Headline xxxxxx xxxx xxx xxxxxxxXx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxPossible subheadline xxx xxxxx xxMaster’s thesis in

EMILIA EMILSSON

Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Division of Division NameResearch Group NameCHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYMaster’s Thesis ACEX30-YY-NNGothenburg, Sweden 20YY

Björn Engström, 2015-01-26,

The rear of the cover page is left blank

MASTER’S THESIS ACEX30-YY-NN

Title Subtitle (if needed)

Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Master’s Programme Name

NAME OF AUTHOR 1NAME OF AUTHOR 2

Department of Architecture and Civil EngineeringDivision of Division Name

Research Group NameCHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Göteborg, Sweden 20YY

TitleSubtitle (if needed)

Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Master’s Programme Name

NAME OF AUTHOR 1

NAME OF AUTHOR 2

© AUTHOR(S) NAME(S), 20YY

Examensarbete ACEX30-YY-NNInstitutionen för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnadsteknikChalmers tekniska högskola, 20YY

Department of Architecture and Civil EngineeringDivision of Division Name Research Group NameChalmers University of Technology

SE-412 96 GöteborgSweden Telephone: + 46 (0)31-772 1000

Cover:Figure text for the cover picture (if applicable), possibly with reference to more extensive information in the report.Name of the publisher or Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering

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Göteborg, Sweden, 20YY

II

Title

Subtitle (if needed)

Master’s thesis in the Master’s Programme Master’s Programme Name

NAME OF AUTHOR 1

NAME OF AUTHOR 2

Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Division of Division NameResearch Group NameChalmers University of Technology

ABSTRACT

Abstract (should fit on this page). Example: Limited information concerning the bond behaviour of indented three-wire strands has been found in the literature. A three-dimensional bond model for strands will be developed and test results from pull-through and push-in tests are needed for the calibration of the model. The bond model will be used in FE-analyses of prestressed concrete sleepers. The tests are conducted with indented three-wire strands, as this type is used in the sleepers. The aim was to simulate the lower and upper bond capacity by allowing and preventing the strand to rotate within the concrete. Furthermore, the bond capacity during the stress release was simulated by use of push-in tests. The maximum bond capacity was found to be almost equal in the two kinds of pull-through tests as rotation of the strand occurred in all tests, despite that it was intended to be prevented in one of the test series. The post peak bond capacity was however higher in the case were the rotation of the strand was intended to be prevented. Push-in tests with increased strength of the concrete indicated that the compressive strength had minor influence to the maximum bond response of the strands. However, the first part of the bond response, (the mechanism denoted as adhesion) was influenced by the compressive strength of the concrete. All test results had moderate scatter and will be useful for calibrating future bond models used for indented three-wire strands. However, the measured strains in the encasing steel tube had some scatter. A clear trend of the development of the strain could though be found in all three test series.

Key words:

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Svensk översättning av titeln

Underrubrik (om sådan finns)

Examensarbete inom masterprogrammet Master’

NAME OF AUTHOR 1

NAME OF AUTHOR 2

Institutionen för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnadsteknik

Avdelningen för AvdelningsnamnForskargruppsnamnChalmers tekniska högskola

SAMMANFATTNING

Sammanfattning på svenska. (If summary in Swedish is omitted, delete all text on this page and leave it blank.)

Nyckelord:

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ContentsABSTRACT III

SAMMANFATTNING III

CONTENTS III

PREFACE III

NOTATIONS III

1 CHAPTER ONE 3

1.1 Sub-heading, level 1 31.1.1 Sub-heading, level 2 3

1.2 References in the text 3

1.3 Figures 3

1.4 Tables 3

1.5 Equations 3

1.6 Reference to another part of the report 31.6.1 Reference to another part of the text 31.6.2 Reference to figures 31.6.3 Reference to tables 31.6.4 Reference to equations 3

2 CHAPTER TWO 3

3 CHAPTER THREE 3

4 REFERENCES 3

(The table of contents is updated by marking the entire table, and pushing the F9-button (=uppdate-button). Choose to update the entire table, or to update the page numbers only.)

CHALMERS Architecture and Civil Engineering, Master’s Thesis ACEX30-YY-NN III

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PrefaceThe preface should be on a right hand page. Therefore, this page should have an odd (roman) page number. If necessary, insert a blank page before the preface. Example of preface text:

In this study, pull-through and push-in tests have been done with indented three-wire strands. The tests have been carried out from December 2000 to March 2001. The work is a part of a research project concerning mechanical properties of concrete sleepers. The project is carried out at the Department of Structural Engineering, Concrete Structures, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. The project is financed through the competence centre CHARMEC with the company Abetong Teknik AB as the main financier.

This part of the project has been carried out with Lic. Eng. Rikard Gustavson as a researcher and Professor Kent Gylltoft as supervisor. All tests have been carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Structural Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology. My co-workers Kent Gylltoft, Karin Lundgren and Mario Plos are highly appreciated for their help with planning the tests. I would also like to thank Fundia Hjulsbro AB for their co-operation and involvement.

Finally, it should be noted that the tests could never have been conducted without the sense of high quality and professionalism of the laboratory staff.

Göteborg March 2001

Rikard Gustavson

CHALMERS Architecture and Civil Engineering, Master’s Thesis ACEX30-YY-NN V

NotationsIn the notation table, if included, all variables occurring in the report (text, equations, figures or tables) are listed alphabetically. The variables should appear in the same format as later on in the report. Therefore, it may be wise to use the equation editor to write them, see also Section 1.5. In case of many variables, it is preferably to separate the table in “Roman upper case letters”, “Roman lower case letters”, “Greek upper case letters”, etc. Use the style “Notations” for lines with the explanations of the variables, but the style “Normal” for the table headings (and for one blank line before a new heading).

Example:

Roman upper case letters

Abc Variable notation for somethingBcd Variable notation for somethingCde Variable notation for something

Roman lower case letters

abc Variable notation for somethingbcd Variable notation for somethingcde Variable notation for something

etc

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CHALMERS Architecture and Civil Engineering, Master’s Thesis ACEX30-YY-NN VII

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1 Chapter OneBelow follow some recommendations in order to obtain a uniform design of the reports from Civil and Environmental Engineering. Reports should normally be printed double-sided. Chapter one should start on a right hand page. Subsequent chapters should start on the top of a page, but may start on either page of the opened report. For chapter headings, use the style “Heading 1”, and capital letters in the beginning of all major words. For normal text (as this) use the style “Normal”.

Before a new sub-heading, leave one line blank. However, if a subheading follows directly after a heading “one level up”, omit the blank line:

1.1 Sub-heading, level 11.1.1 Sub-heading, level 21.1.1.1 Sub-heading, level 3

Usually, sub-heading levels 1 and 2 should be sufficient. Sub-heading levels lower than level 3 should not be used. For sub-headings level 1 to 3, use the styles “Heading 2” to “Heading 4”, respectively. Use capital letter in the beginning of the first word only.

1.2 References in the textReferences in the text are given with family name(s) or publishing organisation followed by the year within parenthesis, see also the last chapter, “References”: Familyname1, Familyname2 (YEAR) or Organisation (YEAR).

Examples (compare to the reference list): Johansson (2000), Crocetti (2001), Bathe (1996) and Boverket (1994)

1.3 FiguresNormally, figures should be placed “in line with text”, as the following figure (Set under “Format: Object: Layout”), and with left alignment. Use the style “Figure Line” for the line where the figure is inserted. Use the style “Figure Text” for the line with the figure text. Use capital letters in the beginning of the word “Figure”, and in the beginning of the figure text. Numbering of the figures should be made consecutive for the entire report (Figure 1, Figure 2,...) or for each chapter individually (Figure 1.1, Figure 1.2,…, Figure 2.1,...).

Example:

CHALMERS Architecture and Civil Engineering, Master’s Thesis ACEX30-YY-NN 1

Figure 1.1 The figure text should be italic and placed below the figure. In case of more than one line indent should be used. The text is ended with a dot.

1.4 TablesThe table text should be placed above the table. Use the style “Table Text” for the line with the table text. Use capital letters in the beginning of the word “Table”, and in the beginning of the table text. Numbering of the tables should be made consecutive for the entire report (Table 1, Table 2,...) or for each chapter individually (Table 1.1, Table 1.2,…, Table 2.1,...). Use the same principle for numbering of the tables as for the figures.

Use the style “Normal” for the paragraph where the table is inserted. Tables should have the left border in line with the left margin of the text (move the left margin to the right position with the cursor). The border lines should be continuous and have line width 1½ pt for outer lines surrounding the table, and around the table head. Continuous lines with line width ½ pt should be used for other lines.

Example:

Table 1.1 The table text should be italic and placed above the table. In case of more than one line indent should be used. The text is ended with a dot.

Cylinder no. Age [days] Eo [GPa] Eom [GPa]

Ec [GPa] Ecm [GPa]

1 28 32.833.3

34.633.62 28 34.0 33.6

3 28 33.0 32.7

1.5 EquationsWrite equations using an equation editor, e.g. Microsoft Equation. The equations should be indented and have an equation number within brackets. Use italic letters for

CHALMERS, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Master’s Thesis ACEX30-YY-NN2

variables and normal letters for units and text. Use bold letters (not italic) for matrices etc. Use exactly the same notation if the variable is mentioned in the text. It may be wise to use the equation editor to write the variables in the text as well.

Each line containing an equation should be a paragraph with the style “Equation”. Numbering of the equations should be made consecutive for the entire report ((1), (2),...) or for each chapter individually ((1.1), (1.2),…, (2.1),...). Use the same principle for numbering as for the figures and the tables.

Example:

f b=ηη113 (1+ 2 c

φ ) f ct=1 . 4⋅0 .7⋅13 (1+ 2⋅32

16 )⋅1. 00=1. 63 MPa(1.1)

Inserting an equation can be made by clicking “Insert: Object…”, and under “Create new: Object type” choosing “Microsoft Equation”.

1.6 Reference to another part of the report1.6.1 Reference to another part of the textWhen referring to another part of the text, the reference is given to the lowest chapter or section number (never to the page number). Use capital letters in the beginning of the words “Chapter” and “Section”.

Example: It is important to use the correct text style for each level of heading or sub-heading, se also Chapter 1, and in particular Section 1.1.1.1.

1.6.2 Reference to figuresWhen referring to figures in the report, the reference is given to the figure number. Use capital letter in the beginning of the word “Figure”.

Example: It is always nice with illustrative figures, see Figure 1.1.

1.6.3 Reference to tablesWhen referring to tables in the report, the reference is given to the table number. Use capital letter in the beginning of the word “Table”.

Example: Tables can make the information more clear, see Table 1.1.

1.6.4 Reference to equationsWhen referring to equations in the report, the reference is given to the equation number.

Example: A simplified constant value for the bond strength between reinforcement and concrete can be calculated according to equation (1.1).

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2 Chapter Two

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3 Chapter Three

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4 ReferencesReferences are given according to the schemes given below for some applications: papers, publications, books and handbooks/codes. (information given within {} are optional.

Familyname1, X., Familyname2, Y. (YEAR): Name of paper. Name of Journal, Vol. xx, No. yy, {month} year, pp. xx-yy.

Familyname1, X. (YEAR): Name of publication. {Ph.D. Thesis etc}. Publisher, Publication no., City, {Nation/State}, {year}, xx pp.

Familyname1, X. (YEAR): Name of book. Publisher, City, {Nation/State}, {year}, xx pp.

Organisation (YEAR): Name of the handbook or code {(Translation of the book title e.g. if it is Swedish. In Swedish)}, Publisher, {Publication no.}, City, {Nation/State}, {year}, xx pp.

Examples:

Johansson M. (2000): Nonlinear Finite-Element Analyses of Concrete Frame Corners. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 2, February 2000, pp. 190-199.

Crocetti R. (2001): On some Fatigue Problems Related to Steel Bridges. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Structural Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Publication no. 01:2, Göteborg, Sweden, 2001, 152 pp.

Bathe K.-J. (1996): Finite Element Procedures. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Boverket (1994): Boverkets handbok om betongkonstruktioner BBK 94, Band 1, Konstruktion (Boverket´s handbook on Concrete Structures BBK 94, Vol. 1 Design. In Swedish), Boverket, Byggavdelningen, Karlskrona, Sweden, 185 pp.

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