MASTITIS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT IN SHEEP
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Transcript of MASTITIS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT IN SHEEP
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MASTITIS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND
TREATMENT IN SHEEP
Leo Timms
Iowa State University
Dairy Science Extension
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SHEEP MASTITIS
• Basic mastitis facts
• Mastitis detection
• Mastitis control
• Prevention
• Treatment
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$• Occurs in every flock• $20-25 million annually (US)• Decreased lamb performance• Lamb/ewe mortality and morbidity• Ewe replacement costs• Labor costs• Feed costs (orphans)• Veterinary costs
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
• Milk production decreases
- 12% when 1 udder half infected - 58% when both udder halves infected*
* 16.7 lbs. less weaning weight
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•Average daily gain - ISU Trials***
- 1988 and 1990: slightly lower ADG - 1989: 11% decrease ADG
infected: at lambing- 19%; wean- 7%; both- 24%
*** Significant difference in creep feed intake
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MASTITIS
• Inflammation of the mammary gland where inflammation is reaction to tissue injury
• Redness• Swelling
• Heat• Pain
• Loss of function
• 99% of inflammation results from infection
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TYPES OF MASTITIS• Clinical: visual abnormalities(milk/udder/lamb) - fever - loss of appetite - depression - death
• Chronic: - long duration - variable signs - contagious? - fibrosis (nodules): udder palpation
•Subclinical: * No visible signs *Special tests * Loss of function
• Mastitis types are correlated to organisms!!!
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KNOWYOUR
ENEMY(germ warfare)
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Pasturella hemolytica
• “Blue bag”
• Common respiratory tract inhabitant
• Range flocks
• Minimal under intensive management operations?
• Ubiquitous! Opportunistic! Stressors!
• *** Lambing time is critical!!
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Staphylococcus aureus
• “Gangrenous mastitis:
• Chronic
• Contagious?
• ** Associated with wounds
• Invasive
• Scarring
• ** milking time spreader
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Strep. species / E. coli (coliforms)
• Environmentals
• Opportunists ( streps get in every day)
• High exposure / high stress
• Many around lambing
• Streps: Mild but clinical
• E. coli: Severe clinical due to toxemia
• Coliforms need H2O to grow / get in!
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Coagulase negative Staph.
• Skin inhabitants
• Subclinical mastitis
• Minor inflammation
• Milk loss???
• Primary organism isolated in sheep (>95%)
• Something has to get in!!
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Contagious ecthyma (sore mouth)
• Virus: occurs in every flock, secondary mastitis infections due to teat trauma
• Remains viable for long periods
• Nursing lambs - mouth lesions
• Transfer to ewes teats
** Provide protection for ewe/other animals
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Contagious ecthyma (sore mouth)
• VACCINATION
• Vaccinate ewes pre-breeding• Vaccinate replacement lambs
and expose to ewes (ewe challenge)• Vaccinate rams• *BE CAREFUL WHEN VACCINATING
(transmissible to humans)
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WEANING LAMBING
?
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Reasons for dry period mastitis:Reasons for dry period mastitis:
•• Increased mammary pressureIncreased mammary pressuredistends the teat, making itdistends the teat, making iteasier for bacterial penetration.easier for bacterial penetration.
•• Milk is no longer being flushedMilk is no longer being flushedfrom the gland.from the gland.
•• ImmunologicalImmunological factors are factors aresuppressed locally/systemically.suppressed locally/systemically.
•• No dry treatment protectionNo dry treatment protectionduring the pre-calving period.during the pre-calving period.
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HOW MUCHMASTITISIS IN MY FLOCK?
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ISU TRIALS• 3 flocks, 4 lambing periods
29% ewes, 16 % halves infected at lambing
21 % ewes, 11% halves infected at weaning
* * 40% of lambing infections persist
to weaning
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ISU TRIALSMcNay research - 3 years
13-25% ewes,
9-17 % halves infected lambing
15-22 % ewes,
8-14 % halves infected weaning
** 32% of lambing infections
persist to weaning
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MASTITIS DIAGNOSTICS“How do I look for (find mastitis)?”
• Clinical : -milk - udder - systemic
• Udder Palpation
• Subclinical * Cultures: Know your organisms
* SCC: CMT / Electronic
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UDDER PALPATION
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California mastitis test(CMT)
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1
2
0no gel
3grapejelly
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INTERPRETATIONS?
CMT > 1 false positivespost lambing?
Comparative half
differences
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WHAT IS A PROBLEMHIGH SCC?
• Early / mid lactation: > 300-500,000
• Late lactation: * >400 - 1 million * compare between halves
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MONITORING
IS A
MUST!!!!
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OBJECTIVES
• Minimize number of infected halves at lambing / other times!!!
1. Prevent new infections2. Eliminate existing infections
* $uccess = maximum quantity of low SCC milk
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EFFECTIVE UDDER HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Understanding mammary infection dynamics
• Incidence of infections during this period
• Organisms involved
• Risk factors affecting susceptibility
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1.Minimize bacteria!!no bacteria- no problem
2. Maximize teat end integrity
3. Maximize immunity
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Minimize exposure / maximize immunity
CLEAN DRY COMFORTABLE
Adequate space:12-16 sq. ft. - ewes/lambs -open front shed25-40 sq. ft. - lots
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Minimize bacterial load: Teat dipping?
1. Daily dipping w/ commercial products: limited benefits
2. Commercial persistent barriers : beneficial? ** teats must be protected last 7-10 days of dry period**
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Maximize teat end health
Weather
Flies
Other stressors
SOREMOUTH
Aggressivenursing
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SUSCEPTIBILITY: WEANING • Weaning: high susceptibility
• *** Decrease production!!!!!!• Eliminate grain 7 days pre-weaning• Feed poor quality forages• Change environments• Limit water 12-24hrs pre-wean???• Reduce by FEED, not intermittent milking
- aggressive lambs - labor - abnormal volume
• Teat dip w/ persistent barrier
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MAXIMIZING IMMUNITYNUTRITION: THE KEY PLAYER
• Vit E / Se • Copper • Zinc
• Vit A/ carotene • Vit D • Chromium
• CHO • PROTEIN • FIBER
*** Maximize dry matter intake ***late gestation / lambing/ post lambing
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CREEP FEEDING• CRUCIAL!!! ADG coming more from
feed and less reliant on milk!
• This still has a CO$T associated!!
• Creep feeding IS NO SUBSTITUTE for mastitis management!!
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Eliminating Existing Infections
• Spontaneous cure: 50-60%
• CULLING
• Treatment / therapy
- lactation therapy
- dry treatment (at weaning)
- pre lambing / lambing therapies
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Lactation Therapy
• Early diagnosis and detection!!!
• TLC
• Keep ewes on good feed and water
• Use supportive therapy
• Keep ewe nursing or milked out
• Work with your veterinarian on appropriate treatments and protocols
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Dry Treatment (at weaning)
• Cure existing infections • Prevent IMI post weaning
• Flocks with mastitis problems• Individual problem ewes
• Purebred ewes with high $ value
• Commercial dry cow tubes / injectables?
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TREATMENT PRE-LAMBING
• Don’t open teat unless necessary
• Work with your veterinarian:
– Organisms involved;
Appropriate therapies
• Prophylactic therapy:
Poor response in controlled & field trials
Residue risks must be addressed!
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TREATMENT
AT
LAMBING???
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Minimize growth
Minimize exposure
Maximize immunity
$