Mastering Tort Law

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Carolina Academic Press Mastering SeriesRussell L. Weaver, Series Editor

Mastering BankruptcyGeorge W. Kuney

Mastering Civil ProcedureDavid Charles Hricik

Mastering Constitutional LawJohn C. Knechtle, Christopher Roederer

Mastering Corporate TaxReginald Mombrun, Gail Levin Richmond, Felicia Branch

Mastering Corporations and Other Business EntitiesLee Harris

Mastering Criminal LawEllen S. Podgor, Peter J. Henning, Neil P. Cohen

Mastering EvidenceRonald W. Eades

Mastering Family LawJanet Leach Richards

Mastering Intellectual PropertyGeorge W. Kuney, Donna C. Looper

Mastering Legal Analysis and CommunicationDavid T. Ritchie

Mastering Legal Analysis and DraftingGeorge W. Kuney, Donna C. Looper

Mastering Negotiable Instruments (UCC Articles 3 and 4) and Other Payment Systems

Michael D. Floyd

Mastering Products LiabilityRonald W. Eades

Mastering Professional ResponsibilityGrace M. Giesel

Mastering Secured TransactionsRichard H. Nowka

Mastering Statutory InterpretationLinda D. Jellum

Mastering Tort LawRussell L. Weaver, Edward C. Martin, Andrew R. Klein,

Paul J. Zwier II, Ronald W. Eades, John H. Bauman

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Mastering Tort Law

Russell L. WeaverProfessor of Law & Distinguished University Scholar

University of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law

Edward C. MartinProfessor of Law

Samford University, Cumberland School of Law

Andrew R. KleinPaul E. Beam Professor of Law

Indiana University School of Law — Indianapolis

Paul J. Zwier, IIProfessor of Law

Emory University School of Law

Ronald W. EadesProfessor of Law Emeritus

University of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law

John H. BaumanProfessor of Law

South Texas College of Law

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

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Copyright © 2009Russell L. Weaver, Edward C. Martin, Andrew R. Klein,

Paul J. Zwier, II, Ronald W. Eades, John H. BaumanAll Rights Reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Mastering tort law / Russell L. Weaver ... [et al.].p. cm.

Includes index.ISBN 978-1-59460-569-7 (alk. paper)

1. Torts--United States. 2. Liability (Law)--United States. 3. Damages--United States. I. Weaver, Russell L., 1952- II. Title.

KF1250.M328 2009346.7303--dc22

2009004952

Carolina Academic Press700 Kent Street

Durham, NC 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486

Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

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To Ben, Kate and Laurence, with love,RLW

To Susan with love, and to all of my current and former Torts students who have made teaching this subject such a joy!

ECM

To Diane, Timothy & Jason,ARK

To my Torts students, and to Marlene with Love.PJZ

To Lillian,RWE

To Kathee, and to Mary, Hannah and Clare,JHB

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Contents

Table of Cases xvii

Table of Restatement References xxiii

Series Editor’s Foreword xxv

Chapter 1 • Introduction 3

Chapter 2 • Intentional Interference with Person or Property 5Roadmap 5I. Basic Definition 6

A. Intent and Motive Distinguished 8B. Children and the Mentally Challenged 9C. Transferred Intent 11

II. Interference with the Person 12A. Assault 12B. Battery 14C. False Imprisonment 15D. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 19

III. Interference with Property 20A. Trespass to Land 21B. Trespass to Chattels 23C. Conversion 24Checkpoints 25

Chapter 3 • Defenses to Intentional Torts 27Roadmap 27I. Consent 28

A. Express Consent 28B. Implied Consent 29C. Medical Consent Cases: Battery vs. “Informed Consent” 30D. Sporting Events 31

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E. Summary Outline of Consent 31II. Self-Defense 32III. Defense of Property 33

A. Fresh Pursuit 34B. Abusive Tactics 35

IV. Necessity 35Checkpoints 37

Chapter 4 • Negligence 39Roadmap 39I. Introduction 39II. Duty 40

A. The Reasonably Prudent Person Standard 40B. The Duty Standard for Children 42C. The Duty Standard for Professionals 43D. The Duty Standard for Land Owners and Occupiers 44

III. Breach of Duty 44A. Risk-Utility Balancing Test 44B. Evidence of Custom 46C. Negligence Per Se 46D. Res Ipsa Loquitur 49

Checkpoints 50

Chapter 5 • Cause in Fact 53Roadmap 53I. Introduction: The Essential Link 53II. “But For” Test 54III. Substantial Factor Test 55IV. Allocation of Harms to Causes 56V. Proof of Causation 57VI. Loss of Chance, or “The Doctor Did It” 57VII. Statistical Proof 58Checkpoints 59

Chapter 6 • Proximate Cause 61Roadmap 61I. Introduction: The Issue 61II. Direct Cause Test 62III. Foreseeability as a Limitation on Duty: The Unforeseeable

Plaintiff 63

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IV. The Risk Rule 65V. The Thin-Skulled Plaintiff: Extent of Harm 67VI. Intervening and Superseding Causes and the Risk Rule:

The Basics 68VII. Within the Risk? Coping with Defendant’s Negligence 70VIII. Within the Risk? Superseding Causes 70Checkpoints 72

Chapter 7 • Multiple Tortfeasors 75Roadmap 75I. Joint and Several Liability 75II. Indeterminate Causation 77III. Indemnity and Contribution 78

A. Indemnity 79B. Contribution 79

Checkpoints 80

Chapter 8 • Compensatory and Punitive Damages 81Roadmap 81I. Pecuniary Damages 82II. Non-Pecuniary Damages 82III. The Movement to Cap Damage Awards 85IV. The Collateral Source Rule 85V. Punitive Damages 86VI. Statutory Reform 91Checkpoints 92

Chapter 9 • Limited Duty 93Roadmap 93I. No Duty to Act (Non-Feasance Versus Misfeasance) 94II. Exceptions to the “No-Duty” (Non-Feasance) Rule 96

A. Where Defendant’s Initial Negligence Imperils a Rescuer 96B. Where Defendant Voluntarily Assumes a Duty 97C. Where Some Type of “Special Relationship” Exists Between

the Plaintiff and the Defendant 98III. Public Versus Private Duties 100

A. The “Public Duty” Rule 100B. Voluntarily Assumed Public Duties 102

IV. Contractual Limitations on Duty 102

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V. Negligent Infliction of Purely Emotional Distress Injuries 103Checkpoints 107

Chapter 10 • Premises Liability: Duties of Owners and Occupiers of Land 109

Roadmap 109I. Historical Background 110II. “Conditions” Versus “Activities” on the Land 112III. Common Law Categories of Entrants 113

A. Trespassers 113B. Licensees 114C. Invitees 115

IV. Exceptions to Common Law Category Classifications 116A. Child Trespassers 117B. “Discovered” Trespassers 118C. Fire-fighters 118D. Social Guests 119

IV. Recreational Premises 120V. Modifications to Common Law Category Classifications 121VI. Lessors 123VII. Conclusion 124Checkpoints 125

Chapter 11 • Wrongful Death and Survival 129Roadmap 129I. History of Wrongful Death and Survival 129II. Wrongful Death 131

A. Statutory 131B. Bases of Claims 131C. Proper Party Plaintiff 132D. Recovery of Damages 132E. Distribution of Awards 134

III. Survival 134A. Statutory 134B. Bases of Claims 135C. Property Party Plaintiffs 135D. Recovery of Damages 135E. Distribution of Awards 136

Checkpoints 137

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Chapter 12 • Defenses to Negligence 139Roadmap 139I. Defenses Based on Plaintiff ’s Conduct 139

A. Common Law Contributory Negligence 139B. Comparative Negligence 142C. Common Law Assumption of the Risk 146D. Implied Assumption of the Risk under a Comparative

Fault System 148II. Non-Conduct Defenses, Limitations, and Immunities:

Statutes of Limitation and Repose 152A. Accrual 152B. Immunities 154

1. Family Immunities 1542. Charitable Immunity 1563. Governmental (Federal, State, and Municipal) Immunity 1564. Federal Immunity 159

Checkpoints 161

Chapter 13 • Vicarious Liability 163Roadmap 163I. Respondeat Superior 165

A. Scope of Employment 1661. The “Going and Coming” Rule 1672. “Frolics” Versus “Detours” 1683. Intentional Torts and the “Dual Purpose” Test 169

B. Punitive Damages 171C. Direct Versus Indirect Liability 173II. Independent Contractors 175III. Joint Enterprises and Joint Ventures 177Checkpoints 180

Chapter 14 • Common Law Strict Liability 183Roadmap 183I. Common Law Strict Liability 183

A. Wild Animals and Domestic Animals Known to Be Dangerous 183

B. Livestock 185C. Abnormally Dangerous Activities — Rylands v. Fletcher 185

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II. The Restatement and Strict Liability 187A. Historical Background 187B. Posner and Factor (f) 189

Checkpoints 192

Chapter 15 • Nuisance 193Roadmap 193I. Public Nuisance 194

A. Types of Claims 194B. Bases of Claims 195C. Proper Party Plaintiff 196D. Private Action for Public Nuisance 197

II. Private Nuisance 198A. Types of Claims 198B. Bases of Liability 200C. Substantial Harm 201D. Remedies 202

1. Damages 2032. Injunction 203

E. Defenses Consistent with Basis of Claim 2051. Intent 2052. Negligence 2053. Strict Liability 2064. Moving to the Nuisance 2065. Self-Help to Abate a Nuisance 208

Checkpoints 209

Chapter 16 • Products Liability 211Roadmap 211Introduction: Harm Caused by Defective Products 212I. Historical Background: Identifying the Policy Issues 212

A. Negligence Escapes the Privity Limitation 214B. The Policy Argument for Strict Liability in Tort:

The Escola Concurrence 215C. Breach of Implied Warranty and the Limits of Contract 217

II. Modern Product Liability Begins 217A. Defect: Manufacturing Defect 218B. Defect: Design Defect 219C. Defect: Failure to Warn 222

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D. Unavoidably Dangerous Products: Prescription Drugs and Medical Devices 224

III. The Cast of Potential Defendants: Who Is a Seller? 226IV. The Economic Loss Limitation 228V. The Plaintiff ’s Conduct 229Checkpoints 231

Chapter 17 • Defamation 233Roadmap 233I. Common Law Definitions 233III. Truth and Other Defenses 237III. The Constitutionalization of Defamation 239Checkpoints 245

Chapter 18 • Invasion of Privacy 247Roadmap 247I. Appropriation 248II. Intrusion on Plaintiff ’s Seclusion or Solitude 249III. Public Disclosure of Private Embarrassing Facts 251IV. False Light 253Checkpoints 255

Chapter 19 • Civil Rights 257Roadmap 257I. Tort Claims for Civil Rights Violations 257II. Basic Common Law Claims 258III. Constitutional and Statutory Claims 261

A. Constitutional Claims 262B. Statutory Claims 264C. Damages 266

Checkpoints 268

Chapter 20 • Misuse of Legal Process 269Roadmap 269I. Malicious Prosecution (of a Criminal Action) 270

A. Criminal Prosecution Initiated by the Defendant 271B. Lack of “Probable Cause” for the Criminal Prosecution 272C. Common Law Malice by the Defendant 273D. Termination of the Prosecution in Favor of the Accused 274

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E. Special Damages 275F. Special Defenses to the Tort of Malicious Prosecution 275

II. Malicious Prosecution (of a Civil Action) 276III. Abuse of Process 278

A. Issuance of Some Type of Legal Process 279B. An Ulterior Purpose by the Defendant 279C. Damages 280

IV. Misuse of Legal Process 281Checkpoints 281

Chapter 21 • Misrepresentation 283Roadmap 283I. Basic Elements 283

A. False Representation 284B. Material Fact 286C. Scienter 289D. Proper Party Plaintiff When Plaintiff Was Recipient

of Statement 290E. Proper Party Plaintiff When Plaintiff Was a Third Party 290F. Intent to Cause Reliance 291G. Justifiable Reliance 292

II. Damages 293Checkpoints 295

Chapter 22 • Business Torts 297Roadmap 297I. Intentional Interference with a Contract 298

A. General Nature of the Tort 298B. Justification 300C. Interference with Own Contract 301

II. Wrongful Discharge 302III. Intentional Interference with a Prospective Economic

Advantage 304A. General Nature of the Claim 304B. Gifts or Inheritance 305C. “At Will” Contracts 306D. Justification 306

IV. Interference with Evidence 307V. Negligent Interference with Business Relationship 307VI. Bad Faith in Insurance Contracts 308

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VII. Common Law Intellectual Property 309VIII. Unfair Trade and Competition 311

A. Passing Off 312B. Copyright 313C. Patent 313D. Right of Publicity 314

Checkpoints 315

Mastering Tort Law Checklist 317

Index 339

CONTENTS xv

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Adams v. Alabama Lime & StoneCorp. 142 So. 424 (1932), 238

Aguehounde v. District of Colum-bia, 666 A.2d 443 (D.C. 1995),158

Ainsworth v. Century Supply Co.693 N.E.2d 510 (Ill. App. Ct.1998), 248

Alamo Nat’l Bank v. Kraus, 616S.W.2d 908 (Tex. 1981), 176

Anaya v. Superior Court, 93 Cal.Rptr. 2d 228 (Cal. Ct. App.2000), 70

Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul& Sault Ste. Marie. Ry., 179N.W. 45 (Minn. 1920), 55

Bagley v. Insight Commc’ns Co.,658 N.E.2d 584 (Ind. 1995), 177

Baldwin v. Gartman, 604 So. 2d347 (Ala. 1992), 113

Banks v. Nordstrom, 787 P.2d 953(Wash. Ct. App. 1990), 272

Barr v. Matteo, 360 U.S. 564(1959), 238

Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514(2002), 253

Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S.250 (1952), 239

Bello v. Random House, Inc., 422S.W.2d 339 (Mo. 1967), 236

Bennett v. Hymers, 147 A.2d 108(N.H. 1958), 155

Beresford v. Starsky, 571 N.E.2d1257 (Ind. 1991), 120

Berkowitz v. United States, 486 U.S.531 (1988), 159

Bird v. Holbrook, 4 Bing. 628, 130Eng. Rep. 911, 34

Birwood Paper Co. v. Damsky, 229So. 2d 514 (Ala. 1969), 276

Bivens v. Six Unknown NamedAgents of the FBI, 403 U.S. 388(1971), 262– 66

BMW v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996),87–88

Bonte v. Bonte, 616 A.2d 464 (N.H.1992), 155

Bradley v. Appalachian Power Co.,256 S.E.2d 879 (W. Va. 1979),143

Brauer v. New York Cent. & Hud-son River R.R., 103 A. 166(1918), 71

Braun v. Armour & Co., 173 N.E.845 (N.Y. 1939), 234

Brown v. Superior Court, 751 P.2d470 (Cal. 1988), 225

Burton v. Crowell Publ’g Co., 82F.2d 154 (2d Cir. 1936), 235

Butterfield v. Forester, 103 Eng.Rep. 926 (K.B. 1809), 139

xvii

Table of Cases

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Byrne v. Boadle, 159 Eng. Rep. 299(Exch. 1863), 49

Cain v. Hearst Corp., 878 S.W.2d577 (Tex. 1994), 254

Cambridge Water Co. v. EasternCounties Leather PLC, 1 All E.R.53 (H.L. 1994), 191

Canterbury v. Spence, 464 F.2d 772(D.C. Cir. 1972), 30

Cantrell v. Forest City Publ’g Co.,419 U.S. 245 (1974), 254

Carolina C. & O. Ry. v. Hill, 89 S.E.902 (Va. 1916), 76

Carter v. Innisfree Hotel, Inc., 661So. 2d 1174 (Ala. 1995), 251

Chapman v. Craig, 431 N.W.2d 770(Iowa 1988), 119

Cintrone v. Hertz Truck Leasing,212 A.2d 769 (N.J. 1965), 227

Colyer v. Richard K. Fox Publ’gCo., 146 N.Y.S. 999 (1914), 248

Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leather-man Tool Group, Inc., 532 U.S.424 (2001), 88–89

Cox Broad. Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S.469 (1975), 252

Cuffy v. City of New York, 505N.E.2d 937 (N.Y. 1987), 157

Cullip v. Domann, 972 P.2d 776(Kan. 1999), 177

Curtis Publ’g Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S.130 (1967), 241

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharma-ceuticals, Inc., 43 F.3d 1311 (9thCir. 1995), 59

Davies v. Mann, 152 Eng. Rep. 588(1842), 140

Delaney v. Towmotor Corp., 339F.2d 4 (2d Cir. 1964), 227

Derdiarian v. Felix ContractingCorp. 414 N.E.2d 666 (N.Y.1980), 69

Dietemann v. Time, Inc., 284 F.Supp. 925 (C.D. Cal. 1968), 249

Dillon v. Legg, 441 P.2d 912 (Cal.1963), 106

Dillon v. Twin State Gas & Elec.Co., 163 A. 111 (N.H. 1932), 56

Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Green-moss Builders, Inc., 472 U.S. 749(1985), 244

Dzionski v. Babineau, 380 N.E.2d1295 (Mass. 1978), 106

Eilers v. Coy, 582 F. Supp. 1093(1984), 30

Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co.,150 P.2d 436 (Cal. 1944), 215

Farwell v. Keaton, 240 N.W.2d 219(Mich. 1976), 99

Faul v. Jelco, Inc., 595 P.2d 1035(Ariz. Ct. App. 1979), 168

Fleming v. Kings Ridge RecreationPark, Inc., 525 N.Y.S.2d 866(N.Y. App. Div. 1988), 57

Florence v. Goldberg, 375 N.E.2d763 (N.Y. 1978), 102

The Florida Star v. B.J.F. 491 U.S.524 (1989), 252

Forster v. Manchester, 189 A.2d 147(Pa. 1963), 249

Friedman v. Dozorc, 312 N.W.2d585 (Mich. 1981), 278

Fruit v. Schreiner, 502 P.2d 133(Alaska 1972), 165

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Galella v. Onassis, 487 F.2d 986 (2dCir. 1973), 250

Garcia v. Texas Instruments, Inc.,610 S.W.2d 456 (Tex. 1980),152–53

Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64(1964), 239

Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Co.,206 U.S. 230 (1907), 204

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418U.S. 323 (1974), 238, 242– 44

Gladdon v. Greater Cleveland Reg’lTransit Auth., 662 N.E.2d 287(Ohio 1996), 118

Gorris v. Scott, L.R. 9 Ex. 125(1874), 47

Green v. Chicago Tribune Co., 675N.E.2d 249 (Ill. App. Ct. 1996),251

Greenman v. Yuba Power Prods.,377 P.2d 879 (Cal. 1963),217–19, 229

Griffith v. George Transfer & Rig-ging, Inc., 201 S.E.2d 281 (W.Va. 1973), 166

Hall v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours &Co., 345 F. Supp. 353 (E.D.N.Y.1972), 77

Hamberger v. Eastman, 206 A.2d239 (N.H. 1964), 251

Hambright v. First Baptist Church-Eastwood, 638 So. 2d 865 (Ala.1994), 120

Harkey v. Abate, 346 N.W.2d 74(Mich. 1983), 250–51

Heaven v. Pender, 11 Q.B.D. 503(1883), 40

Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors,Inc., 161 A.2d 69 (N.J. 1960),217

Herman v. Markham Air Rifle Co.,258 F. 475 (E.D. Mich. 1918), 54

Herskovitz v. Group Health Coop.of Puget Sound, 664 P.2d 474(Wash. 1983), 58

H.R. Moch Co. v. Rensselaer WaterCo., 159 N.E. 896 (N.Y. 1928),95, 98

Hughes v. Union Pac. R.R., 757P.2d 1185 (Idaho 1988), 118

Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485U.S. 46 (1988), 236, 253

In re Polemis and Furness, Withy &Co., 3 K.B. 560 (C.A. 1921),62– 63, 66– 67

Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. v. Ameri-can Cyanamid Co., 916 F.2d1174 (7th Cir. 1990), 189

Isaacs v. Huntington MemorialHospital, 695 P.2d 653 (Cal.1985), 71

Jones v. Hansen, 867 P.2d 303 (Kan.1994), 123

Katko v. Briney, 183 N.W.2d 657(Iowa 1971), 34

Kermac v. Compagnie GeneraleTranslantique, 358 U.S. 625(1959), 111

Knight v. Jewitt. 834 P.2d 696 (Cal.1992), 149–51

Kuhn v. Account Control Tech.,Inc. 865 F. Supp. 1443 (D. Nev.1994), 251

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Ladd v. Polidoro, 675 N.E.2d 382(Mass. 1997), 279

Laird v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.,650 N.E.2d 215 (Ill. App. Ct.1994), 169

Landmark Commc’ns, Inc. v. Vir-ginia, 435 U.S. 829 (1978), 252

Landrum v. Gonzalez, 629 N.E.2d710, 715 (Ill. App. Ct. 1994), 31

Law v. Superior Court, 755 P.2d1135 (Ariz. 1988), 145

Lega Siciliana Social Club v. St.Germaine, 825 A.2d 827 (Conn.App. Ct. 2003), 235

Li v. Yellow Cab Co., 532 P.2d 1226(Cal. 1975), 149

Lumley v. Gye, 2 El. & Bl. 216, 118Eng. Rep. 749 (1853), 299–300

Lundin v. Post Publ’g Co., 104 N.E.480 (1914), 237

MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co,111 N.E. 1050 (N.Y. 1916),214–15

Madison v. Ducktown Sulphur,Copper & Iron Co., 83 S.W. 658(1904), 204

Mark v. KING Broad., 635 P.2d1081 (Wash. 1981), 250

Marshall v. Nugent, 222 F.2d 604(1st Cir. 1955), 70

McDaniel v. Atlanta Coca-Cola Bot-tling Co., 2 S.E.2d 810 (Ga. Ct.App. 1939), 249

McLain v. Boise Cascade Corp., 533P.2d 343 (Or. 1975), 250

Midler v. Ford Motor Co., 849 F.2d460 (9th Cir. 1988), 314

Milkovich v. Lorain Journal, 497U.S. 1 (1990), 238

Miller v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 580N.W.2d 233 (Wis. 1998), 40

Monitor Patriot Co. v. Roy, 401U.S. 265 (1971), 241

Mounsey v. Ellard, 297 N.E.2d 43(Mass. 1979), 123

Murphy v. Steeplechase AmusementCo., 166 N.E. 173 (N.Y. 1929),148

Nabonzy v. Barnhill, 334 N.E.2d258 (Ill. App. Ct. 1975), 31

Neiman-Marcus v. Lait, 13 F.R.D.311 (S.D.N.Y. 1952), 236

Nelson v. Krusen, 678 S.W.2d 918(Tex. 1984), 153

Nelson v. Miller, 607 P.2d 438 (Kan.1980), 277

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,376 U.S. 254 (1964), 239– 41,274

O’Brien v. Cunard Steamship Co.,28 N.E. 266 (Mass. 1891), 29

O’Brien v. Muskin, 463 A.2d 298(N.J. 1983), 221

Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S.438 (1928), 247

Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v.Miller Steamship Co., [1967] 1A.C. 617, 67

Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v.Morts Dock & Engineering Co.,Ltd., [1961] A.C. 388, 66– 67

Owens v. Kroger Co., 430 So. 2d843 (Miss. 1984), 273

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Pagelsdorf v. Safeco Ins. Co. ofAmerica, 284 N.W.2d 55 (Wis.1979), 124

Paine v. Gamble Stores, 279 N.W.257 (Minn. 1938), 57

Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R., 162N.E. 99 (N.Y. 1928), 64– 65, 105

Peasley v. Puget Sound Tug & BargeCo., 125 P.2d 681 (Wash. 1942),274

People for the Ethical Treatment ofAnimals v. Berosini, 895 P.2d1269 (Nev. 1995), 249

Peterson v. Sorlien, 299 N.W.2d 123(Minn. 1980), 29–30

Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v.Hepps, 475 U.S. 767 (1986), 244

Pinkerton Nat’l Detective Agency,Inc. v. Stevens, 132 S.E.2d 119(Ga. 1963), 249

Ploof v. Putnam, 71 A. 188 (Vt.1908), 35–36

Plummer v. Center Psychiatrists,Ltd., 476 S.E.2d 172 (Va. 1996),171

Poulin v. Coby College, 402 A.2d846 (Me. 1979), 123

Proxmire v. Hutchinson, 443 U.S.157 (1979), 243

Roberts v. American Employers Ins.Co., 221 So. 2d 550 (La. Ct.App. 1969), 33

Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, Inc.,403 U.S. 29 (1971), 241, 244

Rowland v. Christian, 443 P.2d 561(Cal. 1968), 111, 121–22

Russell v. Thomson Newspapers,Inc., 842 P.2d 896 (Utah 1992),253

Ryan v. New York Central R.R., 8Tiffany 210 (N.Y. 1866), 62

Rylands v. Fletcher, (1868) 159 Eng.Rep. 737, 185–88, 191–92

Salmeron v. Nava, 694 A.2d 709(R.I. 1997), 178

Sanders v. Daniel Int’l Corp., 682S.W.2d 803 (1984), 273

Seely v. White Motor Co., 403 P.2d145 (Cal. 1965), 229

Siegler v. Kuhlman, 502 P.2d 1181(Wash. 1972), 188

Silvia v. Building Inspector of W.Bridgewater, 621 N.E.2d 686(Mass. App. Ct. 1993), 279

Sinclair v. Okata, 874 F. Supp. 1051(D. Alaska 1994), 184

Skinner v. Braum’s Ice Cream Store,890 P.2d 922 (Okla. 1995), 168

Smith v. Daily Mail Publ’g Co., 435U.S. 829 (1978), 252

Spade v. Lynn & Boston R.R., 168Mass. 285 (1897), 103

St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff, 94S.W.3d 513 (Tex. 2002), 178

State v. Dooley, 26 S.W. 558 (Mo.1894), 35

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v.Campell, 538 U.S. 408 (2003),89–91

Steinhauser v. Hertz Corp., 421F.2d 1169 (2d Cir. 1970), 68

Summers v. Tice, 199 P.2d 1 (Cal.1948), 77–78

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Tedla v. Ellman, 19 N.E.2d 987(N.Y. 1939), 48

Thing v. La Chusa, 771 P.2d 814(Cal. 1989), 107

Thomas v. Winchester, 6 N.Y. 397(1852), 213–14

Thompson v. County of Alameda,614 P.2d 728 (Cal. 1980), 101

Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U.S.448 (1976), 243– 44

Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374(1967), 254

The T.J. Hooper, 60 F.2d 737 (2dCir. 1932), 46

Togood v. Spyring, [1834] 149 Eng.Rep. 1044, 238

Tunkl v. Regents of the Universityof California, 383 P.2d 441 (Cal.1963), 147– 48

Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, 174N.E. 441 (N.Y. 1931), 290–91

United States v. Caltex (Philip-pines), Inc., 344 U.S. 149 (1952),36

United States v. Carroll Towing,Co., 159 F.2d 169 (2d Cir. 1947),44– 45

Vandermark v. Ford Motor Co., 391P.2d 168 (Cal 1964), 226

Varnish v. Best Medium Publ’g, 405F.2d 608 (2d Cir. 1968), 254

Vaughan v. Menlove, 132 Eng. Rep.490 (C.P. 1837), 41

Vincent v. Lake Erie, 124 N.W. 221(Minn. 1910), 36

Wagner v. International Ry., 133N.E. 437 (N.Y. 1921), 96

Watson v. Kentucky & IndianaBridge & R.R., 126 S.W. 146 (Ky.1910), 71

Wegner v. Milwaukee Mutual Ins.Co., 479 N.W.2d 38 (Minn.1991), 37

Williams v. Kuppenheimer Mfg.Co., 412 S.E.2d 897 (N.C. 1992),273

Winterbottom v. Wright, 10 M. &W. 109, 152 Eng. Rep. 402(Exch. 1842), 213

Winterstein v. Wilcom, 293 A.2d821 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1972),147

Wolf v. Ford, 644 A.2d 522 (Md.1994), 147– 48

Wolston v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n,443 U.S. 111 (1979), 243– 44

Yania v. Bigan, 155 A.2d 343 (Pa.1959), 94–95

Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broad.Co., 433 U.S. 562 (1977), 248

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Restatement (Second) of AgencySection 217C, 172Section 220, 175Section 228, 166Section 235, 170Section 237, 169

Restatement of RestitutionSection 564, 237Restatement (First) of TortsSection 314, 94Section 519, 187Section 520, 187

Restatement (Second) of TortsSection 65, 32Section 77, 34Section 245, 171Section 313, 105Section 315, 99Section 330, comment h, 119Section 332, 115Section 339, 117Section 342, 114Section 402A, 218–19, 227Section 402A, comment f, 227Section 402A, comment g, 219Section 402A, comment j, 224Section 402A, comment k, 224Section 402A, comment n, 230Section 402B, 290Section 409, 175Section 411, 177

Section 416, 176Section 424, 176Section 427, 176Section 432, comment d, 57Section 479, 141Section 480, 141– 42Section 506, 184Section 519, 188Section 520, 187, 190Section 520, comment f, 191Section 559, comment e, 234Section 577A, 237Section 652A, 248, 251Section 652B, 248, 251Section 652C, 248, 251Section 652D, 248, 251Section 652E, 248, 251, 253Section 655, 271Section 656, comment b, 276Section 682, 279Section 892, 28Section 909, 172

Restatement (Third) of Torts:Apportionment of LiabilitySection 27, 76

Restatement (Third) of Torts:Liability for Physical HarmSection 3, comment d, 44– 45Section 5, comment c, 48Section 10, 43Section 15, comment e, 48– 49

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Table of Restatement References

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Section 17, comment b, 50Section 22(b), 184

Restatement (Third) of Torts:Products Liability

Section 1, comment c, 227Section 2, 218, 221

Section 2, comment f, 222Section 2, comment j, 223Section 2, comment m, 223Section 6, 225Section 8, 228Section 17, 230

xxiv TABLE OF RESTATEMENT REFERENCES

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Series Editor’s ForewordThe Carolina Academic Press Mastering Series is designed to provide you with

a tool that will enable you to easily and efficiently “master” the substance andcontent of law school courses. Throughout the series, the focus is on qualitywriting that makes legal concepts understandable. As a result, the series is de-signed to be easy to read and is not unduly cluttered with footnotes or cites tosecondary sources.

In order to facilitate student mastery of topics, the Mastering Series includesa number of pedagogical features designed to improve learning and retention.At the beginning of each chapter, you will find a “Roadmap” that tells youabout the chapter and provides you with a sense of the material that you willcover. A “Checkpoint” at the end of each chapter encourages you to stop andreview the key concepts, reiterating what you have learned. Throughout the book,key terms are explained and emphasized. Finally, a “Master Checklist” at theend of each book reinforces what you have learned and helps you identify anyareas that need review or further study.

We hope that you will enjoy studying with, and learning from, the Master-ing Series.

Russell L. WeaverProfessor of Law & Distinguished University ScholarUniversity of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law

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