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Transcript of Materials Moments: Jennifer H.–Water Bottles. The “Ferrari” of Steel Microstructures:...
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Materials Moments:
Jennifer H.–Water Bottles
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The “Ferrari” of Steel Microstructures:
Martensite
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More on Case HardeningCarburizing:Case can be much deeperSomewhat lower hardnessUsed on lower-alloy steels (less expensive)Continuous processing (less expensive)
NitridingThinner, harder caseUsed on Higher-alloy steels (pricier)Longer run timesoften more costlyRun at lower temperaturesless part distortionCan have white, hard, brittle surface prone to crackingBatch processing (pricier)
Carbonitriding: increases case hardenability to obtain martensitic structure
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Case hardening Techniques compared
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Elastic Deformation:
Stress vs. Strain
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Linear Elastic Behavior:
Hooke’s Law = E • Stress is linearly proportional to strain
• Stiffness – E – resistance to elastic deformation
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Elasticity in Metals– Stiffness
http://spaceflight.esa.int/impress/text/education/Mechanical%20Properties/index.html
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Brittle Failure: Tensile test of Nodular Graphite Cast Iron
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YouTube
REAL Golf Ball hitting steel in slow motion by the USGA - YouTube
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Comparison of E values
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Types of Deformation
•Elastic
•Plastic
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Plastic
Deformation:
Permanent
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Plastic (adj.)
1630s, "capable of shaping or molding"
from L. plasticus, from Gk. plastikos "able to be molded, pertaining to molding,"
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Plastic (adj.)
Main modern meaning, "synthetic product made from oil derivatives," first recorded 1909, coined by Leo Baekeland (see bakelite).
Counterculture slang: adjective meaning "false, superficial" (1963).
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Plastic Deformation by
Design
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Plastically-formed paperclip can behave elastically
Paper clip under normal use
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Plasticity by design
Radial profile segments
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Formed by plastic deformation;Behaves elastically
Binder Clip
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Plastic deformation of Metals–Spring shape
Elastic deformation: Shock absorbersSprings absorb shock transmitted from road to vehicle.
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Plastic deformation of Metals
Galvanized steelChain link fence
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Plastic deformation of Metals
Pipe bendinghttp://remstoolsusa.com/
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Plastic deformation of Metals
Sterling Silver chain
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Plastic deformation of CeramicsUsually only at high temperature
Glassware fabricated plastically
http://www.launchphotography.com/Sawdust_Festival_2006.html
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Plastic deformation of CeramicsUsually only under high temperature
Ornate glassware fabricated plasticallyhttp://www.etsy.com/listing/105177137/vintage-toothpick-holder-green-ornate
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Plastic deformation of PlasticsUsually only under high temperature
Legos are thermoplastics
Plastic deformation of Ceramics Usually only under high temperature
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Plastic deformation of Plastics
Thermoplastic
Motorcycle
helmet
http://www.jspowersports.com/vega_motorcycle_helmets.htm
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Plastic Deformation by
Accident
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Mechanical Property:
Plasticity—permanent deformation
Paper clip
under abuse
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Plasticity by accidentStreet lamp damaged during storm
(Brid
gepo
rt,
CN
)
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Plasticity by Accident: Plastic Spoon
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Plastic Deformation
• Plastic deformation – Permanent
• Yielding – onset of plastic deformation
• Yield strength – Stress at yield (specified amount of
strain).
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Stress-strain curve
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Strength
Strength–stress at which “something” happens
–Yield strength
–Tensile strength
–Fracture strength
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Yield Strengths for Metal Alloys
Table 6.2
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Tensile Test
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Tensile Test
AlMgSi alloy ductile fracture
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fig_06_11
Engineering Stress-strain curve for typical metals
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True Stress
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YouTube
YouTube: Aluminum Tensile Test. Stress-strain curve shown
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Question of the Day:
How does Ductilityrelate to
Plastic Deformation?
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Ductility
• % plastic strain at fracture
(after subtracting off elastic recovery)
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Toughness
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014296120700988X
The effect of aging on crack-growth resistance and toughening mechanisms in human dentin
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Hardness
Resistance to scratching,
denting
http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Products/Accessories/Indenters.aspx
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Brittle Deformation
http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broken_glass.jpg
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Brittle Deformation
Brittle—Little or no plastic deformation before failure
http://www.gowelding.com/met/pwht.htm
New SteelPressure VesselFailed duringHydraulic Test
Improper heat Treatment after Welding (PWHT)
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Brittle Materials
• Very little plastic deformation before failure
• Fracture strains <5%
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Brittle Deformation
Cast Aluminum Motorcycle Engine Cover
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• Cast Iron
• Cast Aluminum
• Very Hard (Ultra High-C) Steel
Brittle Metals
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Brittle Materials
mild steel: 0.16–0.29 wt% CCast Iron: 3.0-4.5 wt% C
(ductile)
(brittle)
(brittle)
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Brittle Failure: Tensile test of Nodular Graphite Cast Iron
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Deformation on the atomic scale
• Elastic
• Plastic
• Brittle
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Mechanical Property terms• Elastic - Elasticity• Plastic - Plasticity• Stiff - Stiffness• Ductile - Ductility• Strong - Strength• Brittle - Brittleness• Tough - Toughness• Hard - Hardness