Material for CE - Aggr Full Version 2010
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Aggregates
Heddy R Agah
2010
Property of Materials for Civil EngineeringCES 21005Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Indonesia
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hra 2
(1) Definition
(2) Classification
(3) Composition and Structures
(5) Aggregate for ASPHALT CONCRETE
(4) Gradation
(6) Aggregate for CEMENT CONCRETE
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hra 3
Definition
Materials (for construction)
Inert material which, when bound together into a conglomeratedmass by a matrix, form: -concrete, -mastic mortar, -plaster.
An aggregation of sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag or other materialcomposition used in combination with a binding medium to form: -bituminous and Portland cement, -concrete, -macadam, -mastic, -mortar cement, -plaster, or alone as: -railroad ballast, -filter beds,
and -various manufacturing processes such as fluxing
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Classification
NaturalAggregate
ManufacturedAggregate
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Natural Aggregates
Taken from natural deposits without change in their
nature during production, with the exception of
crushing, sizing, grading or washing
Includes:
pumice,
shells,
iron ore,
lime rock
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hra 6
Manufactured Aggregates
Aggregates produced as a direct product,rather than as a by-product of amanufacturing process
Includes: Blast furnace slag
Clay Shale;
Light weightaggregates
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Synthetic Artificial Aggregates
By-product of an industrial process
Product of process developed tomanufactured aggregate with special
properties
Reclaimed or waste construction materials
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Classification based on Size
FINE
Aggregate passing 9.5mm (3/8) sieve, passing sieve no 4 (4.75mm) and predominantly
retained on 75u (no 200) sieve
Aggregate passing no 4 and retained on the no 200 (75um) sieve
COARSE
Aggregate predominantly retained on the no 4 sieve (for Portland Cement Concrete)
The no 8 or no 10 sieve (for bituminous concrete)
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Composition & Structures
Natural Aggregates
Consist of naturally occurring material of mineralcomposition
Derived from rocks with single mineral or several
different mineral
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NATURALAGGREGATES
METAMORPHICROCK
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
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Composition & Structures
IGNEOUS ROCK
COOL MELTING FORMED (ABOVE OR BELOW THE EARTHS
SURFACE)
CONSISTS OF CRYSTAL OR MINERALS IN A CRYSTALLINE (OR
GLOSSY) MATRIX
SIZE IS A FUNCTION OF COOLING RATE
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Composition & Structures
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
FORMED BY THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEPOSITS, -WEATHERING PRODUCTS AND EROSION OF ROCKS
(EARTH SURFACE)
LESS MECHANICAL COMPACTIONS
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hra 13
Composition & Structures
METAMORPHIC ROCK
FORMED BY THE APPLICATION OF INTENSE HEAT AND
PRESSURE TO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
LESS POROUS, STRONG MATRIX (RECRYSTALLIZATION)
STRONGED AND LESS ANISOTROPIC COMPACTED TO
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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hra14
ROCKS TYPE SpecificGravity
POROSITY(% - vol)
IGNEOUS Basalt
Granite
2.6 3.0
2.6 3.0
50 200
100 250SEDIMENTARY Shale
Limestone
Sandstone
2.0 2.7
2.3 2.8
2.2 2.7
10 100
35 250
20 175
METAMORPHIC StateMarble
Quartzite
2.6 2.92.6 2.8
2.6 2.7
100 200100 250
100 - 300
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hra 15
Principles and Procedures
The use and process: QUALITY : high (estimate)
COST : low (estimate)
The procedures: Excavation
Transportation
Washing
Crushing
Sizing
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procedures
Processing plant
Site
Transportation (truck, rail,conveyor belt)
Washing : before and/or after
Excavator: digging
Removal of organic material(silt; clay; leaves; mud)
Method: blasting; dragging;pumping
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Sizing and screening
1. Sizing: by crusher
2. Proper and desirable size
3. Crusher type:
size of designedaggregate
Sieve : vibratory screenSet of sieves with designateddiameter
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d
sieve
d
D
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Sieve analysis
h
D
X gram
(X- z) gram
Retained = coarser
X gram coarser
X gram finer
X gram finer
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hra20
Grain distribution
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.0.01
0
20
60
80
100
%b
yweightfiner
Diameter, log, mm
40
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End of session
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Aggregate gradation
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UNIFORM G A P
CONTINUOUS
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Gradation and Aggregate Building
Aggregate gradation affects the workability of portland
cement concrete mixes, and the stability and durability of
bituminous concrete mixes, also affects the stability,
drainage and frost resistance of base course
Aggregate grading: dense; gap; uniform; open graded
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Gradation and Aggregate Building
Fuller method:
P = 100 [ d/D] N
p = percentage finer than sieve
D = maximum size aggregate to be used (top size)
d = sieve size in questionN = coefficient of adjustment which adjusts the curve for
fineness or coarseness
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Fuller curve
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentfinerbywe
ight
Diameter in mm log scale
n = 0.3
n = 0.5
n = 0.7
10 1 0.1
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Fine aggregates limits
SIEVE SIZE PASSINGmm inch %
9.50 3/8 100
4.75 No. 4 95 - 100
2.36 No. 8 80 - 100
1.18 No. 16 50 - 85
600 mm No. 30 25 - 60
300 mm No. 50 10 - 30
150 mm No. 100 2 - 10
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Graphical distribution
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CONTINUOUS
UNIFORM
Increasing particle size (sieve opening)
Increasingcumulativepercent
agepassing
G A P
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Sieve test result
Sieve Size(mm)
no Weightretained (gr)
% retained Cumulativeretained (%)
Cumulativepassing (%)
4.75 4 0 0 0 100
2.36 8 241.9 11.9 11.9 90.6
1.18 16 388.9 19.1 31.0 74.0
0.60 30 505.5 24.9 55.9 51.7
0.30 50 543.4 26.7 82.6 25.1
0.15 100 340.8 16.8 99.4 8.4
pan 11.3 0.6 100.0 0
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Sieve Test Result
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
no 4 no 8 no 16 no 30 no 50 no 100 pan
cumm retained
cumm passing
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TYPICAL GRADATION
Sieve
designation
Percent finer than
A B C
2 in 100 100 100
1 in 100 95 90 100
in 63 85 65 80
No. 4 25 50 30 45
No. 10 15 36 20 35
No. 200 3 7 0 - 5
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TYPICAL GRADATION
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2 in 1 in in No. 4 No. 10 No. 200
a
b
c
c1
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Binding aggregates (2 materials)
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Percent aggregate A
Percent aggregate B
PercentpassingaggregateA
Percentpassingagg
regateB
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
1.5
3/4
No. 4
No. 10
No. 200
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Aggregates Moisture Phase
hra 40
Oven Dry Air Dry Saturated surface dry W e t
Absorption Capacity
Effective Absorption
Surface moisture
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hra 41
Absorption CapacityWSSD - WOD
WODX 100
Effective Absorption
Moisture Content
Surface Moisture
WAGG - WOD
WODX 100
WWET - WSSD
WSSDX 100
WSSD - WAD
WSSDX 100
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Ratio between mass (weight in air) to the mass of an equal
volume of water (for a specific temperature)
hra 42
WOD
WSSD - WSW
WSSD
WSSD - WSW
WOD
WOD - WSW
Bulk Specific Gravity, Gb =
Bulk Specific Gravity, Gbsd =Saturated surface dry
Apparent Specific Gravity, Ga =
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Flexible Pavement
hra 43
Asphalt concrete
Base course
Sub Base course
Sub Grade
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
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Aggregate for Pavement Base
GRADATION
PARTICLE STRENGTH
PARTICLE SHAPE
SURFACE TEXTURE
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Gradation
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Fine CoarseMedium
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GRADATION
Gradation affects: stability, drainage, and frostsusceptibility;
The type of gradation: dense graded(maximum stability), open graded (maximumdrainage or frost protection);
The hardness of the aggregate (ie.; aggregatedegradation)
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Aggregate withoutfines
Void filled with fines Void overfilling byfines
STRENGTH Grain to grain contactonly
Grain contactincrease
Resistance to deformincrease
Contact reduced thestrength of mixture
Aggregate float infines
DENSITY Varies (relatively low)
Pervious
Density increase Density decreasePractically impervious
STABILITY High in confinestructure
Low in unconfinedstructure
High for confine andunconfined structure
Low stability
COMPACTION Hard to compact Relatively easy tocompact
No problem
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Particle Strength
To resist the load without breakdown,
minimize degradation
Requires: strength and toughness
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Particle Shape
Angular aggregate characteristics giveaggregate interlock properties; increase thestability of open graded materials.
Rounded aggregate:Herrin and Goetz: crushing rounded gravels add significantly only to thestability of one size aggregate mixes, to open graded mixes a very little,
and to dense mixes not at all
Thin and elongated aggregate:Size segregation; low strength
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Particle Texture (surface)
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Aggregate for Bituminous Mixture
Gradation and Size:
(High volume of traffic: dense graded aggr., with sufficient void to leave
room for fine and asphalt)
Strength and Toughness:
To prevent aggregate breakdown under traffic and subsequent los of
stability)
Particle shape
(angular aggr. gives aggr., interlock properties increasing stability of open
graded materials)
Porosity
hra 51
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Gradation for typical sand asphalt
Sieve
designation
passing
Percentage of total by weight
Grading A Grading B Grading C
100 100 100
No. 4 95 100 95 100 90 100
No. 10 80 100 80 100 50 100
No. 40 50 80 50 95 35 70
No. 80 10 30 5 30 5 30
No. 200 0 8 0 8 0 8
Bitumen 4.0 6.0 4.0 6.0 4.5 6.5
hra 52
Note: Base course mixture
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Aggregate for PC Concrete
Aggregate gradation control workability of plastic concrete
Aggregate used in PC concrete are blend of coarse and fine aggregate to
achieve economical mix
Aggregate coarse and fine are similar with aggregate for asphalt concrete,
with and addition of the term of fineness modulus.
The bond between the aggregate and the cementing materials of portland
cement is influenced by surface texture, rough surface texture will
increase bond strength.
i. Fineness modulus is the relative fineness of sand and defines as one-hundred ofthe sum of the cumulative percentage held on the standard sieves test of sand.
ii. The smaller the value of the fineness modulus, the finer the sand.
iii. The fineness modulus for food sand is between 2.25 and 3.25
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Aggregate & Quality of PC Concrete
Low and moderate strength
Play the role of a filler materials
Not need high content of sand, cement and water cement
ratio
High strength
Low water cement ratio provided for a high strength mortar High strength of aggregate required to prevent failure under
design load
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Selected types
Weak aggregate:
Sandstone, soft shale, limestone
Not sufficient strong to serve moderate concrete;
Hard aggregate:
Crushed granite
This type is necessary for very high strength of
concrete
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Characteristics
Surface texture
Particle size
Angularity
Porosity
Chemical composition
Thermal properties
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Bonding
hra 57
SurfaceTexture
Rough surface
Smooth
surface
Less water cement ratio
Better bonding
Higher strength
Better bonding condition
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Particle shape
hra 58
Angular
Rounded
Workability ofplastic concrete
Need more mortar
to fill voids
Separate aggregate
for workability
Required more
water content
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Test Used for Concrete Mixes
Test Purpose
Sampling aggregate To sample fine and coarse aggregate
Sieve analysis To determine the particle size of fine and coarse aggregate to
be used in various tests.
Specific gravity and
absorption of coarse
aggregate
To determine (ultimately) the solid volume of coarse aggregate
and the unit volume of the dry rodded aggregate, weight-
volume characteristics
Bulk specific gravity is used to determine the volume occupied
by the aggregate
Specific gravity and
absorption of fineaggregate
To determine the bulk and apparent specific gravity of fine
aggregate as well as absorption.
Unit weight of
aggregate
To determine the unit weight of fine, coarse or mixes
aggregate.
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This is end of session
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Assignment
1. Jenis batuan yang paling cocok untuk perkerasan jalanadalah igneous rock. Mohon komentar dan penjelasanmengenai keterangan tersebut.
2. Bagaimana bentuk (shape) dari partikel mempengaruhipenggunaannya untuk: -beton semen; -beton aspal?
3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan gradasi batuan?
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Sieve Size 4 8 16 30 50 100
Weight Retained(gr) 26 130 240 252 210 138
hra 63
1. Analisis saringan dari 1.000 gram batuan halus (fine) menghasilkandata sebagai berikut pada tabel. Mohon saudara gambarkan grafikgradasinya dan hitung modulus kehalusan (fineness modulus) danapa saran saudara terhadap gradasi tersebut
Assignment
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1. Pelajari dan gambarkan grafik gradasinya dari beberapa
standar teknis (technical specification) mengacu kepada
ASTM standar untuk gradasi batuan yang digunakan untuk:
campuran beton aspal
campuran beton semen