Sistem Informasi ManajemenDr. Hary Budiarto

Materi 3Perangkat Keras dan Perangkat Lunak

What is a Computer?

Definisi:Suatu sistem yang mempunyai perangkat komponen input, pengolahan, output, storage, dan kontrol.

Tipe Sistem Komputer

Eniac (1943)A general view of the ENIAC, the world's first all electronic numerical integrator and computer.

From IBM Archives.

Mark I (1944)

The Mark I paper tape readers.

From Harvard University Cruft Photo Laboratory.

IBM SSEC (1948)

The First Mouse (1964)The First Mouse (1964)

Computer Today

Sound3DAnimationVideoDevices

Size (small->very large)Portable (PDA, phone)Plasticity

Context sensitive/awarePersonalizableUbiquitous

Sistem Mikrokomputer

Personal Computer (PC) – adalah mikrokomputer yang digunakan secara individuProfessional Workstation – adalah komputer yang terkoneksi pada suatu jaringan untuk digunakan dalam pengolhan busnisLaptop – adalah komputer kecil yang dapat dibawah kemana-mana

Sistem Mikrokomputer …Cont.Network Server – adalah komputer yang kinerjanya lebih baik digunakan untuk resource sharing dalam jaringan komputer dan digunakan sebagai server untuk internetComputer Terminals – adalah komputer yang mempunyai ketergantungan pada komputer server untuk kemampuan perangkat lunaknya, storage danprocessingnya

Sistem Mikrokomputer ….Cont

Network Computers –adalah komputer yang mempunyai tempat storage yang minimal dan tersambung pada jaringan komputer.

Information Appliances – adalah suatu perangkat mikrokomputer bertipe hand-held.

Fitur PC

Sistem Komputer Midrange

Definisi:Merupakan jaringan server primer yang dapat menangani pengolahan data skala luas dengan berbagai aplikasi bisnis

Mainframe Systems

Definition:Adalah sistem komputer yang sangat cepat, dan berkinerja tinggi.

Supercomputer Systems

Definisi:Adalah sistem komputer yang didesain khusus untuk keperluan scientific, engineering, dan aplikasi binis yang membutuhkan kecepatan dan perhitungan numerik yang sangat besar.

Sistem Fungsi Organisasi HardwareInput Devices berfungsi untuk mengkonversidata ke bentuk elektronik dalam sistem komputer secara langsung maupun melalui suatu jaringan telekomunikasiProcessing Components, adalah bagian utama yang berfungsi sbg Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) – adalah bentuk fungsi aritmetika dan logika yang dibutuhkan untuk menjalankan software

Output Devices adalah perangkat yang memproduksi informasi elektronik untuk keperluan presentasi pada end usersStorage Devices adalah tempat penyimpanan data yang diproses melalui suatu intruksi yang dijalankan melalui software Control Components adalah bagian utama dari CPU’s yang menginterprestasikan instruksi yang harus dijalankan dalam melakukan kegiatan pengontrolan.

Sistem Fungsi Organisasi Hardware

Computer Processing Speeds

Millisecond – thousandth of a second

Microsecond – millionth of a second

Nanosecond – billionth of a second

Picosecond – trillionth of a second

Computer Clock Speeds

MIPS – million instructions per second

Megahertz (MHz) – millions of cycles per second

Gigahertz (GHz) – billions of cycles per second

ThroughputDefinition:

Kemampuan microprocessor melakukan tugas yang diberikan untuk proses komputasi dan pengolahan data secara penuh selama periode waktu tertentu

Depends on:Buses – size of circuitry paths that interconnect microprocessor componentsRegisters – that process instructionsCache – high-speed memorySpecialized Processors

Computer Peripherals

Definition:Nama umum yang diberikan untuk semua perangkat input, output dan storage yang merupakan suatu bagian dari sistem komputer yang bukan bagian dari CPU.

Peripherals Advice

Online vs. Offline

Online – devices are separate from but can be electronically connected to and controlled by a CPU

Offline – devices are separate from and not under the control of the CPU

Input Technologies

KeyboardPointing DevicesPen-Based ComputingSpeech Recognition SystemsOptical Scanning

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Definition:Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars, etc used for user selection

QWERTY Layout Keyboard

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Dvorak Layout Keyboard

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Pointing Devices

Electronic Mouse – Moving mouse on pad moves cursor on screen. Pressing buttons on mouse activates activities represented by selected icons.Trackball – Stationary device with a roller ball on top used to move cursor on screen.Pointing Stick – Small button-like device which moves cursor in direction of pressure placed on stick.

Pointing Device

Pointing Devices

Touchpad – Small rectangular touch-sensitive surface which moves the cursor in the direction of finger moves on the pad.

Touch Screen – Video display screen that emits a grid of infrared beams, sound waves, or a slight electric current that is broken when the screen is touched.

Pointing Device

Pen-based ComputingDefinition:

Pressure-sensitive layer under slate-like liquid crystal display screen and software that digitizes handwriting, hand printing, and hand drawing

Speech Recognition Systems

Discrete – user must pause between each spoken word

Continuous – software can recognize conversationally-paced speech

Optical Scanning

Definition:Devices that read text or graphics and convert them into digital input for your computer

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)Definition:

The machine identification of printed characters through the use of light-sensitive devices

Digital Sculpture

To record and archive the morphological features of heritage artifacts from the past culture

Other Input Technologies

Magnetic Stripe – devices that read data stored in the magnetic stripe on the back of cards

Smart Cards – devices that read a microprocessor chip embedded in a card

Other Input Technologies

Digital cameras – devices that allow you to capture, store, and download still photos and full motion pictures

Magnetic Ink Recognition (MICR) –devices that can read characters printed on source documents with an iron oxide-based ink

Output Technologies

Video Output

Printed Output

Voice Response

Video Output

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – similar to vacuum tubes in television

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – electronic visual displays that form characters by applying an electrical charge to selected silicon crystals

Printed Output

Inkjet Printers – spray ink onto the page

Laser Printers – use an electrostatic process similar to a photocopying machine

Storage Trade-Offs

Binary Representation

Definition:Data are processed and stored in a computer system through the presence or absence of electronic or magnetic signals in the computer’s circuitry or in the media it uses

Bit vs. Byte

Bit – binary digit, which can have a value of either zero or one

Byte – basic grouping of bits that the computer operates as a single unit, typically eight bits

Storage Capacities

Kilobyte (KB) – one thousand bytesMegabytes (MB) – one million bytesGigabytes (GB) – one billion bytesTerabytes (TB) – one trillion bytesPetabytes (PB) – one quadrillion bytes

ASCII Codes

Binary Number System

Definition:Number system used by computers to perform computations since it has only two digits

Binary Number System

Direct vs. Sequential AccessDirect (or Random) Access – Each storage position has a unique address. Each storage position can be individually accessed without having to search through other storage positions.Sequential Access – Data are recorded one after another in a predetermined sequence. Locating an individual item of data requires searching the recorded data until the desired item is located.

Direct vs. Sequential Access

Semiconductor Memory

Characteristics:SmallFastShock ResistantTemperature ResistantVolatile – contents of memory is lost when power is interruptedUsed for Primary Storage

RAM vs. ROM

Random Access Memory (RAM) – each memory position can be both sensed and changed

Read Only Memory (ROM) – can be read but not erased or overwritten

Firmware

Definition:Frequently used programs which are permanently burned into ROM during manufacture

Magnetic Disks

Characteristics:FastLarge Reasonably PricedUsed for Secondary Storage

Types of Magnetic Disks

Floppy Disks – single disk inside a protective jacket

Hard Disk Drives – several disks, access arms and read/write heads in a sealed module

Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID) - disk arrays of interconnected microcomputer hard disk drives

Formatting Disks

Hard Disk Drives

Magnetic Tape

Definition:Read/write heads of magnetic tape drives record data in the form of magnetized spots on the iron oxide coating of the plastic tape

Optical Disks

Software

Remote Information System

Keypad

High Res ScreenControl Screen

Modem Connection

Satellite Connection

Microscope

Camera

Remote Information System Application

Summary

Major types of computers include microcomputers, midrange computers, mainframe computers and supercomputers.A computer is a system of information processing components that perform input, processing, output, storage, and control functions.