medal and then her 3 year old son rushing to her

and yelling „Mama campeona“ was viewed over 1 million times in the first 24 hours. The video

blog project was extremely important because it showed the „human“ side of paralympic athletes.

The media before only showed them as either superhumans or poor people. This was a new

perspective that gave a whole new look to the para-athletes.

Of course, there are some issues with marketing that need resolving. „But with the media under

great financial pressure, future spending on disability sport will need to show commercial value.

The level of media coverage will be crucial to winning sponsorship”, said Mike Parker, director

of sponsorship at the media agency Carat. He said sponsors would assess whether the level of

interest in the London Paralympics was “an anomaly” caused by the success of Team GB at the

Olympics and London's position in the global economy. The problems Rio de Janeiro Paralympic

Games will face later this year will show just how the Paralympic movement has grown. The

political issues in the country, starting with the Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff who is getting

overthrown due to her corruption affairs, are just the tip of the iceberg of problems the Paralympic

movement is facing in Rio 2016. Some infrastructure are still not finished, despite the Olympic

Games are just 2 months away. More and more people are inviting others to boycott the Games.

Even some athletes are cancelling their appearances due to the fear of Zika virus. How will all that

affect the Paralympic games is yet to be seen.

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7. Situation in Croatia

I have discussed the global situation of the Paralympic movement and now I will analyze

the situation in Croatia. First of all, the problems in Croatia are ignorance and prejudice. And I

cannot fully blame the public for that. The media shows little to no paralympic sports in Croatia.

Disabled people in general are perceived as social cases and nobodies that are not useful members

of the society. Even the Croatian school system insists that disabled children go through school

based on a special program, not realizing that not all physically disabled people are mentally

impaired as well. And, in reality, a few of them actually are.

Some of the statements I personally have fought over my years as a paralympic swimmer were:

“Not a real athlete”, “Aww you go and take baths in the pool, how lovely”, “Olympians are worth

more as athletes” and such. And those attitudes are why the Paralympic movement is so important.

But how can Croatia hope to improve, when the former vice-minister in charge of sports said,

during London 2012 Paralympic games: “Why are they doing sports if they’re blind?” referring to

Football 5-a-side game.

To compare Croatia to other countries in the region to which our politicians like to compare

ourselves in order to feel superior – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Slovenia all had

live coverage of London 2012 Opening Ceremony. Croatia did not, although the Croatians came

back with most medals out of those countries, 5 of them.

Croatia as a country cannot prosper without all of their citizens working together, and yes that

means the disabled people as well. And while in Canada it is perfectly normal to have a disabled

minister of sports, Croatian ministers still look down upon people with various disabilities. The

media are the only channel that can change that perception of people with disabilities in Croatia

and the paralympic athletes are the ones that should lead with their example.

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8. Case Study

As a case study I decided to analyze the Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in Croatian media.

I will analyze the events prior to and the first 24 hours of coverage of the Games. I will compare

the Croatian media coverage to international media coverage of the Games.

Before the Olympic Games started, Croatian National Television (HRT) issued a statement stating

that they will broadcast around 260 hours of Olympic material during the Games. HRT would also

be sending 40 journalists to Rio de Janeiro, with plenty of journalists covering the Olympics in

Zagreb as well. Before the Paralympic Games started, Croatian National Television issued a

statement that it will not live broadcast the qualifying events Croatian athletes would participate

in. The statement even stated all the finals would not be shown, only those in which HRT thinks

the Croatian athlete has a chance of winning a medal would. HRT also stated that they would be

sending only one journalist and one cameraman to cover the Paralympic games, as opposed to 3

journalists and a cameraman for the Beijing 2008 and London 2012 Paralympic Games.

The Croatian Paralympic Committee wrote to HRT, stating that this is extremely unfair and that it

is an utter discrimination of disabled athletes. The CPC spokesman Darko Matić said for the media:

"They [HRT] keep saying they don't have the money, and yet 38 HRT employees are going to the

Olympic Games. Why are they sending journalists to the Track and Field European Championship

in Amsterdam, and they won't send any to the Paralympic Games, instead they will be doing the

job from the Zagreb studio? If the Croatian Anthem will be played in Rio, it will be equally played

for Sandra Perković and Sandra Paović. Is the anthem worth less for Sandra Paović? Simply tell us

that we are not athletes, that we are cripples and that we are worth less and be done with it..“

Ratko Kovačić, the president of the Croatian Paralympic Committee personally wrote to acting

director Siniša Kovačić warning him that the Paralympic Games are the third largest sports

competition in the entire world and begging him not to go under the bare minimum HRT provided

in the past – three journalists and one cameraman. He also warned the acting director that by not

informing the Croatian public enough about the Paralympic Games would mean breaching the

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which Croatia signed and ratified, the Law

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on the Prevention of Discrimination, but also the Law on HRT. Section 9 of the Law clearly states

of the obligations regarding the informing of people with disabilities, which are estimated around

500 000 in Croatia. Even the Croatian ombudsman for the disabled persons' rights stepped in,

urging that HRT change their decision and send more than just one journalist. However, HRT

claimed that they are not discriminating disabled athletes and people, and stood their ground

claiming that they would provide even more content than they have for the previous two

Paralympic Games. How is that possible with only one journalist, given that there are 19 Croatian

Paralympians currently in Rio de Janeiro, frequently performing at the same time in various sports

and venues, is yet to be seen.

The Games’ Opening Ceremony started around 11:15pm CET, on September 7th. Croatian

National Television broadcast the entire Opening Ceremony and even had a programme an hour

before, introducing the Croatian public to each Paralympian that would represent Croatia,

respectively. In comparison, British Channel 4 began with that kind of programme a year ago,

introducing a couple of new Paralympians each week as the Games approached. The fact that HRT

decided to broadcast the entire Opening Ceremony, unlike the London 2012 Paralympic Games,

was a pleasant surprise. Unfortunately that is where the pleasantries ended. The first day of sport

competitions Croatia had seven athletes performing. Table tennis representatives Sandra Paović

and Anđela Mužinić won their first matches, while Helena Dretar Karić and Mirjana Lučić Lost.

Anđela later lost her other match that day. Dino Sinovčić was the Croatian representative in

swimming. He broke his personal best time in 100 meters backstroke semifinals and placed 5th in

the finals, improving his time once more. Miljenko Vučić was also in the finals, he placed 6th in

shot put. And lastly, Velimir Šandor, discus thrower, the man who placed 3rd in the World

Championship in 2015 and 2nd in the European Championship in 2016. In Rio de Janeiro, his first

Paralympic Games, on his first day, Velimir won a bronze medal. That concluded the first 24 hours

in Rio de Janeiro.

Oddly enough, none of these performances were broadcast on Croatian National Television that

day. And while it is “understandable” that the semifinals were not broadcast, since HRT stated

they would not, it is not understandable that none of the three finals that day were not. HRT, in

their statement, claimed that the finals where a Croatian athlete may win a medal will be broadcast.

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Even if that eliminates Miljenko Vučić and Dino Sinovčić out of equation, it certainly cannot and

should not eliminate Velimir Šandor, a man who won two medals in the previous two competitions.

HRT’ decision is dubious at best.

The whole situation is perhaps perfectly described in a documentary called “Beyond Medals”, a

film about the life and swimming career of Mihovil Španja, the most decorated Croatian

Paralympian. In the movie Mihovil’s brother Mateo remembers when Mihovil won his bronze

medal at the London 2012 Paralympic Games. Everyone was ecstatic, it was a huge achievement

which required a lot of training and dedication from Mihovil. And yet, the only daily sports

newspapers in Croatia, Sportske Novosti, barely mentioned his success. It was a tiny article

somewhere in the middle of the papers, barely covering 15% of the page. Mateo then remembers

what Mihovil told him: “Brother, what do I have to do? What do I have to do to get on the front

page of the papers?”.

The only TV news that started with Velimir Šandor that day were, ironically, on Nova TV, which

does not even have the TV rights for the Paralympic Games, unlike HRT. The online news portals

were somewhat better, although not even every news portal had Velimir Šandor on the front page.

For Večernji list online, these news from the Sports section were far more important:

Picture 4 – The King of the Balkans, and old and retired footballer and the president of Croatian

handball association are all more important than Velimir Šandor winning the Paralympic medal.

The printed media were not better the following day, following the injustice they did to Mihovil

Španja four years earlier.

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Picture 5 – Front pages of Croatian daily newspapers the day after Velimir Šandor won the first

Paralympic medal in Rio de Janeiro 2016 Games.

The current problem with HRT and the Paralympic Games is the biggest one yet. Not broadcasting

the Games, while having the TV rights, is one thing, but HRT has banned all live streaming

websites from Croatia, therefore disabling people from watching the Games. In normal

circumstances, that would be expected and acceptable, but not when HRT is not even using their

broadcasting rights.

If and when the media change their approach to disabled athletes and change the focus from the

“disabled” part to the “athlete”, then we can expect a shift in the minds of people, and maybe even

actions such as the one of the Belgian king.

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Picture 6 – King Phillippe of Belgium called and congratulated Belgian wheelchair racer Marieke

Vervoort moments after her race was over.

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9. Conclusion

The Paralympic movement is the movement based on the idea of dr Ludwig Guttmann. It is

trying to change the world’s perception of paralympic athletes as well as all disabled people. And

while it was stagnant for some time due to media reluctance, with the technology advancing and

with the rise of the new media (the Internet) and new channels (social media such as Facebook and

Twitter), there are no more obstacles for the movement. I firmly believe the movement will

continue to grow and let people see that paralympic athletes are neither the bottom of the society,

nor the “superhumans”. They are just the same as everyone else – humans.

"I believe that Paralympians through freedom contained within their minds produce incredible

performances with their bodies, which when watched or listened to by others can inspire them to

change their perceptions and thus change the world.” – Sir Philip Craven, president of the

International Paralympic Committee

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10. References

1. http://paralympics.org.uk/games/ludwig-guttmann - last visited June 6th 2016

2. https://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc - last visited June 7th 2016

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games - last visited June 1st 2016

4. Gilbert, Keith and Schantz, Otto J. “The Paralympic Games – Empowerment or Side

Show?”(2004)

https://books.google.hr/books?id=JnP_ZJUUdPwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=paralympi

c&hl=hr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWvMXsqpXNAhWG7BQKHfgdAksQ6AEIIzAB#v=o

nepage&q&f=false

5. www.paralympic.org – last visited June 7th

6. Picture 1 - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RUSMARKA-

1777.jpg/220px-RUSMARKA-1777.jpg

7. Picture 2 - http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/03/11/98/3119800_44f7a771.jpg

8. Picture 3 – www.natator.hr, www.facebook.com/matija.grebenic, www.paralympic.org

9. http://www.hrt.hr/349021/organizacija/paraolimpijske-igre-na-hrvatskoj-radioteleviziji -

last visited September 10th 2016

10. http://hrtprikazuje.hrt.hr/344493/olimpijske-igre-na-hrvatskoj-radioteleviziji - last visited

September 10th 2016

11. http://www.hnd.hr/reakcije-na-odgovor-hrt-a-o-izvjestavanju-s-paraolimpijskih-igara-

zelimo-jednakopravnost-i-da-se-nasi-rezultati-medijski-kvalitetno-valoriziraju-ali-s-

jednim-novinarom-i-snimateljem-to-nije-moguce - last visited September 10th 2016

12. http://www.index.hr/tema/euro-2016/paraolimpijci-hrt-nas-diskriminira-recite-nam-da-

nismo-sporta%C5%A1i-nego-invalidi-905728 – last visited September 10th 2016

13. https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/schedule-and-results/day-8 - last visited

September 10th 2016

14. Picture 4 - http://www.vecernji.hr/, September 9th 2016

15. Picture 5 - http://www.vecernji.hr/naslovnice/2016-09-08,

http://www.24sata.hr/zabava/naslovnice-24/2016-09-09, last visited September 10th 2016

16. Picture 6 - https://www.facebook.com/BEParalympics/?hc_ref=NEWSFEED&fref=nf,

last visited September 10th 2016

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17. Carnerud, Antonia Dubravka (2016.) Skrivena strana medalja, igrano-dokumentarni film,

Mišo Šorić