MATERI IX

PRODUKSI&

OPERASIONAL

5 ISSUESThat arise when trying to produce a product or service

Capacity(How much can I produce?)

Scheduling(How am I going to do it?)

Inventory(How much the efficient inventory is there?)

Standards(Efficient production and quality output?)

Control(Is the production process working?)

The Six M’s of Capacity

1. Methods- Have you chosen the best method of accomplishing the operational

task? - Are the machines placed in the most efficient factory floor configuration?

2. Materials - Are the materials you need available and of good quality?

- Do you have capability to purchase efficiently, store, and distribute the material when needed by the production process?

3. Manpower - Do you have well-trained and productive workers and managers to

accomplish your productions goals? - Are your worker sufficiently trained to operate any new technology that you may acquire?

The Six M’s of Capacity (continued)

4. Machinery- Do you have the right tool for the job?

- Do your machines meet your need; capability, speed, reliability, technology?

5. Money - Is the cash to fund production available as needed?

- Is the investment in factories, equipment and inventories justified in light of the entire organization’s opportunities? - Does the project cash flow justify the investment? (a finance question)

6. Messages - Do you have a system for sharing accurate and timely information

among all members of the production team – people and machine? - A machine needs to electronically share information about output and quality on assembly line with its operator, as well as with other machines.

3 Types of Production Methods

Continuous Process

Assembly Line

Job Shop

scheduling

Critical Path Method (CPM)

CPMArrange each task or activity in sequential order and estimate the

time needed to complete each one.Each time a task begins or is completed it is called an event.

Activities Descriptions Time

A

BCDE

Design production machinery and prepare manufacturing drawingsPrepare production facilities to receive new machinesBuy tooling and parts for productionStock part and install production machineryTest new production line

2 weeks

4 weeks3 weeks1 week1 week

1

2

3 4 5

A = 2 wks C = 3 wks

B = 4 wks D = 1 wk E = 1 wk1 wkSlack time

Inventory

Raw Materials (flour, sugar, egg, etc)

Work in Process (pastry in the oven, pastry on cooling trays, etc)

Finished Goods (cakes, cookies, and donuts ready for sale)

The Balancing Act. The optimal inventory level is a delicate balancing act.Inventory decisions are tough because different departments of the same company have different goals.

Inventory Vocabulary

RawMaterials

Work inprogressmaterials

Finishedgoods

materials

Finishedgoods, labor& overhead

Value added by labor & overhead while in progress

Five Major Reasons for Holding Inventory

1. Pipeline (inventory on hand to minimize production delay and maximize efficiency)

2. Cycle(suppliers have minimum order that are greater than immediate need)

3. Safety(stocks held to avoid shortage because of uncertain production demands. Stockout cost money when production is halted)

4. Anticipatory(Inventory held in anticipation of known demand)

5. Speculative(items purchased to beat supplier price increases)

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

2 costs associated with inventory2 costs associated with inventoryCarrying CostsCarrying Costs(The costs associated with storage, insurance, and financing of inventory)(The costs associated with storage, insurance, and financing of inventory)

Ordering CostsOrdering Costs(the cost of ordering that include all accounting and clerical labor and materials (the cost of ordering that include all accounting and clerical labor and materials associated with placing and order)associated with placing and order)

Ordering Cost

Item Cost

Holding Cost

Total Cost(Item + Holding + Ordering

EOQ

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

EOQ =(2 x R x O)

C

R = Annual unit requirements

O = Cost of placing and order

C = Cost of carrying a unit of inventory per period

The FormulaThe Formula

Sales history indicates that a level demand of 2,000 unit throughout the year. Each time order it cost $14 to process the order. A detail study of costs reveals that it cost $.50 to carry each unit in inventory for a year.

EOQ =2 x 2000 x $14

50

= 335 units

The formula calculates the most economic inventory order as 335 unit. Since the demand 2,000 unit, this means that there will be about 6 orders per year (2000/355).

PENUTUPPENUTUP

Produksi dan operasional merupakan Produksi dan operasional merupakan kegiatan lainnya dalam suatu entiti bisnis.kegiatan lainnya dalam suatu entiti bisnis.

Dalam memproduksi sesuatu, selain dari Dalam memproduksi sesuatu, selain dari efektifitas dan efisiensi proses produksi, efektifitas dan efisiensi proses produksi, diperlukan pula manajemen persediaan diperlukan pula manajemen persediaan (baik persediaan bahan baku, bahan (baik persediaan bahan baku, bahan dalam proses maupun persediaan barang dalam proses maupun persediaan barang jadi). jadi).

MATERI IXMATERI IX

PRODUKSI&

OPERASIONAL

Selain membaca buku, majalah, tabloit atau sumber referensi lainnya, dianjurakan untuk memperkaya referensi dengan mengunjungi situs-situs yang berhubungan, misalnya :

- http://www.geocities.com/agus_lecturer/kompren/komprem_operasional.htm

- http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106305/production-management

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